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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Compartment-specific energy requirements of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Camelina sativa leaves

Abstract Main conclusion The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway provides cytosolic NADPH yet reduces carbon and energy use efficiency. Repressing this pathway and introducing cytosolic NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase may increase crop yields by ≈5%. Abstract Detailed knowledge about plant energy metabolism may aid crop improvements. Using published estimates of flux through central carbon metabolism, we phenotype energy metabolism in illuminated Camelina sativa leaves (grown at 22 °C, 500 µmol photons m −2 s −1 ) and report several findings. First, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) transfers 3.3% of the NADPH consumed in the Calvin–Benson cycle to the cytosol. NADPH supply proceeds at about 10% of the rate of net carbon assimilation. However, concomitantly respired CO 2 accounts for 4.8% of total rubisco activity. Hence, 4.8% of the flux through the Calvin–Benson cycle and photorespiration is spent on supplying cytosolic NADPH, a significant investment. Associated energy requirements exceed the energy output of the OPPP. Thus, autotrophic carbon metabolism is not simply optimised for flux into carbon sinks but sacrifices carbon and energy use efficiency to support cytosolic energy metabolism. To reduce these costs, we suggest bioengineering plants with a repressed cytosolic OPPP, and an inserted cytosolic NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase tuned to compensate for the loss in OPPP activity (if required). Second, sucrose cycling is a minor investment in overall leaf energy metabolism but a significant investment in cytosolic energy metabolism. Third, leaf energy balancing strictly requires oxidative phosphorylation, cofactor export from chloroplasts, and peroxisomal NADH import. Fourth, mitochondria are energetically self-sufficient. Fifth, carbon metabolism has an ATP/NADPH demand ratio of 1.52 which is met if ≤ 21.7% of whole electron flux is cyclic. Sixth, electron transport has a photon use efficiency of ≥ 62%. Last, we discuss interactions between the OPPP and the cytosolic oxidation–reduction cycle in supplying leaf cytosolic NADPH.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Insights into controlling bacterial cellulose nanofiber film properties through balancing thermodynamic interactions and colloidal dynamics

In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-derived structural polymers. Sourced either from plants, algae, or bacteria, nanocellulose can be processed into colloid, gel, film and fiber forms. However, the required fundamental understanding of process parameters that govern the morphology and structure–property relationships of nanocellulose systems, from colloidal suspensions to bulk materials, has not been developed and generalized for all forms of cellulose. This further hinders the more widespread adoption of this biopolymer in applications. Our study investigates the dispersion of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) produced by a bacterial–yeast co-culture, in solvents, highlighting the role of thermodynamic interactions in influencing their colloidal behavior. By adjusting Hansen solubility parameters, we controlled the thermodynamic relationship between CNFs and solvents across various concentrations, studying the dilute to semi-dilute regimes. Rheological measurements revealed that the threshold at which a concentration-based regime transition occurs is distinctly solvent-dependent. Complementing rheological analysis with small angle X-ray scattering and zeta potential measurements, our findings reveal that enhancing CNF–solvent interactions increases excluded volume in the dilute regime, emphasizing the importance of the balance between fiber–fiber and fiber–solvent interactions. Moreover, we investigated the transition from colloidal to solid state by creating films from dispersions with varying interaction parameters in semi-dilute regimes. Through mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy imaging of the fracture surfaces, we highlight the significance of electrokinetic effects in such transitions, as dispersions with higher electrokinetic stabilization gave rise to stronger and tougher films despite having less favorable thermodynamic interaction parameters. Finally, our work provides insights into the thermodynamic and electrokinetic interplay that governs bacterial CNF dispersion, offering a foundation for future application and a deeper understanding of nanocellulose's colloidal and structure-property relationships.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating algorithmic bias on biomarker classification of breast cancer pathology reports

Objectives: This work evaluated algorithmic bias in biomarkers classification using electronic pathology reports from female breast cancer cases. Bias was assessed across 5 subgroups: cancer registry, race, Hispanic ethnicity, age at diagnosis, and socioeconomic status. Materials and Methods: We utilized 594 875 electronic pathology reports from 178 121 tumors diagnosed in Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Seattle, and Utah to train 2 deep-learning algorithms to classify breast cancer patients using their biomarkers test results. We used balanced error rate (BER), demographic parity (DP), equalized odds (EOD), and equal opportunity (EOP) to assess bias. Results: We found differences in predictive accuracy between registries, with the highest accuracy in the registry that contributed the most data (Seattle Registry, BER ratios for all registries >1.25). BER showed no significant algorithmic bias in extracting biomarkers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) for race, Hispanic ethnicity, age at diagnosis, or socioeconomic subgroups (BER ratio <1.25). DP, EOD, and EOP all showed insignificant results. Discussion: We observed significant differences in BER by registry, but no significant bias using the DP, EOD, and EOP metrics for socio-demographic or racial categories. This highlights the importance of employing a diverse set of metrics for a comprehensive evaluation of model fairness. Conclusion: A thorough evaluation of algorithmic biases that may affect equality in clinical care is a critical step before deploying algorithms in the real world. We found little evidence of algorithmic bias in our biomarker classification tool. Artificial intelligence tools to expedite information extraction from clinical records could accelerate clinical trial matching and improve care.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1985

