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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

LDRD 20190608ER: Diagnosing Near-Future Changes in Arctic Sea Ice and Ocean Conditions

Environmental changes in the Arctic present opportunities and increased hazards as potential shipping corridors open. We apply novel statistical techniques to simultaneously characterize multiple physical properties and uncertainties relevant for Arctic shipping, analyzing existing model projections to understand the likelihood of encountering high wind and low ice conditions along potential transportation routes through the Arctic Ocean. We assess the quality of Department of Energy (DOE) simulations against observed data, for these purposes. We find that the Arctic system is highly variable, but its large-scale patterns are captured by the models, allowing us to consider the two major shipping routes along Arctic coasts: the Northern Sea Route on the Russian side of the Arctic Ocean, and the Northwest Passage through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Our work highlights the usefulness and promise of DOE’s new modeling system (E3SM) as well as limitations of the models and observed data, such as resolution, differing types of information available from models and measurements, and challenges for quantifying uncertainty and bias. A procedure developed to increase predictability in Community Earth System Model simulations could be beneficial for E3SM. This research provides insight into Arctic trends and a baseline to articulate future model development needs.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Washington State Highway Seismic Screening Tool (HSST)

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Regional Resiliency Assessment Program (RRAP) undertook the Washington State Transportation Systems RRAP project in 2017 to assess the seismic vulnerabilities of that state’s transportation system to a Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquake. The specific goal of that project was to assess the vulnerability of, and prioritize, transportation infrastructure for moving goods and supplies from Incident Support Bases to Federal Staging Areas within Washington State following a CSZ earthquake. As part of this analysis, Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne), with input and support from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) maintenance and pavements offices and state geotechnical engineer, developed the Highway Seismic Screening Tool (HSST) to inform a system-level analysis of highway recovery and reopening times. This report provides a full discussion of the HSST’s development, implementation, and results for the CSZ scenario earthquake. The primary outcome of the HSST is to determine the approximate reopening times of highway segments or bridges damaged by a CSZ magnitude 9.0 seismic event. This is done by calculating the permanent ground deformation (PGD) caused by soil liquefaction along state highways, which can cause significant damage or displacement of highway pavement structures. The term “reopening time” is different from “restoration time” and is intended to represent the approximate amount of time that would be needed to return highways to a minimum state of repair sufficient to support the limited movement of emergency and response vehicles. Additionally, the HSST is referred to as a “screening tool,” as it uses network- or system-level asset management information that WSDOT provided to assess seismic-related hazards and vulnerabilities of highways; it does not conduct an asset-level engineering analysis of seismic-related vulnerabilities. Accordingly, the results of the HSST analysis should only be used for system- or corridor-level planning and investment, and not for engineering or management decisions at the asset level. The HSST is also applied to assess the exposure of statewide rail systems to soil liquefaction and PGD hazards. However, little information is available about the sensitivity or vulnerability of railways and rail yards to such hazards, and therefore researchers were unable to determine approximate reopening times for the state’s rail system following a CSZ earthquake.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Dust Control Planning

At the Hanford Site, dust control is required during many activities for health and safety purposes and to prevent contaminant dispersal via atmospheric transport. Water is commonly used to reduce dust dispersal, but can mobilize contaminants and facilitate transport through the vadose zone to groundwater as observed with past activities within the River Corridor. To prevent contaminant mobilization associated with remediation activities in the Central Plateau, alternative approaches for dust suppression are presented considering site-specific requirements at Hanford. There are two high-level categories of approaches to dust control: proactive work strategies to minimize fugitive dust generation and reactive engineered controls to mitigate dust generation and/or capture fugitive dust. Because a variety of activities have the potential to generate fugitive dust at a given site, there is no unique response to dust prevention and control. In fiscal year 2018, an evaluation was completed to identify alternatives, determine limits on surface water additions, and develop information suitable for consideration in feasibility studies. The technical basis detailed in the 2018 evaluation has been condensed into this document that provides a practical Dust Control Plan template and site-specific guidance in the appendices. This Dust Control Plan template specifically provides a workflow to 1) identify key project information, 2) identify fugitive dust sources, 3) assign dust control methods, and 4) determine appropriate monitoring practices to mitigate impacts to groundwater.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sedimentary Geothermal Resources in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Texas

