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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Giant magnetoresistance and superparamagnetism in Dy{sub x}Fe{sub 100-x} nanogranular magnetic thin films at room temperature

In this article, Dy{sub x}Fe{sub 100-x} nanogranular (15 ≤ x ≤ 25) thin films have been prepared at ambient temperature by dc magnetron sputtering. The correlation between the microstructure, magneto transport and magnetization properties is discussed. The grain size of Dy (Dysprosium) and Fe (Iron) was measured to be about 2 to 3 nm, respectively and the distribution of grains was homogenous throughout the sample. The magnetoresistance is sensitive to microstructural changes (particle size as well as Dy concentration). At the room temperature, the magnetoresistance [MR %] increased from 0.2 to 2.2 with increase in atomic concentration of Dy from x = 15 to 25 and we obtained maximum 2.2 MR [%] for x = 25 in this series of samples. The magnetization studies have revealed that all the samples are superparamagnetic (SPM) at room temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Polarization rotation associated critical phenomena in epitaxial PbTiO{sub 3} thin films near room temperature

Strain-driven and temperature-driven monoclinic-orthorhombic phase transition in epitaxial PbTiO{sub 3} exhibit similar behavior under electric field, i.e., polarization discontinuity is reduced at the first-order ferroelectric-ferroelectric transition whose latent heat vanishes at a critical point. Due to critical phenomena the energy barrier for polarization rotation significantly diminishes, and hence thermodynamic response functions tend to diverge in the induced monoclinic states. Phenomenological calculations show that dielectric and piezoelectric properties are highly tunable by in-plane strain and electric field, and large electromechanical response may occur in epitaxial PbTiO{sub 3} thin films at room temperature. Phenomenological calculations show that large electrocaloric responsivity can also be expected at room temperature by manipulating the phase transition.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Flake like V{sub 2}O{sub 5} nanoparticles for ethanol sensing at room temperature

The versatile redox property of vanadium oxide explores it in various applications like catalysis, electrochromism, electrochemistry, energy storage, sensors, microelectronics, batteries etc., In this present work, vanadium oxide was prepared via hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structural and lattice parameters were analysed from the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The morphology and the composition of the sample were obtained from Field emission Scanning electron microscopic (FeSEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) Spectrometric analysis respectively. The sensitivity, response – recovery time of the sample towards ethanol (0 ppm – 300 ppm) sensing at room temperature was measured and the present investigation on vanadium oxide nanoparticles over the flakes shows better sensitivity (30%) at room temperature.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Room temperature ammonia and VOC sensing properties of CuO nanorods

Here, we report a NH{sub 3} and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) sensing prototype of CuO nanorods with peculiar sensing characteristics at room temperature. High quality polycrystalline nanorods were synthesized by a low temperature hydrothermal method. The rods are well oriented with an aspect ratio of 5.71. Luminescence spectrum of CuO nanorods exhibited a strong UV-emission around 415 nm (2.98 eV) which arises from the electron-hole recombination phenomenon. The absence of further deep level emissions establishes the lack of defects such as oxygen vacancies and Cu interstitials. At room temperature, the sensor response was recorded over a range of gas concentrations from 100-600 ppm of ammonia, ethanol and methanol. The sensor response showed power law dependence with the gas concentration. This low temperature sensing can be validated by the lower value of calculated activation energy of 1.65 eV observed from the temperature dependent conductivity measurement.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Rietveld refined structural and room temperature vibrational properties of BaTiO{sub 3} doped La{sub 0.67}Ba{sub 0.33}MnO{sub 3} composites

The composites of (1-x) La{sub 0.67}Ba{sub 0.33}MnO{sub 3} (LBMO) + xBaTiO{sub 3} (BTO) (x = 0, 0.25 and 1.0) were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method. Rietveld refinement was employed to characterize the structural information of the prepared ceramics. The result of the Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction of La{sub 0.67}Ba{sub 0.33}MnO{sub 3} and BaTiO{sub 3} shows that these compounds crystallize in rhombohedral (R3c) and tetragonal (P4mm), respectively. The structural parameters and the reliability factors for the LBMO-BTO composite ceramics were successfully determined by the Rietveld refinement. At room temperature, Raman active phonon modes predicted by the group theory were observed only in BaTiO{sub 3} and composite sample. Pure LBMO does not show any Raman active Phonon mode at room temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Photophysics of α-furil at room temperature and 77 K: Spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies

