Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “RE”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32

Exploring the Links between Structural Distortions, Orbital Ordering, and Multipolar Magnetic Ordering in Double Perovskites Containing Re(VI) and Os(VII)

A combination of high-resolution powder diffraction techniques and solid-state NMR has been employed to explore the links between crystal structure, orbital ordering, and magnetism in three isostructural double perovskites containing transition metal ions with a 5d 1 configuration. In Ba 2 ZnReO 6 , both neutron and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data reveal a cubic-to-tetragonal transition at 23 K that breaks the degeneracy of the t 2g orbitals and leads to a pattern of orbital ordering that stabilizes magnetic ordering when the sample is cooled below 16 K. Similar behavior is observed in Ba 2 MgReO 6 , with an orbital ordering temperature of 33 K and a magnetic ordering temperature of 18 K. Prior theoretical works suggest that the pattern of orbital order seen in the P42/mnm space group is needed to stabilize the heavily canted antiferromagnetism of these compounds. Unfortunately, powder diffraction data is not sensitive enough to differentiate between the I4/mmm and P42/mnm structural models, as the distortions are too subtle to be unambiguously identified from either neutron or synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction methods. In contrast, both diffraction and 7 Li NMR data indicate that Ba 2 LiOsO 6 retains the cubic structure down to 1.7 K. The antiferromagnetic ground state and lack of any sign of orbital ordering in Ba 2 LiOsO 6 provide compelling evidence that the electronically driven tetragonal distortion seen in Ba2ZnReO6, and Ba2MgReO6 is intimately linked to the magnetic ordering seen in those compounds. The absence of magnetic reflections in high intensity neutron powder diffraction data collected on Ba 2 MgReO 6 strongly suggests ordering of multipolar moments on Re(VI), likely ferro-octupolar ordering.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Formation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and Hydrogen: Surface Chemistry of Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) in ALD of Mixed-Metal Oxide Structures Comprising Re(III) Units

We present the full investigation of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a mixed rhenium-aluminum oxide, namely ReAl 2 O 3 CH 3 , a material with tunable resistance, comprising the building unit of conductive rhenium oxides, ReOx. The deposition, involving methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MeReO 3 , MTO) and trimethylaluminum (TMA), was analyzed by employing complementary in situ diagnostic quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) to explore and reveal the underlying growth mechanism of this material. A proposed mechanism includes reductive elimination steps, thereby creating a stable Re(III)-containing thin film, making this ALD process unique regarding its growth. In addition, as proven by QMS, the surface reactions include the formation of hydrogen and unsaturated hydrocarbons. From this straightforward process, an extraordinarily high growth rate of 4.5 angstrom cycle -1 at temperatures as low as 150 °C was obtained. This material was found to exhibit highly promising electrical properties in terms of low thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR) in combination with high resistivity. By blending thin films of ReAl 2 O 3 CH 3 with additional layers (1, 2, or 3) of Al 2 O 3 , we were able to fine-tune the electrical resistivity in the range of 3.9 x 10(6) -1.5 x 10 11 Ω.cm. Simultaneously, the TCR was lowered to about -0.014 degrees °C -1 , making this material highly resistive over a broad temperature range and a promising candidate for advanced detector applications, e.g., multichannel plates (MCPs).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Flux-Assisted Boron Chalcogen Mixture (BCM) Method for Synthesizing Mixed Chalcogenide Semiconductors (AkRE 2 Si 2 Se x S 8– x and CaRE 2 Si 2 Se 8 ) ( Ak = Ca and Sr; RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm): Investigation of Their Magnetic and Optical Properties

We report a detailed structural analysis of a series of ten quaternary rare-earth-containing seleno-thiosilicates AkRE 2 Si 2 Se x S 8-x and selenosilicates, CaRE 2 Si 2 Se 8 (Ak = Ca and Sr; RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm). Single crystals were obtained by using the flux-assisted boron chalcogen mixture (BCM) method and single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine their structures. All members of the AkRE 2 Si 2 Se x S 8-x and CaRE 2 Si 2 Se 8 series crystallize in the space group R$\bar{3}$c (space group number 167) of the trigonal crystal system. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a strong preference for Se/S atoms to occupy one vs. the other of the two available sites. Polycrystalline samples were used for magnetic susceptibility and UV–visible diffuse reflectance measurements. Magnetic measurements show that CaCe₂Si₂Se₁.₇₃S₆.₂₇ and CaNd₂Si₂Se₂.₅S₅.₅ are paramagnetic with negative Weiss constants (θ = –60.1 and –26.2). Diffuse reflectance analysis gives optical band gaps of 2.7(1) eV (CaLa₂Si₂Se₂.₃₈S₅.₆₂), 2.2(1) eV (CaCe₂Si₂Se₁.₇₃S₆.₂₇), 2.5(1) eV (CaNd₂Si₂Se₂.₅S₅.₅), and 2.0(1) eV (CaCe₂Si₂Se₈), consistent with density functional theory calculations. By partially or fully replacing S sites with Se it was possible to achieve band gap tuning. Photoluminescence behavior was also investigated for CaCe 2 Si 2 Se 1.73 S 6.27 via irradiation with 375 nm ultraviolet light.