The objectives of this project were to (1) perform a literature review of sedimentary geothermal resources, (2) identify data sources and develop data-collection methodologies that characterize selected resources, (3) screen sedimentary basins and formations for sedimentary geothermal potential, and (4) evaluate the technical feasibility of one or more selected locations. Numerous publications have characterized geothermal resources within sedimentary basins. A literature search reviewed publications describing resources located in Colorado, Louisiana, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. The most attractive resources have high temperature gradients, low drilling costs, and reservoir permeabilities greater than 10 millidarcies (mD). Prospects in Colorado, Nevada, Texas, and Utah exhibit attractive characteristics and were chosen for further analysis. Sedimentary resources in Nevada and Utah are most attractive, followed by tested resources in Texas and untested resources in Colorado. The identified resources in Wyoming and Louisiana had lower geothermal gradients and were not evaluated. Reservoir modeling and techno-economic analysis were performed at Marys River Basin–North in Nevada. Geothermal energy production at this location is expected to have a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) ranging between 10 and 20 cents/kWh. Additional work may result in lower LCOE estimates at this location and at other attractive prospects in these three regions. The Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system of eastern Nevada and western Utah includes a lower carbonate aquifer unit, which has the potential for hosting both conduction- and convection-dominated geothermal systems. Mapping has identified lateral thickness variability expressed as a roughly 120–150-km-wide central corridor, which hosts the thickest and most continuous formations and extends from near Las Vegas north to the Idaho border. Purchase and analysis of privately held legacy seismic data could potentially compensate for the lack of sufficient data documenting measured depth to the lower carbonate aquifer unit. Multiple orogenies, extension episodes, and intrusive events have deformed and displaced the target formations of the lower carbonate aquifer unit. This structural complexity and potential for dipping reservoirs emphasizes the need for detailed geological, geophysical, and reservoir modeling. Heat flow within three Colorado sedimentary basins reviewed as part of this study was calculated in targeted studies by the Colorado Geologic Survey and Colorado School of Mines. These calculations are based on bottom-hole temperature data sets with significant limitations and some variability but produce values consistently higher than the global continental average of 65 mW/m2 for all three basins. Heat flow in the Raton Basin is the highest; however, permeability measurements from specific sedimentary formations with high heat flow have not been obtained. Promising formations for sedimentary geothermal systems were found in all three regions studied—Nevada-Utah, Colorado, and Texas. The next steps for developing sedimentary geothermal resources vary due to differences in available data and resource uncertainties. Additional scopes of work are recommended for identified basins in these three regions.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multi-Scale Modeling Framework for Mercury Biogeochemistry

Multi-Scale modeling of mercury (Hg) geochemical speciation and reactions has been performed by integrating atomistic quantum chemical calculations with continuum scale speciation models. Major progress has been made in the improvement of quantum chemical models to calculate critical thermodynamic data for Hg complexes in aquatic environments. Rapid and reliable quantum chemical approaches have been developed for calculating acid dissociation constants (pK a ) and stability constants (log K), with calculated mean unsigned errors of 0.5 and 1.5 log units, respectively for ligand molecules and Hg complexes. At the continuum scale, systematic analysis of uncertainty propagation in mercury (Hg) speciation modeling has been conducted and was used to identify environmental conditions under which thermodynamic constant uncertainties are significant and recommended to be accounted for. The integrated framework for multi-scale modeling of mercury geochemistry is open to the research community through the web-based multiscale modeling aqueous speciation resource, AQUA-MER. The improved quantum chemical approaches for thermodynamic constant calculations are accessible through AQUA-MER and can be used to provide the missing constants in the continuum scale speciation calculations. In addition to low molecular mass Hg complex speciation, modeling natural aquatic environments also involve the transport of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reactive flows simultaneously with equilibrium and kinetic reactions. To this end, atomistic MD simulations were performed to capture the details of aggregation, mechanisms and distribution of functional groups in DOM at the molecular level. The elemental composition and calculated bulk properties of the DOM models are in close agreement with experimental measurements. A travel-time based reactive transport model in the hyporheic zone of stream corridors was established for the multicomponent Hg-DOM-S system and implemented through PFLOTRAN.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Final Technical Report-WestSmart EV: Western Smart Plug-in Electric Vehicle Community Partnership

