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DOE OSTI2021

Background Information on the Power Quality Requirements in IEEE Std 1547-2018

The revised Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1547-2018, Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces, was published in April 2018. This standard is one of the foundational documents in the United States needed for integrating distributed energy resources (DERs), including solar energy systems, and energy storage systems with the electric distribution grid. The revised standard contains 11 chapters (clauses) and 8 annexes that comprise 136 pages. The revision is significantly different from the 2003 version, and it contains new concepts and new technical requirements. Each clause specifies information or requirements that apply to certain aspects that are important to the interconnection of DERs to the electric power system. Implementing the requirements necessitates a careful study of the underlying technical concepts and requires appropriate information to calculate relevant settings and configurations. This document provides informative material on the requirements related to electrical power quality in IEEE Std 1547-2018, with the intent to equip the reader with basic knowledge and background information to improve understanding and use of the requirements specified.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Mneme

A simple tool allowing recording the execution of a GPU (CUDA) kernel and replaying that kernel as an independent executable. The tool operates in 3 phases. During compile time the user needs to apply a provided LLVM pass to instrument the code. The pass detects all device global variables and device functions and stores this information with the respective LLVM-IR in the global device memory. The compilation generates a record-able executable. The second phase involves running the application executable with a desired input and using LD_PRELOAD to enable recording. When recording before invoking a device kernel the pre-loaded library stores device memory in persistent storage and associates the memory with the device kernel and an LLVM IR file. At the end of the recorded execution the pre-load library generates a database in the form of a JSON file containing information regarding the LLVM-IR files and the snapshots of device memory. During the third and last phase the user can replay the execution of an kernel as a separate independent executable. Besides executing it the user can modify the LLVM IR file and auto-tune parameters such as kernel launch-bounds or kernel runtime execution parameters (e.g. Kernel Block and Grid Dimensions). Is

Parasyris, Konstantinos↗

DOE OSTI2020

Data, Photographs, Videos, and Information for the Niwot Ridge Subalpine Forest (US-NR1) AmeriFlux site

This data package contains data and information about the operation of the Niwot Ridge Subalpine Forest AmeriFlux site (US-NR1) between Nov 1998 to the present (2020). This data archive supplements the primary 30-min data storage for the US-NR1 data (i.e., https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246088) by providing the following: (i) five-minute statistics (means, variances, covariances) of all data measured by the data system between Nov 1998 and September 2020 in netCDF format, (ii) CSV data files saved within the memory of the CR23X data loggers (as well as an archive of the data logger programs), (iii) an archive of previous 30-min ASCII data versions of the US-NR1 AmeriFlux data and information related to each data release (a replica of what can be found at http://urquell.colorado.edu/data_ameriflux/), (iv) a web calendar (in HTML format) documenting activity at the site (a replica of http://urquell.colorado.edu/calendar/), (v) photos (over 15,000) and video taken at the site between years 2001 and present day (2020), and (vi) several auxiliary datasets, primary related to trees near the site, soil moisture and soil temperature, and subcanopy radiation data. The data package is setup so that the web calendar, photos, and electronic logbook can be easily accessed on a local computer using a web browser. The provided data files are in either netCDF, CSV, ASCII, or MATLAB format. To obtain a better understanding about the archive, please start by reading the PDF: README_ESS_DIVE_USNR1_readme_first.pdf.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Electrical Energy Storage Data Submission Guidelines, Version 3

The knowledge of long-term health and reliability of energy storage systems is still unknown, yet these systems are proliferating and are expected increasingly to assist in the maintenance of grid reliability. Understanding long-term reliability and performance characteristics to the degree of knowledge similar to that of traditional utility assets requires operational data. This guideline is intended to inform numerous stakeholders on what data are needed for given functions, how to prescribe access to those data and the considerations impacting data architecture design, as well as provide these stakeholders insight into the data and data systems necessary to ensure storage can meet growing expectations in a safe and cost-efficient manner. Understanding data needs, the systems required, relevant standards, and user needs early in a project conception aids greatly in ensuring that a project ultimately performs to expectations.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Development of Surface Sampling Techniques for the Canister Deposition Field Demonstration (FY22 Update)

