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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-155: Validation of a Commercial Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Algorithm for Proton Therapy

Purpose: Compare proton pencil beam scanning dose measurements to GATE/GEANT4 (GMC) and RayStation™ Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations. Methods: Proton pencil beam models of the IBA gantry at the Seattle Proton Therapy Center were developed in the GMC code system and a research build of the RMC. For RMC, a preliminary beam model that does not account for upstream halo was used. Depth dose and lateral profiles are compared for the RMC, GMC and a RayStation™ pencil beam dose (RPB) model for three spread out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) in homogenous water phantom. SOBP comparisons were also made among the three models for a phantom with a (i) 2 cm bone and a (ii) 0.5 cm titanium insert. Results: Measurements and GMC estimates of R80 range agree to within 1 mm, and the mean point-to-point dose difference is within 1.2% for all integrated depth dose (IDD) profiles. The dose differences at the peak are 1 to 2%. All of the simulated spot sigmas are within 0.15 mm of the measured values. For the three SOBPs considered, the maximum R80 deviation from measurement for GMC was −0.35 mm, RMC 0.5 mm, and RPB −0.1 mm. The minimum gamma pass using the 3%/3mm criterion for all the profiles was 94%. The dose comparison for heterogeneous inserts in low dose gradient regions showed dose differences greater than 10% at the distal edge of interface between RPB and GMC. The RMC showed improvement and agreed with GMC to within 7%. Conclusion: The RPB dosimetry show clinically significant differences (> 10%) from GMC and RMC estimates. The RMC algorithm is superior to the RPB dosimetry in heterogeneous media. We suspect modelling of the beam’s halo may be responsible for a portion of the remaining discrepancy and that RayStation will reduce this discrepancy as they finalize the release. Erik Traneus is employed as a Research Scientist at RaySearch Laboratories. The research build of the RayStation TPS used in the study was made available to the SCCA free of charge. RaySearch did not provide any monetary support other than a license to use the research build of the TPS.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-222: Dose of Fetus and Infant Following Accidental Intakes of I-131 by the Mother

Purpose: To estimate the calculation of absorbed dose to the fetus and infants from intakes of I-131 by the mother. Thus provide some advice to the radioprotection of radioactive accident. Methods: In this clinical case, a staff of nuclear medicine accidently intake I-131 during (10–12 weeks) and after pregnancy. The infant was born at full term, but both lobes of the thyroid gland were found to be absent (bilobar thyroid agenesis). It was suspected that the fetal thyroid agenesis may be related with mother’s contamination of I-131 during pregnancy. Urine samples for 24h were collected at different times after administered and radioactivity were measured to calculate the dose of intake I-131. Calculate the intake I-131 by the results of personal TLD dosimeter. We adopted the mean of two calculated results as the I-131 intake. According to the dose of intake I-131 by the mother, effective dose and absorbed dose of thyroid for mother, fetus and infant were calculated. Results: The intake of I-131 was estimated for 8.18 mCi. I-131 intake was calculated for 7.9 mCi based on data of TLD dosimeter. We adopted the mean of two results as the I-131 intake. The final result was 8.0 mCi. Effective dose and absorbed dose of thyroid for mother were 7.3Sv and 164 Gy, effective dose and absorbed dose of thyroid for fetus were 2.035 Sv and 40.7 Gy, effective dose and absorbed dose of thyroid for infant were 16.25 Sv and 355Gy. Conclusion: The intake during pregnancy was about 1mCi. The absorbed dose of thyroid of the mother was 19.5Gy, whereas the effective of infant was estimated for 40.7Gy. The function of the mother’s thyroid was normal after diagnosis. But the infant was diagnosed as bilobar thyroid agenesis.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-380: Comparing the Effect of Respiration On Dose Distribution Between Conventional Tangent Pair and IMRT Techniques for Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Early Stage Breast Cancer