Steady state and time resolved spectroscopic measurements have been exploited to assign the emissions from different conformations of α-furil (2, 2′-furil) in solution phase at room temperature as well as cryogen (liquid nitrogen, LN{sub 2}) frozen matrices of ethanol and methylcyclohexane. Room temperature studies reveal a single fluorescence from the trans-planar conformer of the fluorophore or two fluorescence bands coming from the trans-planar and the relaxed skew forms depending on excitation at the nπ{sup ∗} or the ππ{sup ∗} absorption band, respectively. Together with the fluorescence bands, the LN{sub 2} studies in both the solvents unambiguously ascertain two phosphorescence emissions with lifetimes 5 ± 0.3 ms (trans-planar triplet) and 81 ± 3 ms (relaxed skew triplet). Quantum chemical calculations have been performed using density functional theory at CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G{sup ∗∗} level to prop up the spectroscopic surveillance. The simulated potential energy curves (PECs) illustrate that α-furil is capable of giving two emissions from each of the S{sub 1} and the T{sub 1} states—one corresponding to the trans-planar and the other to the relaxed skew conformation. Contrary to the other 1,2-dicarbonyl molecular systems like benzil and α-naphthil, α-furil does not exhibit any fluorescence from its second excited singlet (S{sub 2}) state. This is ascribed to the proximity of the minimum of the PEC of the S{sub 2} state and the hill-top of the PEC of the S{sub 1} state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Verification of antiferromagnetic exchange coupling at room temperature using polar magneto-optic Kerr effect in thin EuS/Co multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We report on magneto-optic Kerr measurements in polar geometry carried out on a series of thin Co/EuS multilayers on suitable Co/Pd-multilayer substrates. Thin Co/EuS multilayers of a few nanometers individual layer thickness usually have their magnetization in plane. Co/Pd multilayers introduce a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the Co/EuS layers deposited on top, thus making it possible to measure magneto-optic signals in the polar geometry in remanence in order to study exchange coupling. Magneto-optic Kerr-effect spectra and hysteresis loops were recorded in the visible and ultraviolet photon-energy range at room temperature. The EuS contribution to the magneto-optic signal is extracted at 4.1 eV by combining hysteresis loops measured at different photon energies with polar magneto-optic Kerr-effect spectra recorded in remanence and in an applied magnetic field of 2.2 T. The extracted EuS signal shows clear signs of antiferromagnetic coupling of the Eu magnetic moments to the Co layers. This implies that the ordering temperature of at least a fraction of the EuS layers is above room temperature proving that magneto-optic Kerr-effect spectroscopy can be used here as a quasi-element-specific method.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Activation energy of metastable amorphous Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 from room temperature to melt

Resistivity of metastable amorphous Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) measured at device level show an exponential decline with temperature matching with the steady-state thin-film resistivity measured at 858 K (melting temperature). This suggests that the free carrier activation mechanisms form a continuum in a large temperature scale (300 K – 858 K) and the metastable amorphous phase can be treated as a super-cooled liquid. The effective activation energy calculated using the resistivity versus temperature data follow a parabolic behavior, with a room temperature value of 333 meV, peaking to ~377 meV at ~465 K and reaching zero at ~930 K, using a reference activation energy of 111 meV (3kBT/2) at melt. Amorphous GST is expected to behave as a p-type semiconductor at T melt ~ 858 K and transitions from the semiconducting-liquid phase to the metallic-liquid phase at ~930 K at equilibrium. The simultaneous Seebeck (S) and resistivity versus temperature measurements of amorphous-fcc mixed-phase GST thin-films show linear S-T trends that meet S = 0 at 0 K, consistent with degenerate semiconductors, and the dS/dT and room temperature activation energy show a linear correlation. The single-crystal fcc is calculated to have dS/dT = 0.153 μ V/K 2 for an activation energy of zero and a Fermi level 0.16 eV below the valance band edge.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pulse-shape analysis in Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te 0.98 Se 0.02 room-temperature radiation detectors

The effect of trapping of charge carriers on the shape of the charge pulses from room temperature nuclear detectors, based on a recently discovered quaternary semiconductor Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 Te 0.98 Se 0.02 (CZTS), has been studied. Here, we present a charge-trapping model that explains the pulse shapes for its entire duration from radiation detectors containing multiple defect types. A piecewise continuous model, based on the movement of a large number of charge carriers rather than a single charge, has been proposed to explain the pulse shapes from planar room temperature nuclear detectors. An experimental method based on the model has been described to extract charge-trapping information. This model can be applied to similar semiconductor detectors with electrically active trap centers, in general, to extract information like pre-trapping drift times. Charge pulses from a CZTS planar detector, exposed to 5486 keV alpha particles emitted by a 241Am source, were acquired using a digitizer, and the pulse shapes were explained based on the proposed model. The pre-trapping drift times for electrons as well as holes in CZTS were calculated and studied as a function of operating bias voltage, and a contrast between their bias dependent behaviors was noticed, indicating the behavioral difference of electron and hole traps.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modulating above-room-temperature magnetism in Ga-implanted Fe 5 GeTe 2 van der Waals magnets

