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DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC 2024 Hydraulic Configuration Deployment Data

The following submission includes raw and processed data from the in water deployment of NREL's Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), in the form of parquet files, TDMS files, CSV files, bag files and MATLAB workspaces. This dataset was collected in March 2024 at the Jennette's pier test site in North Carolina. This submission includes the following: - Data description document (HERO WEC FY24 Hydraulic Deployment Data Descriptions.doc) - This document includes detailed descriptions of the type of data and how it was processed and/or calculated. - Processed MATLAB workspace - The processed data is provided in the form of a single MATLAB workspace containing data from the full deployment. This workspace contains data from all sensors down sampled to 10 Hz along with all array Value Added Products (VAPs). - MATLAB visualization scripts - The MATLAB workspaces can be visualized using the file "HERO_WEC_2024_Hydraulic_Config_Data_Viewer.m/mlx". The user simply needs to download the processed MATLAB workspaces, specify the desired start and end times and run this file. Both the .m and .mlx file format has been provided depending on the user's preference. - Summary Data - The fully processed data was used to create a summary data set with averages and important calculations performed on 30-minute intervals to align with the intervals of wave resource data reported from nearby CDIP ocean observing buoys located 20km East of Jennette's pier and 40km Northeast of Jennette's pier. The wave resource data provided in this data set is to be used for reference only due the difference in water depth and proximity to shore between the Jennette's pier test site and the locations of the ocean observing buoys. This data is provided in the Summary Data zip folder, which includes this data set in the form of a MATLAB workspace, parquet file, and excel spreadsheet. - Processed Parquet File - The processed data is provided in the form of a single parquet file containing data from all HERO WEC sensors collected during the full deployment. Data in these files has been down sampled to 10 Hz and all array VAPs are included. - Interim Filtered Data - Raw data from each sensor group partitioned into 30-minute parquet files. These files are outputs from an intermediate stage of data processing and contain the raw data with no Quality Control (QC) or calculations performed in a format that is easier to use than the raw data. - Raw Data - Raw, unprocessed data from this deployment can be found in the Raw Data zip folder. This data is provided in the form of TDMS, CSV, and bag files in the original format output by the MODAQ system. - Python Data Processing Script - This links to an NREL public github repository containing the python script used to go from raw data to fully processed parquet files. Additional documentation on how to use this script is included in the github repository. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2020

Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development—The State of the Science

Marine renewable energy (MRE) harnesses energy from the ocean and provides a low-carbon sustainable energy source for national grids and remote uses. The international MRE industry is in the early stages of development, focused largely on tidal and riverine turbines, and wave energy converters (WECs), to harness energy from tides, rivers, and waves, respectively. Although MRE supports climate change mitigation, there are concerns that MRE devices and systems could affect portions of the marine and river environments. The greatest concern for tidal and river turbines is the potential for animals to be injured or killed by collision with rotating blades. Other risks associated with MRE device operation include the potential for turbines and WECs to cause disruption from underwater noise emissions, generation of electromagnetic fields, changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, changes in oceanographic processes, and entanglement of large marine animals. The accumulated knowledge of interactions of MRE devices with animals and habitats to date is summarized here, along with a discussion of preferred management methods for encouraging MRE development in an environmentally responsible manner. As there are few devices in the water, understanding is gained largely from examining one to three MRE devices. This information indicates that there will be no significant effects on marine animals and habitats due to underwater noise from MRE devices or emissions of electromagnetic fields from cables, nor changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, or oceanographic systems. Ongoing research to understand potential collision risk of animals with turbine blades still shows significant uncertainty. There has been no significant field research undertaken on entanglement of large animals with mooring lines and cables associated with MRE devices.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