Purpose: In this project, we compared the conventional tangent pair technique to IMRT technique by analyzing the dose distribution. We also investigated the effect of respiration on planning target volume (PTV) dose coverage in both techniques. Methods: In order to implement IMRT technique a template based planning protocol, dose constrains and treatment process was developed. Two open fields with optimized field weights were combined with two beamlet optimization fields in IMRT plans. We compared the dose distribution between standard tangential pair and IMRT. The improvement in dose distribution was measured by parameters such as conformity index, homogeneity index and coverage index. Another end point was the IMRT technique will reduce the planning time for staff. The effect of patient’s respiration on dose distribution was also estimated. The four dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) for different phase of breathing cycle was used to evaluate the effect of respiration on IMRT planned dose distribution. Results: We have accumulated 10 patients that acquired 4DCT and planned by both techniques. Based on the preliminary analysis, the dose distribution in IMRT technique was better than conventional tangent pair technique. Furthermore, the effect of respiration in IMRT plan was not significant as evident from the 95% isodose line coverage of PTV drawn on all phases of 4DCT. Conclusion: Based on the 4DCT images, the breathing effect on dose distribution was smaller than what we expected. We suspect that there are two reasons. First, the PTV movement due to respiration was not significant. It might be because we used a tilted breast board to setup patients. Second, the open fields with optimized field weights in IMRT technique might reduce the breathing effect on dose distribution. A further investigation is necessary.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Sci-Fri AM: Quality, Safety, and Professional Issues 06: An Evaluation of Incident Reporting and Learning using the Canadian National System for Incident Reporting – Radiation Treatment

We report on the development and clinical deployment of an in-house incident reporting and learning system that implements the taxonomy of the Canadian National System for Incident Reporting – Radiation Treatment (NSIR-RT). In producing our new system, we aimed to: Analyze actual incidents, as well as potentially dangerous latent conditions. Produce recommendations on the NSIR-RT taxonomy. Incorporate features to divide reporting responsibility among clinical staff and expedite incident categorization within the NSIR-RT framework. Share anonymized incident data with the national database. Our multistep incident reporting workflow is focused around an initial report and a detailed follow-up investigation. An investigator, chosen at the time of reporting, is tasked with performing the investigation. The investigation feature is connected to our electronic medical records database to allow automatic field population and quick reference of patient and treatment information. Additional features include a robust visualization suite, as well as the ability to flag incidents for discussion at monthly Risk Management meetings and task ameliorating actions to staff. Our system was deployed into clinical use in January 2016. Over the first three months of use, 45 valid incidents were reported; 31 of which were reported as actual incidents as opposed to near-misses or reportable circumstances. However, we suspect there is ambiguity within our centre in determining the appropriate event type, which may be arising from the taxonomy itself. Preliminary trending analysis aided in revealing workflow issues pertaining to storage of treatment accessories and treatment planning delays. Extensive analysis will be undertaken as more data are accrued.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Dynamic stabilization of the Rayleigh-Bénard instability by acceleration modulation

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the parametric stabilization of Rayleigh-Bénard convection through the imposition of sinusoidal vibration. The ability to dynamically stabilize Rayleigh-Bénard convection using acceleration modulation is of interest to groups who design and study thermoacoustic machines as the introduction of parasitic convection can have deleterious effects on the desired operation and thermodynamic efficiency of the device. These performance issues caused by suspected convective instability have been seen both in traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerators and cryogenic pulse tube chillers. This paper reports the results of an experiment intended to determine the vibratory, fluidic, and geometric conditions under which a small, rectangular container of statically unstable fluid may be stabilized by vertical vibration with comparison to the computational methods of R. M. Carbo [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135, 654–668 (2014)]. Measurements are obtained using a large-displacement kinematic shaker of an original design with the convecting gas characterized using both thermal transport measurements and flow visualization employing tracer particles illuminated by a diode laser light sheet phase-locked to the shaker. These experiments are believed to be the first demonstrating the suppression of convection through vibration in rectangular containers.