The creation of van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets with tunable Curie temperature (T C ) and magnetic anisotropy is essential in developing vdW magnet-based devices. Here, we report an effective and reliable method for modulating the magnetic properties of vdW Fe 5 GeTe 2 by site-specific Ga + implantation. In this study, we report an easy axis in the ab-plane for bulk Fe 5 GeTe 2 (T C = 310 K) and an axis out of the plane for thin Fe 5 GeTe 2 flakes (T C = 290 K). Combining element-resolved photoemission electron microscopy and spatially resolved magneto-optic Kerr microscopy, we find that the implantation of a tiny amount of 10 –3 Ga + ·Å –3 in Fe 5 GeTe 2 greatly enhances the T C from 290 to 360 K and switches the magnetic easy axis from the out-of-plane c axis to the ab-plane. The room-temperature x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal is enhanced from 0% to 9% at an implantation level of 10 –2 Ga + ·Å –3 . These results provide new opportunities for tailoring the magnetic properties of vdW materials beyond room temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Green-emitting cubic GaN/In 0.16 Ga 0.84 N/GaN quantum well with 32% internal quantum efficiency at room temperature

Structural and optical properties of a green-emitting cubic (i.e., zinc blende) GaN/In 0.16 Ga 0.84 N/GaN single quantum well structure are reported. The active layer is grown on a phase-pure (i.e., 100%) cubic GaN enabled on a 1 × 1 cm 2 U-grooved silicon (100) through aspect ratio phase trapping. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy combined with room temperature cathodoluminescence reveals 522 nm green light emission at room temperature with only 16.0% ± 1.6% of indium content, which is ~30% less than the amount of indium needed in a traditional green-emitting hexagonal (i.e., wurtzite) well. Temperature-dependent behavior of the green emission, such as activation energy, s-shaped peak energy shift, and linewidth, is reported. Cathodoluminescence at 8 and 300 K reveals an internal quantum efficiency of 32.0% ± 0.6%, which is higher than any reported value for cubic wells. Altogether, phase-pure cubic active layers on phase transition cubic GaN are shown to be promising for green and longer wavelength emitters.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Room temperature persisting surface charge carriers driven by intense terahertz electric fields in a topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3

Topologically protected surface current is highly promising for next-generation low-dissipation and disorder-tolerant quantum electronics and computing. Yet, electric transport from the co-existing bulk state dominates the responses of the Dirac surface state, especially at elevated temperatures relevant to technological applications. Here, we present an approach that convincingly showcases the generation, disentanglement, and precise control of enduring surface charge carriers on a topological insulator, Bi 2 Se 3 , with high bulk conductivity, all achieved at room temperature. By using pump–probe modulation spectroscopy under ultrabroadband driving tunable from 4 meV to 1.55 eV, we show the terahertz (THz) field-induced surface carriers by discovering their initial temporal responses dominant over high density trivial bulk carriers. Strikingly, the response of the induced surface carrier responses persists for more than ~5 ps and is enhanced by reducing pump photon energy. The dynamics and lifetime of the distinct surface response manifest themselves as the enhanced THz pump-induced THz transmission, which directly correlates with the transient negative THz conductivity. Increasing the THz driving field reduces the induced surface carrier lifetime and identifies, particularly, an optimal pump field of E s ~ 224 kV cm -1 for generating the dominant surface response relative to the bulk. This surface carrier dominant regime is suppressed by a joint effect of enhanced surface-bulk scattering and a more rapid saturation of surface excitation compared to the bulk that sets in above E s . The controllability of room temperature topologically surface carriers through pump photon energy offer compelling possibilities for extending this approach to other topological complex materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magnetic force microscopy revealing long-range room temperature stable molecule bridge-induced magnetic ordering on magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) pillars

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) can integrate novel single molecular device elements to overcome long-standing fabrication challenges, thus unlocking their novel potential. This study employs magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to demonstrate that organometallic molecules, when placed between two ferromagnetic electrodes along cross-junction shaped MTJ edges, dramatically altered the magnetic properties of the electrodes, affecting areas several hundred microns in size around the molecular junction vicinity at room temperature. These findings are supported by magnetic resonance and magnetometer studies on ∼7000 MTJ pillars. MFM on the pillar sample showed an almost complete disappearance of the magnetic contrast. The spatial magnetic image suggests that molecular channels significantly impacted the spin density of states in the ferromagnetic electrodes. This advancement in MTJ-based molecular devices paves the way for a new generation of commercially viable logic and memory devices controlled by molecular quantum states at near-room temperatures.

