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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2015

Dark matter halos of barred disk galaxies

We use a large volume-limited sample of disk galaxies drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 to study the dependence of the bar fraction on the stellar-to-halo mass ratio, making use of a group catalog, and we identify central and satellite galaxies in our sample. For the central galaxies in the sample we estimate the stellar-to-halo mass ratio (M{sub *}/M{sub h}) and find that the fraction of barred galaxies is a strong function of this ratio, especially for the case of strong bars. Bars are more common in galaxies with high M{sub ∗}/M{sub h} values, as expected from early theoretical works that showed that systems with massive dark matter halos are more stable against bar instabilities. We find that the change of the bar fraction with M{sub h} and M{sub ∗} is stronger if we consider a relation with the form f{sub bar}= f{sub bar}(M{sub ∗}{sup α}/M{sub h}) with α = 1.5, and that the bar fraction is largely independent of other physical properties such as color and spin parameter when M{sub ∗}{sup 3/2}/M{sub h} is fixed. With our sample of galaxies segregated into centrals and satellites, we also compare the fraction of barred galaxies in each group, finding a slightly higher bar fraction for satellites when compared with centrals at fixed stellar mass, but at fixed color this difference becomes very weak. This result, in agreement with previous studies, confirms that the bar fraction does not directly depend on the group/cluster environment, but the dependence exists through its dependence on internal morphology.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

NEARBY CLUMPY, GAS RICH, STAR-FORMING GALAXIES: LOCAL ANALOGS OF HIGH-REDSHIFT CLUMPY GALAXIES

Luminous compact blue galaxies (LCBGs) have enhanced star formation rates (SFRs) and compact morphologies. We combine Sloan Digital Sky Survey data with H i data of 29 LCBGs at redshift z ∼ 0 to understand their nature. We find that local LCBGs have high atomic gas fractions (∼50%) and SFRs per stellar mass consistent with some high-redshift star-forming galaxies (SFGs). Many local LCBGs also have clumpy morphologies, with clumps distributed across their disks. Although rare, these galaxies appear to be similar to the clumpy SFGs commonly observed at z ∼ 1–3. Local LCBGs separate into three groups: (1) interacting galaxies (∼20%); (2) clumpy spirals (∼40%); and (3) non-clumpy, non-spirals with regular shapes and smaller effective radii and stellar masses (∼40%). It seems that the method of building up a high gas fraction, which then triggers star formation, is not the same for all local LCBGs. This may lead to a dichotomy in galaxy characteristics. We consider possible gas delivery scenarios and suggest that clumpy spirals, preferentially located in clusters and with companions, are smoothly accreting gas from tidally disrupted companions and/or intracluster gas enriched by stripped satellites. Conversely, as non-clumpy galaxies are preferentially located in the field and tend to be isolated, we suggest clumpy, cold streams, which destroy galaxy disks and prevent clump formation, as a likely gas delivery mechanism for these systems. Other possibilities include smooth cold streams, a series of minor mergers, or major interactions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spectral properties of galaxies in void regions

We present a study of spectral properties of galaxies in underdense large-scale structures, or voids. Our void galaxy sample (75,939 galaxies) is selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 with z<0.107. We find that there are no significant differences in the luminosities, stellar masses, stellar populations, and specific star formation rates between void galaxies of specific spectral types and their wall counterparts. However, the fraction of star-forming galaxies in voids is significantly higher (⩾9%) than that in walls. Void galaxies, when considering all spectral types, are slightly fainter, are less massive, have younger stellar populations, and have higher specific star formation rates than wall galaxies. These minor differences are totally caused by the higher fraction of star-forming galaxies in voids. We confirm that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) exist in voids, already found by Constantin et al. in 2008, with similar abundance to that in walls. Type I AGNs contribute ∼1%–2% of void galaxies, similar to their fraction in walls. The intrinsic [O iii] luminosities, spanning over 10{sup 6}−10{sup 9} L{sub ⊙}, and Eddington ratios are similar comparing our void AGNs versus wall AGNs. Small-scale statistics show that all spectral types of void galaxies are less clustered than their counterparts in walls. Major merger may not be the dominant trigger of black hole accretion in the luminosity range we probe. Our study implies that the growth of black holes relies weakly on large-scale structures.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