This report describes the proposed surface sampling techniques and plan for the multi-year Canister Deposition Field Demonstration (CDFD). The CDFD is primarily a dust deposition test that will use three commercial 32PTH2 NUHOMS welded stainless steel storage canisters in Advanced Horizontal Storage Modules, with planned exposure testing for up to 10 years at an operating ISFSI site. One canister will be left at ambient condition, unheated; the other two will have heaters to achieve canister surface temperatures that match, to the degree possible, spent nuclear fuel (SNF) loaded canisters with heat loads of 10 kW and 40 kW. Surface sampling campaigns for dust analysis will take place on a yearly or bi-yearly basis. The goal of the planned dust sampling and analysis is to determine important environmental parameters that impact the potential occurrence of stress corrosion cracking on SNF dry storage canisters. Specifically, measured dust deposition rates and deposited particle sizes will improve parameterization of dust deposition models employed to predict the potential occurrence and timing of stress corrosion cracks on the stainless steel SNF canisters. The size, morphology, and composition of the deposited dust and salt particles will be quantified, as well as the soluble salt load per unit area and the rate of deposition, as a function of canister surface temperature, location, time, and orientation. Previously, a preliminary sampling plan was developed, identifying possible sampling locations on the canister surfaces and sampling intervals; possible sampling methods were also described. Further development of the sampling plan has commenced through three different tasks. First, canister surface roughness, a potentially important parameter for air flow and dust deposition, was characterized at several locations on one of the test canisters. Second, corrosion testing to evaluate the potential lifetime and aging of thermocouple wires, spot welds, and attachments was initiated. Third, hand sampling protocols were developed, and initial testing was carried out. The results of those efforts are presented in this report. The information obtained from the CDFD will be critical for ongoing efforts to develop a detailed understanding of the potential for stress corrosion cracking of SNF dry storage canisters.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2024

Evaluating the Impact of Tidal Energy in the Cook Inlet on Alaska's Railbelt Electrical Grid

This report presents the findings of a case study that evaluates the impact of integrating significant tidal energy generation in the Cook Inlet in Alaska. The case study is part of a series within the "Quantifying the Grid Value of MRE [Marine Renewable Energy] in Early U.S. Markets" project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. This study takes a scenario-based approach to evaluate the tidal energy potential in the Cook Inlet, in which 100-500 megawatts (MW) of tidal energy are integrated into the grid under different infrastructure scenarios. These scenarios include increased energy storage and transmission line upgrades, a "Basecase" scenario with no additional upgrades, and a reference case with no tidal energy. We concluded that tidal energy at an installed capacity of 200-300 MW has the potential to reduce fuel costs in Alaska while also reducing carbon emissions and increasing the energy independence of the state. This analysis and the key findings should be viewed as a starting point for additional research and used to inform investment and policy options.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2024

Jackson, L., Johnson, M.B., Latrach, A., Grimes, D., Martinez, C., and Mclaughlin, J.F., 2024, Multidisciplinary geotechnical data collection, curation, and analysis for conformity with the regulatory framework for geologic carbon storage in Wyoming, USA: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 56, No. 5, 2024, doi: 10.1130/abs/2024AM-405024