The WestSmartEV (WSEV) project has accelerated adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) throughout the PacifiCorp/Rocky Mountain Power’s (RMP) service territory in the intermountain west by developing a large-scale, sustainable PEV charging infrastructure network with coordinated PEV adoption programs. The project objectives have strategically deployed 79 DC fast charging to create two primary electric interstate highway corridors along I-15 and I-80; incentivized installation of Level 2 AC chargers at workplace locations; incentivized the purchase of PEVs; provided all electric solutions for first-mile and last-mile trips, including electrified mobility service; provided centralized data collection, analysis, modeling, and tool development to inform investment and policy decisions; and developed education outreach materials and conducted workshops across the WSEV region.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

DOE Environmental Management and Newport News Nuclear BWXT Briefing - LANL’s Campus Master Plan [Slides]

Triad proposed a robust integrated planning effort during the bidding process and began this effort soon after the LANL contract transition. Within months of Triad commencing this planning process, NA-LA delivered a Contracting Officer (CO) letter requiring: (1) Area Development Plan for the Pajarito Corridor delivered by end of FY19 (completed), and (2) The Campus Master Plan (CMP) to be delivered by end of FY21 (completed).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Renewable Portfolio Standard Assessment for Alaska's Railbelt

This memorandum for the Governor of Alaska evaluates the technical feasibility of reaching 80% renewable electricity by 2040 in the Railbelt corridor of Alaska, which represents 75% of Alaska's electric load. This analysis was developed to inform renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) legislation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Los Alamos National Laboratory Wetland Assessment for the Replacement Water Lines from Technical Area 48 to Technical Area 55 Project

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semi-autonomous agency within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is proposing to take action at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) near a wetland at Technical Area (TA) 48 and under a wetland at TA-55. The project proposes to install two 12-inch water lines along an alignment from TA-48 to Pecos Road on the east side of TA-55 (Figure 1). The proposed water lines will replace aging cast iron pipes that provide water for fire suppression to buildings within TA-55, and potable water to other areas in the Pajarito Corridor. NNSA has prepared this wetland assessment in accordance with 10 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1022 Compliance with Wetland and Wetland Environmental Review Requirements (10 CFR Part 1022) (CFR 2003) which was promulgated to implement DOE requirements under Executive Order 11988 Wetland Management (EO 1977). A wetland is defined in 10 CFR 1022 as “the lowlands adjoining inland and coastal waters and relatively flat areas and flood prone areas of offshore islands,” and a base wetland as “the 100-year wetland, that is, a wetland with a 1.0 percent chance of flooding in any given year (CFR 2003).” This wetland assessment evaluates potential impacts to wetland values and functions from implementation of the proposed action, identifies alternatives to the Proposed Action, and allows for meaningful public comment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Using Mapping Tools to Prioritize Electric Vehicle Charger Benefits to Underserved Communities