NASA NTRS2023

Quantifying the Energy Budget in the Solar Wind from 13.3 to 100 Solar Radii

A variety of energy sources, ranging from dynamic processes, such as magnetic reconnection and waves, to quasi steady terms, such as plasma pressure, may contribute to the acceleration of the solar wind. We utilize a combination of charged particle and magnetic field observations from the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) to attempt to quantify the steady-state contribution of the proton pressure, the electric potential, and the wave energy to the solar wind proton acceleration observed by PSP between 13.3 and ∼100 solar radii (R☉). The proton pressure provides a natural kinematic driver of the outflow. The ambipolar electric potential acts to couple the electron pressure to the protons, providing another definite proton acceleration term. Fluctuations and waves, while inherently dynamic, can act as an additional effective steady-state pressure term. To analyze the contributions of these terms, we utilize radial binning of single-point PSP measurements, as well as repeated crossings of the same stream at different distances on individual PSP orbits (i.e., fast radial scans). In agreement with previous work, we find that the electric potential contains sufficient energy to fully explain the acceleration of the slower wind streams. On the other hand, we find that the wave pressure plays an increasingly important role in the faster wind streams. The combination of these terms can explain the continuing acceleration of both slow and fast wind streams beyond 13.3 R☉.

J S Halekas↗

NASA NTRS1987

Extreme waves in the Agulhas - A case study in wave-current interaction

SIR data obtained in October 1984 off the South African coast are analyzed. The analysis of the derived ocean-wave slope spectra reveals the presence of two wave systems: a swell field from the SW of about 190 m wavelength and a swell out of the SE with a wavelength of about 220 m. An observed increase in wave energy along the northern edge of the Agulhas, caused by the propagation of the 190 m wave system opposite to that of the Agulhas Current, is studied by modeling the interaction of a wave with an opposite current. The role of refraction in the energy intensification is discussed. The effects of currrent curvature on the trajectory of the wave group and of meandering on a uniform wave field are investigated. A possible mechanism for the generation of extreme waves is proposed.

Irvine, David E.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Techno-Economic Optimization of the SurgeWEC Device

This is the post-access report for a Teamer-funded effort to optimize the SurgeWEC device, a near-shore pivoting flap wave energy conversion device used to desalinate water. Parametrically driven cost and performance models enabled an integrated optimization approach at the farm scale. The metric used for this study was the levelized cost of water (LCOW). The data-set includes: 1. A public-domain post access report 2. An excel file with the data and plots generated under this study

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2021

On the influence of ENSO complexity on Pan-Pacific coastal wave extremes

Significance This study demonstrates how the main wave regimes in the Pacific, in particular related to tropical and extratropical storm activity, are activated by different El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections patterns. By combining these robust relationships with the latest theoretical advances in ENSO research, a mathematical model of wave energy modulation is derived. It allows a better representation of wave extremes over a range of time scales wider than previously possible with the previous baseline understanding of ENSO’s influence on coastal impacts. This paves the way for unprecedented seasonal to monthly forecasts of coastal hazards around the densely populated Pacific basin.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Catalina Repower Feasibility Study: NREL Phases I & II Summary Report

Engineers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) supported Southern California Edison (SCE) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by conducting technical and economic analyses for energy systems at Santa Catalina (Catalina) Island, which is located 22 miles off the coast of Long Beach, California. This effort was part of a broader Repower Catalina Feasibility Study that was also supported by NV5, an engineering consulting firm and project partner to NREL for this analysis. This document describes NREL’s techno-economic modeling and optimization analysis for the first two phases of this project which focus on supply-side generation and energy storage options for Catalina. SCE’s goal for this analysis is to determine a strategy for electricity generation on Catalina Island that results in lower energy costs, improved energy resiliency, and reduced air emissions. EPA goals for this effort are to reduce emissions of air pollution and encourage renewable energy development on contaminated and formerly contaminated lands when such development is aligned with the community’s vision for the site. Currently, an on-island SCE power plant serves the Catalina Island electrical load with 6 reciprocating diesel generators totaling 9.4 MW; 23 propane-fueled microturbines totaling 1.5 MW; and a 1-MW, 7.2-MWh sodium sulfur battery energy storage system (BESS). In 2017, the electricity consumption on the island was 29.1 GWh, with an average load of 3.3 MW and peak load of approximately 5.5 MW. Considering new environmental standards on diesel generator emissions from California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District, a 60% renewable energy target for 2030 laid out in California’s Senate Bill 100, SCE’s Clean Power Electrification Pathway, and the characteristics of the island’s existing diesel generators, SCE is seeking to evaluate the technical and economic implications of different energy technology options to determine a path forward. Phases I and II of the Repower Catalina Feasibility Study, summarized in this document, evaluated the following: Interconnection with the mainland via an undersea cable; On-island fossil fuel generation, including diesel, propane, and/or liquified natural gas (LNG); On-island renewable energy (RE) technologies, including solar photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines, and wave energy devices; BESS to support the above generation technologies; Initial analysis of the potential impacts of implementing energy efficiency measures. Results indicate strong techno-economic potential for a mix of on-island diesel and/or propane generators, solar PV, BESS, and energy efficiency measures to help SCE and Catalina achieve their goals compliant with California’s emissions and clean energy standards while minimizing electricity life cycle costs (LCC) over the 30-year analysis period. This document summarizes the considerations and findings of Phases I and II, focusing on high-level takeaways from Phase I and more detailed results from Phase II, and discusses a potential path forward for Phase III.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1987