Title: Multidisciplinary Geotechnical Data Collection, Curation, and Analysis for Conformity with the Regulatory Framework for Geologic Carbon Storage in Wyoming, USA. Text: Construction and operation of wells for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide necessitate that they are permitted under the Environmental Protection Agency’s Underground Injection Control Class VI requirements. Class VI wells conform to stringent requirements to ensure long-term safety and integrity of the storage site and the protection of Underground Sources of Drinking Water. Entities pursuing Class VI permitting must provide comprehensive geologic site characterization, including regional geologic structure and stratigraphy, aquifer information, reservoir and confining unit geomechanical properties, geochemical analyses, assessment of trapping capacity and mechanisms, and a variety of other of multidisciplinary geotechnical data. The Wyoming Class VI Site Characterization Database Project is focused on developing a geologic site characterization database of geotechnical information, which has been compiled and verified from established, public databases/entities and scientific literature to expedite Class VI permitting in Sweetwater County within the Greater Green River Basin of southern Wyoming. The preliminary suite of compiled data from 14,000 wells includes 8,000 wells with logs and 7,250 wells with formation tops, ~70 wells with core data (e.g., X-Ray diffraction, petrographic, and petrophysical data), ~2,500 water analyses, ~740 seismic events data, and ~520 bottom-hole temperature measurements. Future work on—and stemming from—this project will include new core analyses, calculation and interpolation of subsurface temperature gradients, mechanical earth models, geochemical simulations, storage capacity estimation, stratigraphic column generation and correlation, and construction of subsurface maps. Finally, this work will help to inspire and facilitate subsurface data compilation and curation beyond Sweetwater County, Wyoming.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Techno-Economic Studies for Pumped Storage Hydropower (Final CRADA Report)

The research focused on estimating the value of various services and contributions that pumped storage hydropower (PSH) provides to the grid, especially in locations characterized by high penetration of variable renewable energy resources. Under this CRADA, the Participant provided the Contractors with non-proprietary data and information on the proposed Banner Mountain PSH project that describe project’s technoeconomic and environmental characteristics, planned market and business models, and other relevant information necessary to describe the proposed project and its planned operations. The Contractors analyzed this information and performed various technoeconomic studies to estimate the value of different services and contributions that PSH project could provide to the grid. The outcome of this CRADA was a detailed technoeconomic analysis conducted in a comprehensive cost–benefit and decision analysis framework.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

In situ compression artifact removal in scientific data using deep transfer learning and experience replay

The massive amount of data produced during simulation on high-performance computers has grown exponentially over the past decade, exacerbating the need for streaming compression and decompression methods for efficient storage and transfer of this data---key to realizing the full potential of large-scale computational science. Lossy compression approaches such as JPEG when applied to scientific simulation data realized as a stream of images can achieve good compression rates but at the cost of introducing compression artifacts and loss of information. This paper develops a unified framework for in situ compression artifact removal in which the fully convolutional neural network architectures are combined with scalable training, transfer learning, and experience replay to achieve superior accuracy and efficiency while significantly decreasing the storage footprint as compared with the traditional optimization-based approaches. We demonstrate the proposed approach and compare it with compressed sensing postprocessing and other baseline deep learning models using climate simulations and nuclear reactor simulations, both of which are driven by hyperbolic partial differential equations. Our approach when applied to remove the compression artifacts on the JPEG-compressed nuclear reactor simulation data (using a transfer-trained model that was pretrained on the climate simulation data and updated incrementally as the nuclear reactor simulation progressed), achieved a significant improvement---mean peak signal-to-noise ratio of 42.438 as compared with 27.725 obtained with the compressed sensing approach.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Data-Driven Approach to Transactive Energy Systems with Commercial Buildings

A microgrid with solar, storage, and responsive load resources has been implemented and tested on an urban academic campus. Through modeling and simulation, a consensus transactive energy mechanism has been implemented, with each resource participating as a virtual battery. Most owners of large buildings don't have the information and expertise to develop and validate suitable models of their buildings using available tools. To mitigate this adoption barrier, a data-driven building model has been implemented and validated. It uses 5-minute weather data, 3-second revenue meter data, energy audit information, and a load reduction test conducted by the building owner.