Heat balance of the ionosphere - Implications for the International Reference Ionosphere

Theoretical considerations can be helpful tools in modeling ionospheric parameters in regions and for times where not enough experimental data are available. This study asks whether results of heat balance calculations should be introduced to supplement the data base for the International Reference Ionosphere. The present status of the theoretical understanding is discussed and the influence of the following unresolved or neglected times are examined: (1) electron heating rate, (2) electron cooling by fine structure excitation of atomic oxygen, and (3) height-dependent Coulomb Logarithm. The ambiguity introduced by these terms leads to up to 30 percent uncertainty in the electron temperature of the lower ionosphere. The electron temperature in the upper ionosphere is largely determined by heat conduction from above and depends critically on the conditions assumed at the boundary between ionosphere and plasmasphere.

Bilitza, D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Nitrogen escape from Mars

The mass spectrometer on the Viking spacecraft measured anomalous N-15:N-14 ratio of about 1.62 times the terrestrial value. This enhancement presumably results from differential escape of N-15. The escape of N is non-thermal and potential escape mechanisms include photodissociation, photoionization, and electron impact dissociative ionization of N2, and ion-molecule reactions and dissociative recombination of N2(+). The authors propose some calculations to explain the N ratio, but even with all escape mechanisms considered, the ratios don't balance. This leads to the assumption that some other escape mechanisms must exist that are unexplained.

Fox, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Investigation of a Helicopter Individual Blade Control (IBC) System in Two Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Tests: Volume I

This report presents the data acquired during the testing of an individual blade control (IBC) system on a full-scale helicopter rotor in two test entries in the NASA Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. The objective of these investigations was to evaluate the potential benefits of using IBC to improve rotor performance, reduce blade vortex interaction (BVI) noise, and alleviate helicopter vibrations. The wind tunnel tests were an international, collaborative effort between NASA, the U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate, ZF Luftfahrttechnik GmbH, Eurocopter Deutschland GmbH, and the German Aerospace Laboratory (DLR). They were conducted as a task of the U.S./German Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Helicopter Aeromechanics. The IBC tests were performed using a full-scale BO-105 helicopter rotor mounted to the NASA/U.S. Army Rotor Test Apparatus (RTA). The first test, performed in 1993, was the first full-scale wind tunnel test to explore the effects of an IBC system on rotor vibration, noise, and performance. In this test, the pitch links of the rotor were replaced by servo-actuators. The servo-actuators and IBC control system were designed and manufactured by ZF Luftfahrttechnik GmbH. This control system allowed the pitch of each rotor blade to be changed independently of the other blades. The IBC inputs had large effects on the hub vibrations and BVI noise. However, the rotor hub moments were not retrimmed with each new IBC input. This resulted in an out-of-trim rotor configuration. The same IBC system was used in the second IBC test performed in 1994. This test more carefully investigated the potential of IBC to simultaneously reduce noise and vibration and also investigated the effect of IBC on rotor performance in high-speed-cruise flight. In the 1994 test, the hub moment and rotor thrust were readjusted to maintain rotor trim as the IBC inputs were applied. For this reason, the data taken from the second test are considered to be more accurate, except for some unique IBC input combinations not repeated in the second test. IBC controls that were evaluated were single-frequency inputs from 2/rev to 6/rev and multi-harmonic combinations of these frequencies to form pulses, wavelets, and doublets. Extensive data were acquired for each IBC data point. These data included rotor performance, average and time-varying hub loads, rotor blade bending loads, control system loads, inboard and outboard blade pitch motions, and BVI noise data. The rotor balance hub force and moment data included the mean values, half-peak-to-peak values, and sine/cosine harmonics up to the 20th rotor harmonic. The time history and averaged Fourier spectrum for each measurement are available electronically from NASA Ames Research Center. The data indicate that significant reduction in both BVI noise and hub vibration can be obtained using IBC. The 2/rev input produced the best single-frequency results. At a typical descent flight condition, 2/rev IBC combined with other IBC harmonics reduced the BVI noise up to 12 dB (85 percent) at some microphone locations. At the same time, this input could also reduce the dominant 4/rev vibratory hub loads by up to 75 percent. The data also show that performance improvements of up to 7 percent were obtained using 2/rev IBC at high-speed forward flight conditions. An analysis of the hydraulic power requirements for BVI noise suppression, vibration reduction, and rotor performance improvement is included in this report. This analysis shows that the power required by the IBC system is negligible at low-speed flight conditions, and that a net gain of 3 percent of rotor horsepower can be achieved at high-speed flight conditions.