A CATALOG OF BULGE+DISK DECOMPOSITIONS AND UPDATED PHOTOMETRY FOR 1.12 MILLION GALAXIES IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We perform two-dimensional, point-spread-function-convolved, bulge+disk decompositions in the g and r bandpasses on a sample of 1,123,718 galaxies from the Legacy area of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven. Four different decomposition procedures are investigated which make improvements to sky background determinations and object deblending over the standard SDSS procedures that lead to more robust structural parameters and integrated galaxy magnitudes and colors, especially in crowded environments. We use a set of science-based quality assurance metrics, namely, the disk luminosity-size relation, the galaxy color-magnitude diagram, and the galaxy central (fiber) colors to show the robustness of our structural parameters. The best procedure utilizes simultaneous, two-bandpass decompositions. Bulge and disk photometric errors remain below 0.1 mag down to bulge and disk magnitudes of g {approx_equal} 19 and r {approx_equal} 18.5. We also use and compare three different galaxy fitting models: a pure Sersic model, an n{sub b} = 4 bulge + disk model, and a Sersic (free n{sub b}) bulge + disk model. The most appropriate model for a given galaxy is determined by the F-test probability. All three catalogs of measured structural parameters, rest-frame magnitudes, and colors are publicly released here. These catalogs should provide an extensive comparison set for a wide range of observational and theoretical studies of galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

BAR EFFECTS ON CENTRAL STAR FORMATION AND ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY

Galactic bars are often suspected to be channels of gas inflow to the galactic center and to trigger central star formation and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. However, the current status on this issue based on empirical studies is unsettling, especially regarding AGNs. We investigate this question based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. From the nearby (0.01 < z < 0.05) bright (M{sub r} < -19) database, we have constructed a sample of 6658 relatively face-on late-type galaxies through visual inspection. We found 36% of them to have a bar. Bars are found to be more common in galaxies with earlier morphology. This makes sample selection critical. Parameter-based selections would miss a large fraction of barred galaxies of early morphology. Bar effects on star formation or AGNs are difficult to understand properly because multiple factors (bar frequency, stellar mass, black hole mass, gas contents, etc.) seem to contribute to them in intricate manners. In the hope of breaking these degeneracies, we inspect bar effects for fixed galaxy properties. Bar effects on central star formation seem higher in redder galaxies. Bar effects on AGNs on the other hand are higher in bluer and less massive galaxies. These effects seem more pronounced with increasing bar length. We discuss possible implications in terms of gas contents, bar strength, bar evolution, fueling timescale, and the dynamical role of supermassive black hole.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A QUASAR CATALOG WITH SIMULTANEOUS UV, OPTICAL, AND X-RAY OBSERVATIONS BY SWIFT

We have compiled a catalog of optically selected quasars with simultaneous observations in UV/optical and X-ray bands by the Swift Gamma-ray Burst Explorer. Objects in this catalog are identified by matching the Swift pointings with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 quasar catalog. The final catalog contains 843 objects, among which 637 have both Ultraviolet Optical Telescope (UVOT) and X-Ray Telescope (XRT) observations and 354 of which are detected by both instruments. The overall X-ray detection rate is {approx}60% which rises to {approx}85% among sources with at least 10 ks of XRT exposure time. We construct the time-averaged spectral energy distribution (SED) for each of the 354 quasars using UVOT photometric measurements and XRT spectra. From model fits to these SEDs, we find that the big blue bump contributes about {approx}0.3 dex to the quasar luminosity. We re-visit the {alpha}{sub ox}-L{sub 2500A} relation by selecting a clean sample with only Type 1 radio-quiet quasars; the dispersion of this relation is reduced by at least 15% compared with studies that use non-simultaneous UV/optical and X-ray data. We only found a weak correlation between L{sub bol}/L{sub Edd} and {alpha}{sub UV}. We do not find significant correlations between {alpha}{sub x} and {alpha}{sub ox}, {alpha}{sub ox} and {alpha}{sub UV}, and {alpha}{sub x} and log L(0.3-10 keV). The correlations between {alpha}{sub UV} and {alpha}{sub x}, {alpha}{sub ox} and {alpha}{sub x}, {alpha}{sub ox} and {alpha}{sub UV}, L{sub bol}/L{sub Edd} and {alpha}{sub x}, and L{sub bol}/L{sub Edd} and {alpha}{sub ox} are stronger among low-redshift quasars, indicating that these correlations are likely driven by the changes of SED shape with accretion state.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