Buildings, data-driven modeling, deep learning, en↗

DOE OSTI2022

Common Information Model for Electromagnetic Transients (CIM for EMT): CRADA 533 [Abstract only}

The control and protection functions of inverter-based resources (IBR) have raised concerns with bulk system reliability. Most of the current interest lies with solar photovoltaic generation but increasing amounts of storage would pose the same risks. Newer North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) guidelines call for electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies of IBR and recommend that transmission operators collect distributed energy resource (DER) data to support such modeling. IEEE Standard P2800.1 is defining tests for model parameterization, so good model data should become available from inverter vendors. (EMT studies also apply to large power transformer reliability, and transformer vendors can provide EMT models.) Utilities don’t currently have the rest of the bulk system represented for EMT studies at large scale. An International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard Common Information Model (CIM) provides a way of supporting these detailed models from physical asset data, e.g., conductors, towers, transformer data sheets, control block diagrams, while avoiding software vendor lock-in. CIM-for-EMT, with proposed schema extensions and open-source converters, provides a way to exchange EMT data between organizations and tools. This project leverages Office of Electricity (OE) funding of CIM-for-EMT code base through the GridAPPS-DTM project, and of GridPACKTM (parallelized transmission solver), for interoperability testing in CIM-for-EMT. The project also leverages partner PGSTech investments in EMTP® interoperability with CIM.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Dust Samples Collected from an Inland ISFSI Site (Site A)

In September of 2020, dust samples were collected from the surface of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) dry storage canisters during an inspection at an inland Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation. The purpose of the sampling was to assess the composition and abundance of the soluble salts present on the canister surface, information which provides a metric for potential corrosion risks. The samples were delivered to Sandia National laboratories for analysis. At Sandia, the soluble salts were leached from the dust and quantified by ion chromatography. In addition, subsamples of the dust were taken for scanning electron microscope analysis to determine the texture and mineralogy of the dust and salts. The results of those analyses are presented in this report.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2021

Crack Stability in Breached Fuel

This report describes the fracture mechanics formalism to evaluate the stability of cracks in a fuel cladding. Recognized consensus-body linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was applied to identify the crack instability length, or the length at which unstable mechanical crack extension would occur, as a function of pellet swelling loading (radial strain and fraction conversion from UO 2 to U 3 O 8 ) at the local cracked cladding region for two postulated fracture toughness (K IC ) values of the cladding. The crack opening displacement (COD) and the crack opening area (COA) were also identified. This analysis informs evaluations for crack extension and the potential for pellet debris loss from the fuel rod for cases of pellet oxidation in dry storage canisters where inadvertent residual water may undergo radiolysis causing oxidizing conditions to pellets exposed to the canister environment through breached cladding.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Crack Stability in Breached Fuel

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Numerical Simulations of Geologic Storage Reservoir Management to Support Risk Mitigation Evaluation

This report provides a detailed description of a set of numerical simulations that represent reservoir behavior over time in response to different operational decision scenarios for detection of potential leakage and reduction or avoidance of leakage impact at a hypothetical geological carbon storage (GCS) site. These simulations serve as the basis for a series of GCS leakage risk forecasts that are to be developed using the National Risk Assessment Partnership’s Open-Source Integrated Assessment Model (NRAP-Open-IAM), and a demonstration of a simple decision support workflow for evaluation of mitigation strategies based on results of those system model forecasts. This risk assessment and decision support study is forthcoming. Four injection scenarios were considered: a constant rate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) injection case (base case), a case with CO 2 injection rate adjustment, a case with early termination of injection operations, and a case with brine extraction. CO 2 injection operations were controlled to ensure that the pressure transient remains below the defined manageable reservoir fracture pressure, with consideration shown to hypothetical locations within the modeled spatial domain where the overburden was weaker and lower transient pressure increases were allowable. Additionally, a brine extraction alternative was considered as a reservoir management and risk mitigation option to reduce reservoir pressure, steer the plume away from any hypothetical geohazard such as fault as needed, and enhance storage capacity. Such operational actions contribute to risk management overtime. This study explores the potential utility of reservoir management for risk reduction at GCS sites. This study shows that the injection design may modify the time to CO 2 breakthrough at a legacy well; in particular, these results show that brine extraction can add value for mitigating risk both by delaying leakage and reducing pressure build-up. For the scenario considered, both pressure plots and pressure distributions demonstrate that pressure build-up was decreased by 3% with brine extraction. Additionally, extraction of brine afforded enhancement of CO 2 storage capacity by 5% compared to the base case. These findings suggest that brine extraction has substantial potential to steer the risk-related reservoir effects away from known geohazards (e.g., faults and legacy wells) by conducting pressure transient effects and CO 2 plume movement toward the production well. Injection rate adjustment scenarios considered in this study show potential value for managing both reservoir pressure transients and CO 2 plume behavior. Operational actions for reducing injection and/or early termination of injection (as compared to the base case), however, require careful design; tailoring both the extent and timing of injection rate adjustment over the injection and post-injection operational period must be thoroughly planned to balance maximizing storage and minimizing subsurface environmental risk. The study also gives preliminary consideration to the effectiveness that monitoring strategy may play in providing useful information to inform reservoir management decisions for risk reduction. Two types of monitoring were considered: 1) pressure build-up or pressure transient; and 2) potential leakage detection from a CO 2 mass or plume. Four hypothetical legacy wells, two plugged and two abandoned, were placed in the model domain. Monitoring along these wells was measured over time in individual stacked reservoir formations and shale formations to support risk mitigation decisions, especially operational decisions that assisted in risk reduction. These simulations will serve as the basis for a series of GCS leakage risk forecasts that are to be developed using NRAP’s Open-IAM, and demonstration of a simple decision support workflow for comparative assessment of mitigation alternatives based on results of those system model forecasts. This risk assessment and decision support study is forthcoming.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Transactive Campus Energy Systems: An R&D Testbed for Renewables, Integration, Efficiency, and Grid Services (CRADA 356 / Amendment 1)