Mapping tools can play an important role in incorporating equity into planning, implementing, and evaluating investments in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, also referred to as EV chargers or electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). Federal, state, and local organizations need methodologies for using mapping tools as they pursue equity-focused goals to ensure that the benefits of investments in EV chargers flow to energy and environmental justice (EEJ) underserved communities. This report provides examples of how to apply mapping tools to identify priority locations for installing EV chargers that may benefit EEJ underserved communities through four EV charger planning approaches: corridor charging, community charging, fleet electrification, and diversity in STEM and workforce development. It also explores various methodologies for calculating low-public EVSE density. Ensuring that the benefits of EV charger investments flow to underserved communities involves prioritizing locally identified needs and incorporating community input when choosing charging station locations. Installing EV chargers in a census tract identified as an EEJ underserved community does not inherently mean that those EV chargers provide benefits to residents of that community. In addition, representatives of historically disadvantaged communities or environmental justice communities have concerns that installing EV chargers in their communities could potentially exacerbate or propagate existing inequities. While the methodologies described in this report may help identify priority census tracts for equity-focused EV charger investment, additional community engagement and site evaluation are necessary to determine whether EV chargers are accessible, affordable, and convenient to EEJ underserved community residents and what benefits the local community is looking to realize with EV charger installations. This report is the culmination of many discussions with project leaders from DOE-funded projects deploying EV chargers in communities across the nation, organizations representing EEJ underserved communities, state agencies developing EV investment plans, utilities making major EV investments, and DOE national laboratory experts working in transportation electrification. The authors distributed a draft report for peer review, and reviewer comments are summarized in this report. These methodologies are likely to evolve as more EV charger funding programs are implemented and more real-world data is available to measure the effectiveness of strategies for incorporating equity in EV charger deployment projects. Continued efforts to document best practices and critically evaluate whether equity-focused programs achieve their goals are needed as transportation electrification proceeds at the local, regional, and national levels.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Interregional Renewable Energy Zones in National Transmission Analysis

This report describes the interregional renewable energy zone (IREZ) methodology for national application in the United States. The aim is to develop a data-driven, replicable methodology for use in long-term regional and interregional transmission planning. An IREZ is best understood as a conceptual transmission collection point that is easily accessible to a very high volume of low-cost developable wind and solar energy potential. The objective is to identify opportunities for new high-volume long-distance interregional transmission corridors: a limited number of lines with higher voltages, with reduced total cost per megawatt of transfer capability.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

HFTS-2 (Final Report)

This report delves into the research program, identified tasks, various studies, observations, results, and conclusions under the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site (HFTS-2) project. This test site is located in Loving County close to the Texas, New Mexico border. The program targeted the Wolfcamp formation in Delaware Basin. The aim of the project was to improve our understanding of hydraulic fracturing processes to not only optimize unconventional resource development in US Basins but to minimize environmental footprint as well. Various new diagnostic technologies were demonstrated at this site, including distributed acoustic microseismic, high resolution strain using Rayleigh frequency band (DSS-RFS), and in-fill proppant logging tool. Significant conclusions from this study include: 1) lateral and vertical fracture growth mapping as well as proppant transport behavior, 2) Use of DSS-RFS as a diagnostic tool to understand cluster level behavior, 3) Validation of proppant log, both at core scale as well as in-fill well implementation, and 4) New modeling tools to map far-field strain response using distributed strain sensing data. Specifically, far-field fracture distribution is influenced by linear fracture corridors defined by the stress-state as well as clustering behavior influenced by spatio-temporal effects. Depletion impacts on new stimulation was demonstrated and technically quantified. Significant vertical fracture height growth was observed. However, our understanding is limited by available gauge data availability. Numerical strain modeling techniques have been developed and demonstrated to help understand observed strain response behavior. Finally, proppant log has been further validated as a useful tool to map propped zones within the SRV. It has also shown very strong correlation with observed drawdown behavior at this test site. This report will detail many of these studies as well as technical results and conclusions from said studies. These include general subsurface characterization work, completion designs as implemented, studies looking at fracture geometry, high resolution microseismic study including source mechanisms, advanced DSS-RFS studies including drainage characterization, core characterization results, proppant analysis (core and in-fill child well), geochemistry, etc.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2023

Computed Tomography Scanning and Petrophysical Measurements of the Lively Grove #1 Well Core