CORRELATIONS AMONG GALAXY PROPERTIES FROM THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

Galaxies are complex systems with many properties. Correlations among galaxy properties can supply important clues for studying the formation and evolution of galaxies. Using principal component analysis and least-squares fitting, this paper investigates the correlations among galactic parameters involving more properties (color, morphology, stellar population, and absolute magnitude) than previous studies. We use a volume-limited sample (whole sample) of 75,423 galaxies that was selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 2 and divided into two subsamples (blue and red samples) using a critical color of (g - r) = 0.70 mag. In addition to recovering some previous results, we also obtain some new results. First, all separators for dividing galaxies into two groups can be related via good parameter-first principal component (PC1) correlations. A critical PC1 that indicates whether or not stellar age (or the evolution of a stellar population over time) is important can be used to separate galaxies. This suggests that a statistical parameter, PC1, is helpful in understanding the physical separators of galaxies. In addition, stellar age is shown to be unimportant for red galaxies, while both stellar age and mass are dominating parameters of blue galaxies. This suggests that the various numbers of dominating parameters of galaxies may result from the use of different samples. Finally, some parameters are shown to be correlated, and quantitative fits for a few correlations are obtained, e.g., log(t) = 8.57 + 1.65 (g - r) for the age (log t) and color (g - r) of blue galaxies and log (M{sub *}) = 4.31 - 0.30 M{sub r} for the stellar mass (log M{sub *}) and absolute magnitude (M{sub r}) of red galaxies. The median relationships between various parameter pairs are also presented for comparison.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

A catalog of visually classified galaxies in the local (z ∼ 0.01) universe

The morphological types of 5836 galaxies were classified by a visual inspection of color images using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 to produce a morphology catalog of a representative sample of local galaxies with z<0.01. The sample galaxies are almost complete for galaxies brighter than r{sub pet}=17.77. Our classification system is basically the same as that of the Third Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies with some simplifications for giant galaxies. On the other hand, we distinguish the fine features of dwarf elliptical (dE)-like galaxies to classify five subtypes: dE, blue-cored dwarf ellipticals, dwarf spheroidals (dSph), blue dwarf ellipticals (dE{sub blue}), and dwarf lenticulars (dS0). In addition, we note the presence of nucleation in dE, dSph, and dS0. Elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies contribute only ∼1.5 and ∼4.9% of local galaxies, respectively, whereas spirals and irregulars contribute ∼32.1 and ∼42.8%, respectively. The dE{sub blue} galaxies, which are a recently discovered population of galaxies, contribute a significant fraction of dwarf galaxies. There seem to be structural differences between dSph and dE galaxies. The dSph galaxies are fainter and bluer with a shallower surface brightness gradient than dE galaxies. They also have a lower fraction of galaxies with small axis ratios (b/a≲0.4) than dE galaxies. The mean projected distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy is ∼260 kpc. About 1% of local galaxies have no neighbors with comparable luminosity within a projected distance of 2 Mpc.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

A new catalog of type 1 AGNs and its implications on the AGN unified model

We have recently identified a substantial number of type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) featuring weak broad-line regions (BLRs) at z<0.2 from detailed analysis of galaxy spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. These objects predominantly show a stellar continuum but also a broad Hα emission line, indicating the presence of a low-luminosity AGN oriented so that we are viewing the central engine directly without significant obscuration. These accreting black holes have previously eluded detection due to their weak nature. The newly discovered BLR AGNs have increased the number of known type 1 AGNs by 49%. Some of these new BLR AGNs were detected with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and their X-ray properties confirm that they are indeed type 1 AGNs. Based on our new and more complete catalog of type 1 AGNs, we derived the type 1 fraction of AGNs as a function of [O iii] λ5007 emission luminosity and explored the possible dilution effect on obscured AGNs due to star formation. The new type 1 AGN fraction shows much more complex behavior with respect to black hole mass and bolometric luminosity than has been suggested previously by the existing receding torus model. The type 1 AGN fraction is sensitive to both of these factors, and there seems to be a sweet spot (ridge) in the diagram of black hole mass and bolometric luminosity. Furthermore, we present the possibility that the Eddington ratio plays a role in determining opening angles.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Demographics of isolated galaxies along the Hubble sequence

Isolated galaxies in low-density regions are significant in the sense that they are least affected by the hierarchical pattern of galaxy growth and interactions with perturbers, at least for the last few gigayears. To form a comprehensive picture of the star-formation history of isolated galaxies, we constructed a catalog of isolated galaxies and their comparison sample in relatively denser environments. The galaxies are drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 in the redshift range of 0.025<z<0.044. We performed a visual inspection and classified their morphology following the Hubble classification scheme. For the spectroscopic study, we make use of the catalog provided by Oh et al. in 2011. We confirm most of the earlier understanding on isolated galaxies. The most remarkable additional results are as follows. Isolated galaxies are dominantly late type with the morphology distribution (E:S0:S:Irr) = (9.9:11.3:77.6:1.2)%. The frequency of elliptical galaxies among isolated galaxies is only a third of that of the comparison sample. Most of the photometric and spectroscopic properties are surprisingly similar between the isolated and comparison samples. However, early-type isolated galaxies are less massive by 50% and younger (by Hβ) by 20% than their counterparts in the comparison sample. This can be explained as a result of different merger and star-formation histories for differing environments in the hierarchical merger paradigm. We provide an online catalog for the list and properties of our sample galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The triply-ionized carbon forest from eBOSS: cosmological correlations with quasars in SDSS-IV DR14