The Clean Energy and Transactive Campus (CETC) work described in this report was done as part of Amendment 1 to Campus Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) 356, the Transactive Campus CRADA with the Washington State Department of Commerce (Commerce) between the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the Commerce through the Clean Energy Fund (CEF). The original project team consisted of PNNL, the University of Washington (UW) and Washington State University (WSU), to connect the PNNL, UW, and WSU campuses to construct and operate the testbed as both a regional flexibility resource and as a platform for research and development (R&D) for buildings/grid integration. Building on the foundational transactive system established by the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration (PNWSGD), the purpose of the project was to construct the testbed as both a regional flexibility resource and as a platform for R&D on buildings/grid integration and information-based energy efficiency. The testbed supports the integration of renewables and other regional needs, using the flexibility provided by building loads, energy storage, and smart inverters for batteries and photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, at four physical scales: multiple campuses, campus, microgrid and building.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Addendum to ICSBEP Logbooks 12r, 13r, 14r and 15r for Polyethylene and Graphite Reflected HEU Metal Critical Experiments

This report documents the experimenters’ data sheets that were recently (2023) discovered for critical experiments with highly enriched uranium metal with polyethylene and graphite reflectors. These data sheets were produced at the time of the measurements, when the dimensional inspection reports for the polyethylene and graphite were available. However, at this writing, those inspection reports are not available but may be in unmarked storage for the Y-12 National Security Complex. However, the data sheets presented herein contain sketches of the experimental configurations and other additional information that is not in the logbooks, such as dimensions and masses of the graphite measurements. This report reproduces the experimental data sheets that complement the logbooks. Some of the data on these sheets and the logbooks can be used to infer the dimensions and masses that are not documented. Some obvious mistakes in the logbook and data sheets have been corrected. In the reproduced data sheets, some of the information is not clearly visible: some information, such as average values, can be obtained from other data in the sheets or logbook. This report should be sent to the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Program at Idaho National Laboratory to complement the existing Oak Ridge Critical Facility logbooks there.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Arrangements for communicating data in a computing system using multiple processors

Systems and methods for reducing data movement in a computer system. The systems and methods use information or knowledge about the structure of an algorithm, operations to be executed at a receiving processing unit, variables or subsets or groups of variables in a distributed algorithm, or other forms of contextual information, for reducing the number of bits transmitted from at least one transmitting processing unit to at least one receiving processing unit or storage device.

Gonzalez, Juan Guillermo↗