Measuring ocean waves from space; Proceedings of the Symposium, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, Apr. 15-17, 1986

Papers are presented on ocean-wave prediction; the quasi-universal form of the spectra of wind-generated gravity waves at different stages of their development; the limitations of the spectral measurements and observations of the group structure of surface waves; the effect of swell on the growth of wind wave; operational wave forecasting; ocean-wave models, and seakeeping using directional wave spectra. Consideration is given to microwave measurements of the ocean-wave directional spectra; SIR research; estimating wave energy spectra from SAR imagery, with the radar ocean-wave spectrometer, and SIR-B; the wave-measurement capabilities of the surface contour radar and the airborne oceanographic lidar; and SIR-B ocean-wave enhancement with fast-Fourier transform techniques. Topics discussed include wave-current interaction; the design and applicability of Spectrasat; the need for a global wave monitoring system; the age and source of ocean swell observed in Hurricane Josephine; and the use of satellite technology for insulin treatment.

Beal, Robert C.↗

DOE OSTI2024

High-Fidelity Numerical Wave Tank Verification & Validation Study: Wave Generation Through Paddle Motion: Preprint

This paper presents a numerical benchmark study of wave propagation due to a paddle motion using different high-fidelity numerical models, which are capable of replicating the nearly actual physical wave tank testing. A full time series of the measured wave generation paddle motion which was used to generate wave propagation in the physical wave tank will be utilized in each of the models contributed by IEA OES Task 10's participants, which includes both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and smooth hydrodynamic particle (SPH). The high-fidelity simulations of the physical wave testcase will allow for the evaluation of the initial transient effects from wave ramp-up and its evolution in the wave tank over time for two representative regular waves with varying levels of nonlinearity. A couple of interesting metrics like the predicted wave surface elevation at select wave probes, wave period, and phase-shift in time will be assessed to evaluate the relative accuracy of numerical models versus experimental data within specified time intervals. These models will serve as a guide for modelers in the wave energy community and provide a base case to allow further and more detailed numerical modeling of the fixed Kramer Sphere Cases under wave excitation force wave tank testing.

HYDRO ENERGY,TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2024

H3 Final Design and Technical Report

The goal of this Project was to develop a standards-compliant, fabrication-ready design of Columbia Power Technologies’ (C·Power) next-generation wave energy converter (WEC), the StingRAY H3p. The H3p is a design iteration of C·Power’s StingRAY WEC and is intended for electrical power generation suitable for micro-grids or remote loads. The H3p was designed for grid-connection and at least two years of continuous testing and operation at the proposed PacWave-South (PWS) test site.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2022

HERO WEC V1.0 - Electrical PTO Deployment Data and Analysis

This submission includes the processed and raw field electrical data from NREL's August 2022 HERO WEC (hydraulic and electric reverse osmosis wave energy converter) deployment at Jennette's Pier for the electrical PTO (power take-off).