Swaminathan, Anand↗
DOE OSTI2012

Atomic View of a Toxic Amyloid Small Oligomer

Amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and the prion conditions, are each associated with a particular protein in fibrillar form. These amyloid fibrils were long suspected to be the disease agents, but evidence suggests that smaller, often transient and polymorphic oligomers are the toxic entities. Here, we identify a segment of the amyloid-forming protein {alpha}{beta} crystallin, which forms an oligomeric complex exhibiting properties of other amyloid oligomers: {beta}-sheet-rich structure, cytotoxicity, and recognition by an oligomer-specific antibody. The x-ray-derived atomic structure of the oligomer reveals a cylindrical barrel, formed from six antiparallel protein strands, that we term a cylindrin. The cylindrin structure is compatible with a sequence segment from the {beta}-amyloid protein of Alzheimer's disease. Cylindrins offer models for the hitherto elusive structures of amyloid oligomers.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth’s deep mantle

Water-rich regions in Earth’s deeper mantle are suspected to play a key role in the global water budget and the mobility of heat-generating elements. Here, we show that ice-VII occurs as inclusions in natural diamond and serves as an indicator for such water-rich regions. Ice-VII, the residue of aqueous fluid present during growth of diamond, crystallizes upon ascent of the host diamonds but remains at pressures as high as 24 gigapascals; it is now recognized as a mineral by the International Mineralogical Association. In particular, ice-VII in diamonds points toward fluid-rich locations in the upper transition zone and around the 660-kilometer boundary.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

A layered defense against plant pathogens

Diseases affecting crops take a toll on agricultural yields worldwide. Strategies to eradicate or mitigate these pathogens include breeding resistant genotypes, crop rotation, and chemical or biological treatments. A phenomenon called “suppressive soils” has attracted considerable interest because such soils can reduce disease incidence despite pathogen presence, a susceptible host, and favorable conditions for infection. If the secrets of suppressive soils could be unlocked, it might be possible to confer suppressiveness to other soils without the risks and losses associated with repeated cropping on disease-affected fields. Suppressive soils have long been suspected to be mediated by microbiota, particularly because suppressiveness is lost upon sterilization and can be transferred from one soil to another through mixing. Finally, on page 606 of this issue, Carrión et al. (1) demonstrate that they can confer disease suppressiveness when specific bacteria are added as a consortium to a conducive soil.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Field application of pathogen detection technologies

Over the last 10 years there has been a significant increase in commercial products designed for field-based detection of microbial pathogens. This is due, in part, to the anthrax attacks in the United States in 2001, and the need for first responders to quickly identify the composition of suspected white powders and other potential biothreats. Demand for rapid detection is also driven by the need to ensure safe food, water, and environmental systems. From a technology perspective, rapid identification methods have largely capitalized on PCR and other molecular recognition techniques that can be deployed as robust field instrumentation. Examples of the relevant needs include the ability to: 1) declare a water distribution system free of microbial pathogens after a pipe/main break repair; 2) assess risks of contamination such as when produce production and processing plants are located near concentrated animal feeing operations; 3) evaluate the safety of ready-to-eat products; 4) determine the extent of potential serious disease outbreaks in remote and/or disaster stricken areas where access to clinical laboratories is not an immediate option; and 5) quickly assess credible biological terrorism events. Many of the principles underlying rapid detection methods are derived from methods for environmental microbiology, but there is a dearth of literature describing and evaluating field-based detection systems. Thus, the aims of this chapter are to: 1) summarize the different kinds of commercially available sampling kits and field-based biological detectors; 2) highlight some of the continued challenges of sample preparation to stimulate new research towards minimizing the impact of inhibitors on PCR-based detection systems; 3) describe our general rationale and statistically-based approach for instrument evaluation; 4) provide statistical and spatial guidelines for developing valid sampling plans; and 5) summarize some current needs and emerging technologies. This information is presented both to highlight the state of the field, and to also highlight major questions that students may wish to consider investigating further. Where possible we will cite studies that have been conducted and published either in traditional peer-reviewed or other literature (e.g., AOAC International Methods).