The computed tomography (CT) facilities and the Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown, West Virginia were used to characterize core from the Lively Grove #1 Well (API 121892494700), drilled near Marissa, Washington County, Illinois. Core from the well was obtained as part of the Illinois Storage Corridor’s Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) project (DE FE0031892). The primary impetus of this work was to capture a detailed digital representation of the core from the Lively Grove #1 Well. The collaboration between the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) NETL and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) enables other research entities to access information about this potential carbon storage location and Cambro-Ordovician Storage Complex formations of the Illinois Basin. The resultant datasets are presented in this report and can be accessed from NETL’s Energy Data eXchange (EDX) online system. All equipment and techniques used were non-destructive, enabling future examinations and analyses to be performed on these cores. Fractures, discontinuities, and millimeter-scale features were readily detectable with the medical CT scanner-acquired images. Imaging with the NETL medical CT scanner was performed on entire cores. Qualitative analysis of the medical CT images, coupled with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), gamma density, and magnetic susceptibility measurements from the MSCL were useful in identifying zones of interest for potential future analysis. Higher-resolution industrial and micro-CT images were acquired from selected zones along the depth of the core to visualize the structure in higher detail. The ability to quickly identify key areas for more detailed study with higher resolution will save time and resources in future studies. The combination of methods used provides a multi-scale analysis of the core; with the resulting macro- and micro-descriptions relevant to many subsurface energy related examinations traditionally performed at NETL.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling U.S. Light-Duty Demand for EV Charging Infrastructure in 2030

With the support of DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office and the DOE/DOT Joint Office (JO), NREL has applied the EVI-X modeling suite to conduct a National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Needs Assessment. This report considers a 2030 scenario in which 50% of light-duty sales are electric (including plug-in hybrids), resulting in an on-road stock of 33 million vehicles. We consider the needs of vehicles used for typical daily driving, drivers without access to residential charging, corridor charging supporting long-distance travel, and ride-hailing electrification. We find that a cumulative capital investment of $82 billion in public and private charging infrastructure will be necessary in our baseline scenario (approximately 3x greater than our estimate of planned investments to date). This result is framed as a conservative estimate as the assumed costs include charging equipment and installation but exclude the cost of grid upgrades and distributed energy resources.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

User Guide for the Los Alamos National Laboratory Fallout Calculator (V.1.1)

The Los Alamos National Laboratory Fallout Calculator is a Java™ application that can calculate the dose from many nuclear detonations producing fallout. The fallout calculations are performed for one or multiple selected winds. The winds are from the years 2000 to 2010, for all 12 months, and for the 1 st , 10 th , and 20 th of each month. The winds are available from 0 meters to 50,000 meters altitude MSL. This Fallout Calculator performs ideal calculations. There is no terrain. The ground is perfectly flat at sea level. There is no rain that would cause radioactive hot spots. The wind is historical, not a current wind. Also, the wind is fixed in time. It does not vary over the 24 hours it takes the fallout to arrive on the ground. Therefore, this calculator is suitable for operational type studies. For instance, it can be used to calculate the relative difference in fallout patterns from different possible nuclear laydowns. It can be used to understand how frequently fallout would be likely to occur in a particular part of the US. It could be used to develop plans for how to protect the population from a nuclear attack. However, it should not be used to predict the dose in a city from an actual laydown, or to predict safe corridors for the population to use to egress from areas with high fallout.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2023

Energy-Efficient Maneuvering of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) with Situational Awareness at Intersections (Final Progress Report)