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2022

Surface Wave Based Non-conductor-contact Reflectometry Method for Insulation and Jacket Damage Detection in Multi-Conductor Cables

This paper presents a non-conductor-contact surface wave reflectometry technique to locate insulation and jacket damage on multi-conductor cables at a distant location from the sensor. Simulation studies were conducted using Ansys high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). A GHz range surface wave launcher was employed such that maximum surface wave energies were confined in the insulation layer while minimizing attenuation. The wave launcher can potentially be mounted on the outer surface of live cables or cable conduits and requires no physical connection to the conductors. Multiple simulations involving a 4 GHz wave launcher and a three-conductor cable with an 8 mm outer diameter were carried out demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method. Water leak and different types of insulation/jacket damage were simulated and detected.

reflectometry, multi-conductor cable, frequency do↗

DOE OSTI2024

MASK4 Test Report

Wave energy converters (WECs) are designed to produce useful work from ocean waves. This useful work can take the form of electrical power or even pressurized water for, e.g., desalination. This report details the findings from a wave tank test focused on that production of useful work. To that end, the experimental system and test were specifically designed to validate models for power transmission throughout the WEC system. Additionally, the validity of co-design informed changes to the power take-off (PTO) were assessed and shown to provide the expected improvements in system performance.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2022

Conflicts of Greens’ in Renewable Energy Landscapes: Case Studies and a Planning Framework

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) through renewable energy deployment is a goal for many cities and nations to mitigate the effects of a rapidly changing climate while securing energy needs. Given national and state level policies on green energy to achieve GHG reduction targets, localities are considering utility-scale renewable energy (USRE) facilities on remote lands, rural areas, oceans, coastal waters and large rivers to meet the energy needs for urban residents and industries. Although these USRE facilities generate much “greener” electricity than fossil fuel power plants, locating them can pose conflicts with wildlife, including endangered, threatened and/or special status species, and the habitats that support wildlife populations (Brunette et al., 2013; Gasparatos et al. 2016; Mulvaney 2017), which lead to a “Conflict of Greens” (Ko et al., 2011). In addition to ecological impacts, conflicts over social and cultural resources in local communities lead to concerns over environmental justice, in this context “energy justice,” where negative environmental, social, and economic impacts of energy projects fall more heavily upon marginalized, vulnerable, or indigenous communities. The Pacific Rim region is a center of major and growing economies, and it has become a battlefield for competing “green” objectives. In addition to progressive renewable energy goals, such as in California, Hawaii, and Taiwan, countries around the Pacific Rim have the majority of the growth in manufacturing of wind and solar energy devices and also some of the highest levels of renewables deployment with China, India, and the US leading the way in wind and solar installations. Developing renewable energy source in the ocean such as offshore wind, tidal, and wave energy, are beginning to add to this mix. Given this challenge, the APRU SCL energy working group provides six case studies that address questions about the “Conflict of Greens” across the Pacific Rim including South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States (California, Hawaii, and Massachusetts). The literature review highlights the emerging ecological, social, and economic aspects of conflicts over siting renewables on the landscape. Using case studies, we examine the trial and errors in least-conflict spatial planning, data collection and analysis, public participation in decision-making, mitigation, social planning for energy transitions, and multi-scalar approaches. Lastly, we recommend interdisciplinary policy, planning, and design actions for sustainable energy landscapes across the Pacific Rim and beyond.

green versus green, renewable energy↗

NASA NTRS1989

Reflection and trapping of transient Alfven waves propagating in an isothermal atmosphere with constant gravity and uniform magnetic field

A time-dependent linear magnetohydrodynamic numerical model was used to investigate the propagation of Alfven waves in an isothermal and stratified atmosphere with constant gravity and uniform vertical magnetic field. Results show that the Alfven wave transit time for the wave source to infinity is finite and that the wave exhibits continuous partial reflection which becomes total reflection as the front approaches infinity. The total reflection causes the waves to be trapped in the cavity that extends from the wave source to infinity and in which the wave energy is stored. The results suggest that the reflection of Alfven waves (of sufficiently long period) from the outer corona is an intrinsic phenomenon for any stellar atmosphere stratified by gravity and an open magnetic field, and that, therefore, such waves may be trapped in the stellar atmosphere.