Investigation↗
NASA NTRS1997

Force Balance and Substorm Effects in the Magnetotail

A model of the quiet time middle magnetotail is developed using a consistent orbit tracing technique. The momentum equation is used to calculate geocentric solar magnetospheric components of the particle and electromagnetic forces throughout the current sheet. Ions generate the dominant x and z force components. Electron and ion forces almost cancel in the y direction because the two species drift earthward at comparable speeds. The force viewpoint is applied to a study of some substorm processes. Generation of the rapid flows seen during substorm injection and bursty bulk flow events implies substantial force imbalances. The formation of a substorm diversion loop is one cause of changes in the magnetic field and therefore in the electromagnetic force. It is found that larger forces are produced when the cross-tail current is diverted to the ionosphere than would be produced if the entire tail current system simply decreased. Plasma is accelerated while the forces are unbalanced resulting in field lines within a diversion loop becoming more dipolar. Field lines become more stretched and the plasma sheet becomes thinner outside a diversion loop. Mechanisms that require thin current sheets to produce current disruption then can create additional diversion loops in the newly thinned regions. This process may be important during multiple expansion substorms and in differentiating pseudoexpansions from full substorms. It is found that the tail field model used here can be generated by a variety of particle distribution functions. However, for a given energy distribution the mixture of particle mirror or reflection points is constrained by the consistency requirement. The study of uniqueness also leads to the development of a technique to select guiding center electrons that will produce charge neutrality all along a flux tube containing nonguiding center ions without the imposition of a parallel electric field.

Kaufmann, Richard L.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Simulations of Solar Wind Plasma Flow Around a Simple Solar Sail

In recent years, a number of solar sail missions of various designs and sizes have been proposed (e.g., Geostorm). Of importance to these missions is the interaction between the ambient solar wind plasma environment and the sail. Assuming a typical 1 AU solar wind environment of 400 km/s velocity, 3.5 cu cm density, ion temperature of approx.10 eV, electron temperature of 40 eV, and an ambient magnetic field strength of 10(exp -4) G, a first order estimate of the plasma interaction with square solar sails on the order of the sizes being considered for a Geostorm mission (50 m x 50 m and 75 m x 75 m corresponding to approx.2 and approx.3 times the Debye length in the plasma) is carried out. First, a crude current balance for the sail surface immersed in the plasma environment and in sunlight was used to estimate the surface potential of the model sails. This gave surface potentials of approx.10 V positive relative to the solar wind plasma. A 3-D, Electrostatic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code was then used to simulate the solar wind flowing around the solar sail. It is assumed in the code that the solar wind protons can be treated as particles while the electrons follow a Boltzmann distribution. Next, the electric field and particle trajectories are solved self-consistently to give the proton flow field, the electrostatic field around the sail, and the plasma density in 3-D. The model sail was found to be surrounded by a plasma sheath within which the potential is positive compared to the ambient plasma and followed by a separate plasma wake which is negative relative to the plasma. This structure departs dramatically from a negatively charged plate such as might be found in the Earth s ionosphere on the night side where both the plate and its negative wake are contiguous. The implications of these findings are discussed as they apply to the proposed Geostorm solar sail mission.

Garrett, Henry B.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spatial profiles of photon chemical potential in near-field thermophotovoltaic cells

Emitted photons stemming from the radiative recombination of electron–hole pairs carry chemical potential in radiative energy converters. This luminescent effect can substantially alter the local net photogeneration in near-field thermophotovoltaic cells. Several assumptions involving the luminescent effect are commonly made in modeling photovoltaic devices; in particular, the photon chemical potential is assumed to be zero or a constant prescribed by the bias voltage. The significance of photon chemical potential depends upon the emitter temperature, the semiconductor properties, and the injection level. Hence, these assumptions are questionable in near-field thermophotovoltaic devices with nanoscale separation distances between the emitter and the cell. In the present work, an iterative solver that combines fluctuational electrodynamics with the drift-diffusion model is developed to tackle the coupled photon and charge transport problem, enabling the determination of the spatial profile of photon chemical potential beyond the detailed balance approach. Here, the difference between the results obtained by allowing the photon chemical potential to vary spatially and by assuming a constant value demonstrates the limitations of the conventional approaches. This study is critically important for performance evaluation of near-field thermophotovoltaic systems with nanoscale vacuum gaps.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Universal signal scaling in microwave impedance microscopy

Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is an emerging scanning probe technique that measures the local complex dielectric function using near-field microwave. Although it has made significant impacts in diverse fields, a systematic, quantitative understanding of the signal's dependence on various important design parameters is lacking. Here, we show that for a wide range of MIM implementations, given a complex tip-sample admittance change ΔΥ, the MIM signal—the amplified change in the reflected microwave amplitude—is –G · ΔΥ/2Υ 0 · η 2 · V in , where η is the ratio of the microwave voltage at the probe to the incident microwave amplitude, Y o is the system admittance, and G is the total voltage gain. For linear circuits, η is determined by the circuit design and does not depend on V in . We show that the maximum achievable signal for different designs scales with η 2 or η when limited by input power or sample perturbation, respectively. Furthermore, this universal scaling provides guidance on diverse design goals, including maximizing narrow-band signal for imaging and balancing bandwidth and signal strength for spectroscopy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Correlation versus hybridization gap in CaMn$$_{2}$$Bi$$_{2}$$

Abstract We study the interplay between electronic correlations and hybridization in the low-energy electronic structure of CaMn $$_2$$ 2 Bi $$_2$$ 2 , a candidate hybridization-gap semiconductor. By employing a DFT+ U approach we find both the antiferromagnetic Néel order and band gap in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. Under hydrostatic pressure, we find a crossover from hybridization gap to charge-transfer insulting physics due to the delicate balance of hybridization and correlations. Increasing the pressure above $$P_c=4$$ P c = 4 GPa we find a simultaneous pressure-induced volume collapse, plane-to-chain, insulator to metal transition. Finally, we have also analyzed the topology in the antiferromagnetic CaMn $$_2$$ 2 Bi $$_2$$ 2 for all pressures studied.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Binary Blend All‐Polymer Solar Cells with a Record Efficiency of 17.41% Enabled by Programmed Fluorination Both on Donor and Acceptor Blocks

Abstract Despite remarkable breakthrough made by virtue of “polymerized small‐molecule acceptor (PSMA)” strategy recently, the limited selection pool of high‐performance polymer acceptors and long‐standing challenge in morphology control impede their further developments. Herein, three PSMAs of PYDT‐2F, PYDT‐3F, and PYDT‐4F are developed by introducing different fluorine atoms on the end groups and/or bithiophene spacers to fine‐tune their optoelectronic properties for high‐performance PSMAs. The PSMAs exhibit narrow bandgap and energy levels that match well with PM6 donor. The fluorination promotes the crystallization of the polymer chain for enhanced electron mobility, which is further improved by following n ‐doping with benzyl viologen additive. Moreover, the miscibility is also improved by introducing more fluorine atoms, which promotes the intermixing with PM6 donor. Among them, PYDT‐3F exhibits well‐balanced high crystallinity and miscibility with PM6 donor; thus, the layer‐by‐layer processed PM6/PYDT‐3F film obtains an optimal nanofibril morphology with submicron length and ≈23 nm width of fibrils, facilitating the charge separation and transport. The resulting PM6/PYDT‐3F devices realizes a record high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.41% and fill factor of 77.01%, higher than the PM6/PYDT‐2F (PCE = 16.25%) and PM6/PYDT‐4F (PCE = 16.77%) devices.

Zhou, Dehong↗
DOE OSTI2023

Engineering a Self-Grown TiO 2 /Ti-MOF Heterojunction with Selectively Anchored High-Density Pt Single-Atomic Cocatalysts for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution

A photocatalyst TiO 2 /Ti-BPDC-Pt is developed with a self-grown TiO 2 /Ti-metal–organic framework (MOF) heterojunction, i.e., TiO 2 /Ti-BPDC, and selectively anchored high-density Pt single-atomic cocatalysts on Ti-BPDC for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. This intimate heterojunction, growing from the surface pyrolytic reconstruction of Ti-BPDC, works in a direct Z-scheme, efficiently separating electrons and holes. Pt is selectively anchored on Ti-BPDC by ligands and is found in the form of single atoms with loading up to 1.8 wt %. The selective location of Pt is the electron-enriched domain of the heterojunction, which further enhances the utilization of the separated electrons. This tailored TiO 2 /Ti-BPDC-Pt shows a significantly enhanced activity of 12.4 mmol g -1 h -1 compared to other TiO 2 - or MOF-based catalysts. In conclusion, the structure-activity relationship further proves the balance of two simultaneously exposed domains of heterojunctions is critical to fulfilling this kind of catalyst.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within 8% for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Density limits as disruption forecasters for spherical tokamaks