Here, we present measurements of the cross-correlation of the triply-ionized carbon (CIV) forest with quasars using Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14. The study exploits a large sample of new quasars from the first two years of observations by the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS). The CIV forest is a weaker tracer of large-scale structure than the Lyα forest, but benefits from being accessible at redshifts z<2 where the quasar number density from eBOSS is high. Our data sample consists of 287,651 CIV forest quasars in the redshift range 1.4 CIV =0.27 –0.14 –0.26 +0.16 +0.34 and its combination with the CIV linear transmission bias parameter is b CIV (1+β CIV )=–0.0183 –0.0014 –0.0029 +0.0013 +0.0025 (1σ and 2σ statistical errors) at the mean redshift z=2.00. Splitting the sample at z=2.2 to constrain the bias evolution with redshift yields the power-law exponent γ=0.60±0.63, indicating a significantly weaker redshift-evolution than for the Lyα forest linear transmission bias. Additionally, we demonstrate that CIV absorption has the potential to be used as a probe of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). While the current data set is insufficient for a detection of the BAO peak feature, the final quasar samples for redshifts 1.4<z<2.2 from eBOSS and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) are expected to provide measurements of the isotropic BAO scale to ~7% and ~3% precision, respectively, at zsime1.6.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Augmented signal processing in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers with a deep neural network

The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) is an advanced neutrino detector technology widely used in recent and upcoming accelerator neutrino experiments. It features a low energy threshold and high spatial resolution that allow for comprehensive reconstruction of event topologies. In current-generation LArTPCs, the recorded data consist of digitized waveforms on wires produced by induced signal on wires of drifting ionization electrons, which can also be viewed as two-dimensional (2D) (time versus wire) projection images of charged-particle trajectories. For such an imaging detector, one critical step is the signal processing that reconstructs the original charge projections from the recorded 2D images. For the first time, we introduce a deep neural network in LArTPC signal processing to improve the signal region of interest detection. By combining domain knowledge (e.g., matching information from multiple wire planes) and deep learning, this method shows significant improvements over traditional methods. This work details the method, software tools, and performance evaluated with realistic detector simulations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Waveform processing using neural network algorithms on the front-end electronics

In a multi-channel radiation detector readout system, waveform sampling, digitization, and raw data transmission to the data acquisition system constitute a conventional processing chain. The deposited energy on the sensor is estimated by extracting peak amplitudes, area under pulse envelopes from the raw data, and starting times of signals or time of arrivals. However, such quantities can be estimated using machine learning algorithms on the front-end Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), often termed as “edge computing”. Edge computation offers enormous benefits, especially when the analytical forms are not fully known or the registered waveform suffers from noise and imperfections of practical implementations. In this work, we aim to predict peak amplitude from a single waveform snippet whose rising and falling edges containing only 3 to 4 samples. We thoroughly studied two well-accepted neural network algorithms, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) by varying their model sizes. Further, to better fit front-end electronics, neural network model reduction techniques, such as network pruning methods and variable-bit quantization approaches, were also studied. By combining pruning and quantization, our best performing model has the size of 1.5 KB, reduced from 16.6 KB of its full model counterpart. It can reach mean absolute error of 0.034 comparing to that of a naive baseline of 0.135. Such parameter-efficient and predictive neural network models established feasibility and practicality of their deployment on front-end ASICs.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2012

A COLD MILKY WAY STELLAR STREAM IN THE DIRECTION OF TRIANGULUM

We present evidence for a new Milky Way stellar tidal stream in the direction of the Andromeda and Triangulum (M31 and M33) galaxies. Using a matched-filter technique, we search the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 8 by creating stellar density maps which probe the Milky Way halo at distances between 8 and 40 kpc. A visual search of these maps recovers all of the major known stellar streams, as well as a new stream in the direction of M31/M33 that we name the Triangulum stream. The stream spans 0.{sup 0}2 by 12 Degree-Sign on the sky, or 75 pc by 5.5 kpc in physical units with a best-fitting distance of 26 {+-} 4 kpc. The width of the stream is consistent with being the tidal remnant of a globular cluster. A color-magnitude diagram of the stream region shows an overdensity which, if identified as a main-sequence turnoff, corresponds to an old ({approx}12 Gyr) and metal-poor ([Fe/H] {approx}-1.0 dex) stellar population. Future kinematic studies of this and similar cold streams will provide tight constraints on the shape of the Galactic gravitational potential.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