Tyagi, Pawan (ORCID:0000000275411344)↗
DOE OSTI2015

Scaling of energy characteristics of polycrystalline Fe{sup 2+}:ZnSe laser at room temperature

The lasing characteristics of lasers based on diffusiondoped Fe{sup 2+}:ZnSe polycrystalline samples excited at room temperature by an electric-discharge HF laser are studied. A sample doped from two sides (working surfaces) emitted laser radiation with the energy E='253' mJ with the slope efficiency η{sub d} = 33% and the efficiency with respect to the absorbed energy η{sub abs} ≈ 28% in the case of an elliptical pump spot of size a × b = 6.8 × 7.5 mm. It is found that the possibility of increasing the lasing energy of the samples of these types by increasing the pump spot area (at a constant pump energy density) is limited by the appearance of parasitic generation typical for disk lasers. The first results are reported on the laser based on a polycrystalline sample made by a technology that allows one to form a zero dopant concentration on the surface and a maximum concentration inside the sample (i.e., to create a sample with internal doping). The possibilities of increasing the Fe{sup 2+}:ZnSe laser energy at room temperature by using multilayer samples fabricated by this doping method are discussed. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Room- and low-temperature transmission of diffusion-doped Fe{sup 2+} : ZnSe polycrystal at 2940 nm

Transmission of a polycrystalline Fe{sup 2+} : ZnSe sample during irradiation by a pulsed Er{sup 3+} : YAG laser with a wavelength of 2940 nm is measured at low and room temperatures. It is found that the sample in a strong field (energy density 1.3 J cm{sup –2}, laser pulse duration 320 ns, peak intensity 4.1 MW cm{sup –2}) is bleached almost completely at both low and room temperatures. The temperature dependence of transmission is measured in the range of 105 – 273 K in weak and strong fields. (paper)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Repetitively pulsed Fe: ZnSe laser with an average output power of 20 W at room temperature of the polycrystalline active element

The energy and spectral-temporal characteristics of a Fe : ZnSe laser operating in pulsed and repetitively pulsed regimes are studied at room temperature of the polycrystalline active element. The crystal was pumped by a nonchain electric-discharge HF laser. The energy of the Fe : ZnSe laser in a single-pulse regime was 1.67 J at the slope efficiency with respect to the absorbed and incident energy of ∼43% and ∼27%, respectively. In a repetitively pulsed regime with a pulse repetition rate of 20 Hz and an efficiency with respect to the absorbed power of ∼40%, the average laser power was ∼20 W with an individual pulse energy of ∼1 J. The possibility of increasing the average power of the repetitively pulsed Fe : ZnSe laser at room temperature is discussed. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

XFEL structures of the influenza M2 proton channel: Room temperature water networks and insights into proton conduction

Significance The influenza M2 channel is among the smallest proton-selective channels found in nature. High-resolution structures of this channel further our understanding of how protons are transported across a membrane bilayer through a constricted membrane protein environment. This study also has broader implications for the structural interpretation of water in channels using X-ray crystallographic techniques. Previous crystallographic structure determined using synchrotron radiation with cryocooling were biased by the low temperature, and room temperature data collection was limited by radiation damage. These problems have been avoided through room temperature diffraction at an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) source.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Lighting System Control Data to Improve Design and Operation: Tunable Lighting System Data from NICU Patient Rooms

The advancement of LED and controls technology, computing capacity, and software provides new opportunities for researchers and designers to work together to further optimize spaces for occupant benefit. Here, lighting system control data from five neonatal intensive care unit patient rooms was collected over a 25-week monitoring period and analyzed to better understand occupant response to a tunable lighting system with automatic transitions throughout the day. Lighting systems are very rarely refined after installation based on actual use. Objective data detailing how the lighting system is used by the actual occupants highlights the opportunities for optimization after installation and provides insight for improving the next design. As use of the data becomes more commonplace, it can be leveraged for design recommendations. The collection of the data required no additional cost beyond the time for examining the data. The analysis revealed several clear opportunities for improvement, including adjustments to the default control setting at night, re-labeling of the control stations, and adjustments to the nighttime fade rate. The patient room occupants were active users of the different zones, dimming options, and manual overrides made available by the lighting system.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