Straub, Tim M.↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Source and Evolutionary History of a Microbial Contaminant Identified Through Soil Metagenomic Analysis

ABSTRACT In this study, strain-resolved metagenomics was used to solve a mystery. A 6.4-Mbp complete closed genome was recovered from a soil metagenome and found to be astonishingly similar to that of Delftia acidovorans SPH-1, which was isolated in Germany a decade ago. It was suspected that this organism was not native to the soil sample because it lacked the diversity that is characteristic of other soil organisms; this suspicion was confirmed when PCR testing failed to detect the bacterium in the original soil samples. D. acidovorans was also identified in 16 previously published metagenomes from multiple environments, but detailed-scale single nucleotide polymorphism analysis grouped these into five distinct clades. All of the strains indicated as contaminants fell into one clade. Fragment length anomalies were identified in paired reads mapping to the contaminant clade genotypes only. This finding was used to establish that the DNA was present in specific size selection reagents used during sequencing. Ultimately, the source of the contaminant was identified as bacterial biofilms growing in tubing. On the basis of direct measurement of the rate of fixation of mutations across the period of time in which contamination was occurring, we estimated the time of separation of the contaminant strain from the genomically sequenced ancestral population within a factor of 2. This research serves as a case study of high-resolution microbial forensics and strain tracking accomplished through metagenomics-based comparative genomics. The specific case reported here is unusual in that the study was conducted in the background of a soil metagenome and the conclusions were confirmed by independent methods. IMPORTANCE It is often important to determine the source of a microbial strain. Examples include tracking a bacterium linked to a disease epidemic, contaminating the food supply, or used in bioterrorism. Strain identification and tracking are generally approached by using cultivation-based or relatively nonspecific gene fingerprinting methods. Genomic methods have the ability to distinguish strains, but this approach typically has been restricted to isolates or relatively low-complexity communities. We demonstrate that strain-resolved metagenomics can be applied to extremely complex soil samples. We genotypically defined a soil-associated bacterium and identified it as a contaminant. By linking together snapshots of the bacterial genome over time, it was possible to estimate how long the contaminant had been diverging from a likely source population. The results are congruent with the derivation of the bacterium from a strain isolated in Germany and sequenced a decade ago and highlight the utility of metagenomics in strain tracking.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Influence of Annealing Treatment on Structural, Optical, Electric, and Thermoelectric Properties of MBE-Grown ZnO

In this paper, we have reported the influence of annealing treatment on structural, optical, electrical, and thermoelectric properties of MBE-grown ZnO on Si substrate. After growth, a set of as grown ZnO was annealed in oxygen environment at 500–800°C and another set was annealed in different environments (vacuum, oxygen, zinc, and vacuum + zinc) at 600°C for one hour in a programmable furnace. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated that all annealed samples exhibited a major diffraction peak related to (002) plane. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of this plane decreased and crystalline size increased for oxygen annealed sample and it increased when samples were annealed in zinc, vacuum, and successively annealed in vacuum and zinc. Further, photoluminescence spectrum revealed that the intensity of band edge emission increased and defect emission decreased as annealing temperature (oxygen environment) increased while it decreased for rest of annealing ambient. It is suspected that annealing in oxygen environment causes compensation of the oxygen vacancies by the incoming oxygen flux, while annealing in zinc and vacuum generates more oxygen vacancies. Hall and Seebeck measurements are also consistent with these arguments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