Fusion power output from spherical tokamaks would benefit from increased confined plasma density, but there exists a limit on the density before confinement is lost and the plasma current is disrupted. This density limit has long been characterized by a simple, global Greenwald limit proportional to the plasma current and inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the plasma. It is shown that in the database of discharges from the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX) and Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) spherical tokamaks, the likelihood of disruption does increase above the Greenwald limit, and especially in the plasma current rampdown phase. The physics of the density limit has been recently theoretically explored through local criteria. Several of these are tested using the disruption event characterization and forecasting (DECAF TM ) code for their potential effectiveness as disruption warning signals. For a limited set of NSTX discharges, a local island power balance criteria was found to be less reliable, presently, than the Greenwald limit. For this work, an empirical critical edge line density and a boundary turbulent transport limit were both tested for MAST-U, which has an electron density profile measurement with high spatial resolution in the outer part of the plasma. Both were found to have similar dependencies on key plasma parameters. In a limited set of MAST-U discharges that appear to disrupt due to rising density at values under the Greenwald limit, crossing of the boundary turbulent transport limit occurred close to the time of disruption. Finally, these limits were evaluated for their potential use in real-time, and it was found that with the necessary real-time inputs and with refinement through further testing, these limits could be implemented in a real-time disruption forecasting system.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic excitations of the hybrid multiferroic (ND 4 ) 2 FeCl 5 ·D 2 O

We report a comprehensive inelastic neutron scattering study of the hybrid molecule-based multiferroic compound ( ND 4 ) 2 FeCl 5 · D 2 O in the zero-field incommensurate cycloidal phase and the high-field quasicollinear phase. The spontaneous electric polarization changes its direction concurrently with the field-induced magnetic transition, from mostly aligned with the crystallographic a axis to the c axis. To account for such a change in polarization direction, the underlying multiferroic mechanism was proposed to switch from the spin-current model induced via the inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to the p - d hybridization model. We perform a detailed analysis of the inelastic neutron data of ( ND 4 ) 2 FeCl 5 · D 2 O using linear spin-wave theory to quantify magnetic interaction strengths and investigate the possible impact of different multiferroic mechanisms on the magnetic couplings. Overall our result reveals that the spin dynamics of both multiferroic phases can be well described by a Heisenberg Hamiltonian with easy-plane anisotropy. We do not find notable differences between the optimal model parameters of the two phases. The hierarchy of exchange couplings and the balance among frustrated interactions remain the same between two phases, suggesting that magnetic interactions in ( ND 4 ) 2 FeCl 5 · D 2 O are much more robust than the electric polarization in response to delicate reorganizations of the electronic degrees of freedom in an applied magnetic field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Integration of Multiple Real-time Simulation Platforms with AIO for Scalability

This paper introduces a practical and scalable approach to extend interoperability of Controller Hardware in the Loop (CHIL) validations for large scale microgrids, networked microgrids, and power electronics-based feeders. The work focuses on integrating multiple real-time simulators using Analog Input/Output (AIO) interface techniques in heterogeneous CHIL environment. It explores interfacing methods, highlighting key challenges related to dynamic accuracy and maintaining bidirectional power balance. A comparative evaluation of the Ideal Transformer Method is presented, assessing its effectiveness in multi-CHIL integration scenarios. The feasibility of this setup is demonstrated through a real-time use case involving multiple Typhoon HIL and Opal-RT platforms, showcasing its applicability for distributed system studies.

Khalid, Mohammad [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000179208805)↗
NASA NTRS1990

Cosmic rays and the dynamic balance in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Present and future measurement of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) particularly in the radio and high energy gamma ray range offer the possibility of understanding the density and distribution of the cosmic rays in a galaxy other than our own and the role that they play in galactic dynamic balance. After a study of the consistency of the measurements and interpretation of the synchrotron radiation from our own galaxy, the cosmic ray distribution for the LMC is calculated under the assumption that the cosmic ray nucleon to electron ratio is the same and the relation to the magnetic fields are the same, although the implications of alternatives are discussed. It is seen that the cosmic ray density level appears to be similar to that in our own galaxy, but varying in position in a manner generally consistent with the concept of correlation with the matter on a broad scale.

Fichtel, Carl E.↗