An, C.-H.↗

NASA NTRS1999

What We Don't Understand About Ion Acceleration Flares

There are now strong associations between the (3)He-rich, Fe-rich ions in "impulsive" solar energetic particle (SEP) events and the similar abundances derived from gamma-ray lines from flares. Compact flares, where wave energy can predominate, are ideal sites for the study of wave-particle physics. Yet there are nagging questions about the magnetic geometry, the relation between ions that escape and those that interact, and the relative roles of cascading Alfven waves and the EMIC waves required to enhance He-3. There are also questions about the relative timing of ion and electron acceleration and of heating; these relate to the variation of ionization states before and during acceleration and during transport out of the corona. We can construct a model that addresses many of these issues, but problems do remain. Our greatest lack is realistic theoretical simulations of element abundances, spectra, and their variations. By contrast, we now have a much better idea of the acceleration at CME-driven shock waves in the rare but large "gradual" SEP events, largely because of their slow temporal evolution and great spatial extent.

Reames, Donald V.↗

NASA NTRS1993

A Cascade Model of Wave Turbulence with Applications to Surface Gravity and Capillary Waves

A heuristic approach to the derivation of power spectra of wave motion is described and applied to capillary waves. The case of gravity waves studied earlier is briefly reviewed. In contract to the previous studies, the nonlinearity of the wave motion is not required to be small, and the mean number of resonantly interacting wave harmonics is not limited to a smallest possible number (which is 4 for gravity waves on a deep fluid and 3 for capillary waves). The main external parameter of the problem is the input flux Q of the wave energy related to the mean wind velocity. Depending on its value, wave spectra take various forms---from that corresponding to the weak-turbulence limit to that corresponding to the saturated (Phillips') wave spectra...

Glazman, Roman E.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Formational History and Geomorphic Preservation of Sea Level Highstands Over the Last 150 ky Near Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA

Cape Canaveral, Florida, is perhaps one of the most important stretches of coastline in the United States of America (USA) due to its critical strategic role in the pursuit of space exploration and as the locus of advanced technological innovation. Due to its geographical setting, the entirety of Cape Canaveral, including its infrastructure, facilities, and important natural habitats (e.g., wetlands, estuaries and dunes) is vulnerable to coastal hazards such as continued sea level rise, storm surges, erosion and flooding. As such, accurate sea level characterization and coastal resiliency predictions are essential to promoting long-term coastal planning and sustainability in the area. This study aims to better understand the temporal and spatial evolution of this area with the purpose of more accurately documenting historical sea level fluctuations and calibrating more localized projections at this site. The Cape Canaveral coastline is situated on a passive margin mostly affected by oceanic (sea level change and wave impact) and atmospheric (aeolian) alteration. This sector is part of the east Florida coast microtidal (1.2 m) setting and low wave energy (1.2-1.6 m and 6.1-8.2 sec for average significant waves) regime and is defined by a well delineated set of beach ridge or cape systems. While the name “Cape Canaveral” is often used as a generic term to describe the geographic area, it is actually an amalgamation or complex of multiple preserved capes. The preserved Cape Canaveral beach ridge plain has largely documented the paleo-sea level highstand history over the last 150 ky. High-resolution mapping of these beach ridges is completed using GPS, LiDAR, aerial, as well as satellite imagery. In order to reconstruct the formational history of the Cape Kennedy Complex and the preserved record of sea level highstands, these detailed geomorphological observations are integrated with OSL and C14 dating techniques. The chronological framework delineated by the OSL dates coupled with detailed geomorphological mapping allows for the creation of high-resolution calibrated site-specific sea level curves that reflect the local environmental and geological conditions. This refinement has the potential to improve the understanding of past sea level variability which is crucial for predicting future trends and assessing the impacts on coastal regions such as Cape Canaveral.

geomorphology↗