The search for sterile neutrinos with SOX-Borexino

The aim of the SOX-Borexino project is to verify or falsify the existence of eV-scale sterile neutrinos. The existence of sterile neutrinos is suspected because of several anomalies, which were observed in previous experiments. A ~3.7 PBq electron antineutrino source made of {sup 144}Ce will be installed below the Borexino detector at LNGS, Italy, to search for short-baseline oscillations of active-to-sterile neutrinos within the detector volume. Source delivery and beginning of data acquisition is planned for end of 2016, preliminary results are expected already in 2017.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of a laboratory-developed multiplex real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of syphilis, herpes and chancroid genital ulcers in four public health laboratories in the USA

Objective To evaluate the field performance of a multiplex PCR (M-PCR) assay for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2, Treponema pallidum ( T. pallidum ) and Haemophilus ducreyi ( H. ducreyi ) in genital ulcer disease (GUD) specimens. Methods GUD M-PCR was performed on 186 remnant specimens, previously collected for HSV testing, by four public health laboratories (PHLs) and the Laboratory Reference and Research Branch (LRRB) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The results from the PHLs were compared with those of LRRB, which served as the reference testing method, and percentage agreement was calculated. Results HSV was detected in 31 of 52 (59.6%), 20 of 40 (50%), 43 of 44 (97.7%) and 19 of 50 (38.0%) specimens from PHL1, PHL2, PHL3 and PHL4, respectively. There were seven discrepant results for HSV, and the overall percent agreement between the PHLs and the LRRB was 94%–100%, with a kappa value of 0.922, which demonstrates high agreement. T. pallidum was identified in 7 of 51 (13.7%) specimens from PHL1 with 94.1% agreement and in 2 of 40 (5.0%) specimens from PHL2 with 100% agreement. The LRRB identified three additional T. pallidum -positive specimens from PHL1. The kappa value (0.849) for T. pallidum testing suggests good agreement. Consistent with the LRRB results, no T. pallidum was detected in specimens from PHL3 and PHL4, and H. ducreyi was not detected at any of the study sites. Conclusions The GUD M-PCR assay performed well in four independent PHLs and 12 suspected syphilis cases were identified in this study. The M-PCR assay could provide improved diagnostic options for GUD infections in state and local PHLs.

Infectious Diseases↗
DOE OSTI2019

Identification of $\gamma$-decaying resonant states in 26 Mg and their importance for the astrophysical s process

The 22 Ne(α, n) reaction is expected to provide the dominant neutron source for the weak s process in massive stars and intermediate-mass (IM) Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. However, the production of neutrons in such environments is hindered by the competing 22 Ne(α,γ) 26 Mg reaction. Here, the 11 B( 16 O,p) fusion-evaporation reaction was used to identify γ-decay transitions from 22 Ne + α resonant states in 26 Mg. Spin-parity restrictions have been placed on a number of α-unbound excited states in 26 Mg and their role in the 22 Ne(α,γ)26Mg reaction has been investigated. In particular, a suspected natural-parity resonance at E c.m. = 557(3) keV, that lies above the neutron threshold in 26 Mg, and is known to exhibit a strong α-cluster character, was observed to γ decay. Furthermore, a known resonance at E c.m. = 466(4) keV has been definitively assigned 2 + spin and parity. Consequently, uncertainties in the 22 Ne(α,γ) stellar reaction rate have been reduced by a factor of ~20 for temperatures ~0.2 GK.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparison of SUSY spectra generators for natural SUSY and string landscape predictions

Models of natural supersymmetry give rise to a weak scale m weak ~ m W,Z,h ~ 100 GeV without any (implausible) finetuning of independent contributions to the weak scale. These models, which exhibit radiatively driven naturalness (RNS), are expected to arise from statistical analysis of the string landscape wherein large soft terms are favored, but subject to a not-too-large value of the derived weak scale in each pocket universe of the greater multiverse. The string landscape picture then predicts, using the Isajet SUSY spectra generator Isasugra, a statistical peak at m h ~ 125 GeV with sparticles generally beyond current LHC search limits. In this paper, we investigate how well these conclusions hold up using other popular spectra generators: SOFTSUSY, SPHENO and SUSPECT (SSS). We built a computer code DEW4SLHA which operates on SUSY Les Houches Accord files to calculate the associated electroweak naturalness measure Δ EW . The SSS generators tend to yield a Higgs mass peak ~125–127 GeV with a superparticle mass spectra rather similar to that generated by Isasugra. In an Appendix, we include loop corrections to Δ EW in a more standard notation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Troubleshooting deep-learner training data problems using an evolutionary algorithm on Summit