The increased development of Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) systems, currently used for safety and driver convenience, presents new opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of vehicles. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) achieved a 20% energy consumption reduction in a 2017 Toyota Prius Prime plug-in hybrid by using connectivity (V2V, V2I, V2X) as part of the Next Generation Energy Technologies for Connected and Automated on-Road Vehicles (NEXTCAR) program. The energy consumption gains were achieved by a combination of vehicle dynamics and powertrain control algorithms with a focus on SAE L1 and L2 automated vehicles where a human is still responsible for safe operation. SwRI is now involved in NEXTCAR-II, focusing on energy-efficient control tech for SAE Level 4/5 automated vehicles, aiming for a 30% energy reduction compared to stock hybrids. The rise of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is driving investments in L4 and L5 automated vehicles. A study by the University of Michigan shows these vehicles might increase energy use and emissions by 3-20%. Technology similar to NEXTCAR can enhance energy efficiency in highly automated vehicles, leveraging improved sensing and actuation capabilities. While the NEXTCAR programs targeted energy efficiency improvements for a single vehicle, this program adopts a more expansive approach. It places its focus on understanding and testing the cumulative effects within a region or corridor, aiming to assess how a subset of vehicles equipped with NEXTCAR-style technologies influence the overall energy consumption of all vehicles traveling within that area. Additionally, the program explores infrastructure-based mobility solutions to optimize efficiency, and seeks to understand and quantify public perception and likelihood of technology adoption.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

LA100 Equity Strategies. Chapter 1: Justice as Recognition

The LA100 Equity Strategies project synthesizes community guidance with robust research, modeling, and analysis to identify strategy options that can increase equitable outcomes in Los Angeles' clean energy transition. Grounded in the analysis of past and ongoing energy inequities and engagement with underserved communities, the project presents community-guided and community-tailored strategies that aim to operationalize recognition and procedural justice. This chapter focuses on recognition justice, identifying and analyzing past and present social, cultural, and institutional barriers to affordable and clean energy for LA communities, as well as disparities in the distribution of energy system burdens and benefits. Acknowledging historical and structural factors behind current energy inequities is a first step in developing energy equity strategies for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) to achieve distributional justice - the just and equitable distribution of energy benefits and burdens in LA's energy transition. Recognition, procedural, and distributional justice are the three tenets of energy justice around which the LA100 Equity Strategies project is organized. In the United States, theory and practice around justice have historically focused on unequal distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. The historical siting of hazardous infrastructure such as power plants and transportation corridors in communities of color and low-income communities has disproportionately concentrated negative environmental impacts in their neighborhoods. Those inequities are reproduced via programs, policies, and other efforts (e.g., zoning and regulations, rebates and incentives, lending, investment, and financing) that directly affect people's lives and livelihoods. In recent decades, energy justice scholars and activists broadened their analysis to examine how environmental inequities intersect with other forms of social difference in the distribution of energy benefits and burdens. This approach investigates how differences in class, race, gender, age, and abilities, among others, intersect to understand the social, cultural, and institutional processes that create and perpetuate energy inequities. The LA100 Equity Strategies project embraces this approach to developing a more just clean energy future for LA. Because recognizing and understanding past and existing inequities is vital to addressing them in ways that ensure an equitable energy transition for all Angelenos, this chapter focuses on identifying and analyzing the challenges and inequities of LA's past and existing energy system, including LADWP programs.

community↗
DOE OSTI2024

End-Use Savings Shapes Measure Documentation: Demand Control Ventilation

This documentation focuses on a single end-use savings shape measure - Demand Control Ventilation (DCV). DCV can save energy by reducing the rate at which outdoor air (OA) is delivered during periods of less-than-design occupancy. This measure will enable DCV for air loops using applicable HVAC system types (all except dedicated outdoor air systems [DOAS], packaged systems, or that have an energy recovery ventilator [ERV]) and serving applicable space types (all except kitchens, dining areas, patient spaces, mechanical rooms, stairwells and corridors, or high exhaust space types) using model occupancy schedules to control the DCV. The measure is applicable to 72.7% of the stock floor area. As office buildings outside of California in ComStock are modeled using a single, whole-building space type, DCV is not applied to these building types. The DCV measure demonstrates 2.6% total site energy savings (119 trillion British thermal units [TBtu]) for the U.S. commercial building stock modeled in ComStock.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