THE CURRENT STAR FORMATION RATE OF K+A GALAXIES

We derive the stacked 1.4 GHz flux from the FIRST survey for 811 K+A galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. For these objects we find a mean flux density of 56 {+-} 9 {mu}Jy. A similar stack of radio-quiet white dwarfs yields an upper limit of 43 {mu}Jy at a 5{sigma} significance to the flux in blank regions of the sky. This implies an average star formation rate of 1.6 {+-} 0.3 M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1} for K+A galaxies. However, the majority of the signal comes from {approx}4% of K+A fields that have aperture fluxes above the 5{sigma} noise level of the FIRST survey. A stack of the remaining galaxies shows little residual flux consistent with an upper limit on star formation of 1.3 M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1}. Even for a subset of 456 'young' (spectral ages <250 Myr) K+A galaxies, we find that the stacked 1.4 GHz flux is consistent with no current star formation. Our data suggest that the original starburst has been terminated in the majority of K+A galaxies, but that this may represent part of a duty cycle where a fraction of these galaxies may be active at a given moment with dusty starbursts and active galactic nuclei being present.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

OUTFLOW AND HOT DUST EMISSION IN HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS

Correlations of hot dust emission with outflow properties are investigated, based on a large z ∼ 2 non-broad absorption line quasar sample built from the Wide-field Infrared Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data releases. We use the near-infrared slope and the infrared to UV luminosity ratio to indicate the hot dust emission relative to the emission from the accretion disk. In our luminous quasars, these hot dust emission indicators are almost independent of the fundamental parameters, such as luminosity, Eddington ratio and black hole mass, but moderately dependent on the blueshift and asymmetry index (BAI) and FWHM of C IV lines. Interestingly, the latter two correlations dramatically strengthen with increasing Eddington ratio. We suggest that, in high Eddington ratio quasars, C IV regions are dominated by outflows so the BAI and FWHM (C IV) can reliably reflect the general properties and velocity of outflows, respectively. In low Eddington ratio quasars, on the other hand, C IV lines are primarily emitted by virialized gas so the BAI and FWHM (C IV) become less sensitive to outflows. Therefore, the correlations for the highest Eddington ratio quasars are more likely to represent the true dependence of hot dust emission on outflows and the correlations for the entire sample are significantly diluted by the low Eddington ratio quasars. Our results show that an outflow with a large BAI or velocity can double the hot dust emission on average. We suggest that outflows either contain hot dust in themselves or interact with the dusty interstellar medium or torus.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

DUST IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: ANOMALOUS SILICATE TO OPTICAL EXTINCTION RATIOS?

Dust plays a central role in the unification theory of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, little is known about the nature (e.g., size, composition) of the dust that forms a torus around the AGN. In this Letter, we report a systematic exploration of the optical extinction (A{sub V} ) and the silicate absorption optical depth (Δτ{sub 9.7}) of 110 type 2 AGNs. We derive A{sub V} from the Balmer decrement based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data, and Δτ{sub 9.7} from the Spitzer/InfraRed Spectrograph data. We find that with a mean ratio of (A{sub V} /Δτ{sub 9.7}) ≲ 5.5, the optical-to-silicate extinction ratios of these AGNs are substantially lower than that of the Galactic diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) for which A{sub V} /Δτ{sub 9.7} ≈ 18.5. We argue that the anomalously low A{sub V} /Δτ{sub 9.7} ratio could be due to the predominance of larger grains in the AGN torus compared to that in the Galactic diffuse ISM.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Towards Autonomous Experiments by Connecting High Performance Microscopy with High Performance Computing

The digitization of controls, data, and analysis in microscopy is bringing the idea of autonomous microscopes closer to reality than ever before. Automated transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is already fairly routine for some experiments the only require simple repetitive tasks such as imaging biological macromolecules for single particle cryoEM [1], tilt series for electron tomography [2], and movies for crystallography [3]. The vast majority of TEM experiments are conducted completely by human operators who choose the regions of interest, optimize experimental parameters, and make decisions about data quality visually during an experiment. The field is still a long way from having completely autonomous TEMs that can adapt to sample difficulties and tune experimental parameters based on data quality and desired experimental outcomes. Part of the issue is the lack of capability for feeding information learned from on-line, live data analysis back into the on-going experiment [4]. Furthermore, this presentation will discuss current capabilities for large scale data reduction and analysis using high performance computing (i.e. supercomputing) and progress towards developing a true feed-back loop that places data analysis and theory in the experimental loop.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