Architectural and hyper-parameter design choices can influence deep-learner (DL) model fidelity but can also be affected by malformed training and validation data. However, practitioners may spend significant time refining layers and hyper-parameters before discovering that distorted training data was impeding training progress. We found that an evolutionary algorithm (EA) can be used to diagnose this kind of DL problem. An EA evaluated thousands of DL configurations on Summit that yielded no overall improvement in DL performance, which suggested problems with the training and validation data. We suspected that Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) enhancement that was applied to previously generated digital surface models (DSMs), for which we were training DLs to find errors, had damaged the training data. Subsequent runs with an alternative global normalization yielded significantly improved DL performance. However, the DL Intersection Over Union (IOU) still exhibited consistent sub-par performance, which suggested further problems with the training data and DL approach. Nonetheless, we were able to diagnose this problem within a 12-hour span via Summit runs, which prevented several weeks of unproductive trial-and-error DL configuration refinement, and allowed for a more timely convergence on an ultimately viable solution.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electrochemical Decomposition of Primary Alcohol Groups in Deep Eutectic Solvents

This work investigates the electrochemical decomposition of an ethylene glycol/sodium chloride electrolyte and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) comprised of ethylene glycol/choline chloride (ethaline). Understanding these reactions can help to better understand the safety risks of overcharge when these electrolytes are used in a battery and to guide the design of DES electrolytes for improved electrochemical stability. Analysis of the decomposition products was performed using a combination of coulometry, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that even at relatively low (mM) concentrations of water, a stoichiometric rate of hydrogen is produced under cathodic conditions in both the ethaline and EG/NaCl electrolytes. This suggest an electrochemical hydrolysis cathodic decomposition reaction that produces both hydrogen gas and hydroxyl ions. This reaction was verified in both electrolytes by also identifying the liquid phase products. Only liquid phase products were observed under anodic conditions. A suspected alcohol oxidation to aldehyde anodic decomposition reaction was confirmed through a similar analysis of products. A tertiary alcohol only DES was investigated to eliminate these decomposition paths and was found to have increased stability window compared to the primary alcohol.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

SrZrO 3 Formation at the Interlayer/Electrolyte Interface during (La 1-x Sr x ) 1-δ Co 1-y Fe y O 3 Cathode Sintering

This work probes the formation of SrZrO 3 at the SDC/YSZ interface (Sm doped ceria, SDC; Y stabilized zirconia, YSZ) during (La 1-x Sr x ) 1-δ Co1 -y Fe y O 3 (LSCF) cathode sintering. SEM/EDS and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction results of annealed LSCF and YSZ samples reveal that even without physical contact between LSCF and YSZ, SrZrO 3 was formed on the surface of YSZ, preferentially at the grain boundaries. It was suspected that the SrZrO 3 formation is due to the Sr-containing gas species diffused through the pores of the SDC layer and reacted with the YSZ electrolyte. Computational thermodynamics was adopted to predict the gas species formed in air during sintering by using the La-Sr-Co-Fe-O-H thermodynamic database. Sr(OH) 2 is identified as the dominant Sr-containing gas species under the experimental conditions. In addition, it was found that A-site deficiency in LSCF could effectively suppress the SrZrO 3 formation while a dense and pore-free SDC interlayer is required to totally block the SrZrO 3 formation. As a result, cell performance was significantly improved for a cell with a dense SDC interlayer fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, due to elimination of SrZrO 3 formation and therefore reduced interfacial resistance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