BCM method↗

Reversible Electrochemical Lithium-Ion Insertion into the Rhenium Cluster Chalcogenide–Halide Re 6 Se 8 Cl 2

The cluster-based material Re 6 Se 8 Cl 2 is a two-dimensional ternary material with cluster–cluster bonding across the a and b axes capable of multiple electron transfer accompanied by ion insertion across the c axis. The Li/Re 6 Se 8 Cl 2 system showed reversible electron transfer from 1 to 3 electron equivalents (ee) at high current densities (88 mA/g). Upon cycling to 4 ee, there was evidence of capacity degradation over 50 cycles associated with the formation of an organic solid–electrolyte interface (between 1.45 and 1 V vs Li/Li + ). Furthermore, this investigation highlights the ability of cluster-based materials with two-dimensional cluster bonding to be used in applications such as energy storage, showing structural stability and high rate capability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory: A Fully Translated Gradient Approximation and Its Performance for Transition Metal Dimers and the Spectroscopy of Re 2 Cl 8 2–

We extend the on-top density functional of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) to include the gradient of the on-top density as well as the gradient of the density. We find that the theory is reasonably stable to this extension; furthermore, it provides improved accuracy for molecules containing transition metals. We illustrate the extended on-top density functionals by applying them to Cr 2 , Cu 2 , Ag 2 , Os 2 , and Re 2 Cl 8 2– as well as to our previous database of 56 data for bond dissociation energies, barrier heights, reaction energies, proton affinities, and the water dimer. The performance of MC-PDFT is comparable to or better than that of CASPT2.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Re-Examination of the N 2 O + O Reaction

The reaction of N 2 O with O is a key step in consumption of nitrous oxide in thermal processes. It has two product channels, NO + NO (R2) and N 2 + O 2 (R3). The rate constant for R2 has been measured both in the forward and the reverse direction at elevated temperature and is well established. However, the rate constant for the N 2 + O 2 channel (R3) has been difficult to quantify and has significant error limits. Here, the direct reaction on the triplet surface has a barrier of around 40 kcal mol –1 , and it is too slow for the N 2 + O 2 channel to have any practical significance. Recently, Pham and Lin (2022) suggested an alternative low activation energy reaction path that involves intersystem crossing and reaction on the singlet surface. In the present work, we re-examined a wide range of experiments relevant for the N 2 O + O reaction through kinetic modeling, paying attention to the impact of artifacts such as impurities and surface reactions. Experimental results from shock tubes and batch reactors on the final NO yield in N 2 O decomposition, covering temperatures of 973–2200 K and pressures of 0.013–11.5 atm, support k 3 ~ 0, consistent with the high activation energy for reaction on the triplet surface and a low probability of ISC.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Re-examination of the Claimed Isolation of Stable Noncyclic 1,2-Disulfoxides

Re-examination of the claimed isolation and X-ray characterization of di-p-tolyl and dimesityl 1,2-disulfoxides from thermolysis of the corresponding aryl sulfinimines and thiosulfinates showed that the isolated disulfide dioxides are instead the wellknown isomeric thiosulfonates, as confirmed by XAS, DART-MS, X-ray, IR and NMR methods. Concerns with the original X-ray structures are addressed. Our results agree with the DFT prediction of very weak diaryl 1,2-disulfoxide S–S bond dissociation enthalpies. For now, room-temperature-stable noncyclic 1,2-disulfoxides remain unknown.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 by Re(bpy)(CO) 3 Cl from differences in carbon isotope discrimination

The rhenium complex Re(bpy)(CO) 3 Cl (1, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) catalyzes CO 2 reduction to CO in mixtures containing triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial reductant. The mechanism of this reaction under photocatalytic conditions remains to be fully characterized. Here, we report the competitive carbon kinetic isotope effects ( 13 C KIEs) on photocatalytic CO 2 reduction by 1 and analyze the results of experimental measurements by comparing with computed KIEs via density functional theory (DFT) calculations as a means of formulating a chemical mechanism and illustrating the utility of this approach. The 13 C KIEs, k( 12 C)/k( 13 C), in acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were determined to be 1.0718 ± 0.0036 and 1.0685 ± 0.0075, respectively. When [Ru(bpy) 3 ]Cl 2 is added to the reaction mixture in acetonitrile as a photosensitizer, the reduction of CO 2 exhibited a 13 C KIE = 1.0703 ± 0.0043. These values are consistent with the calculated isotope effect of CO 2 binding to the one-electron reduced [ReI(bpy• – )(CO) 3 ] species. The findings reported here provide strong evidence that the reactions in the two different solvents have the same first irreversible step and proceed with similar reactive intermediates upon reduction. Theoretically, we found that the major contribution for the large 13 C isotope effects comes from a dominant zero-point energy (ZPE) term. Lastly, these results lay the groundwork for combined experimental and theoretical approaches for analysis of competitive isotope effects toward understanding CO 2 reduction catalyzed by other complexes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Brownmillerite Ca 2 Co 2 O 5 : Synthesis, Stability, and Re-entrant Single Crystal to Single Crystal Structural Transitions

We synthesized Ca 2 Co 2 O 5 in the brownmillerite form using a high-pressure optical-image floating zone furnace, and single crystals with dimensions up to 1.4×0.8×0.5 mm 3 were obtained. At room temperature, Ca 2 Co 2 O 5 crystallizes as a fully ordered brownmillerite variant in the orthorhombic space group Pcmb (No. 57) with unit cell parameters a=5.28960(10) Å, b=14.9240(2) Å, and c=10.9547(2) Å. Furthermore, with decreasing temperature, it undergoes re-entrant sequence of first-order structural phase transitions (Pcmb→ P2/c11→ P121/m1→ Pcmb) that is unprecedented among brownmillerites, broadening the family of space groups available to these materials and challenging current approaches for sorting the myriad variants of brownmillerite structures. Magnetic susceptibility data indicate antiferromagnetic ordering in Ca 2 Co 2 O 5 occurs near 240 K, corroborated by neutron powder diffraction. Below 140 K, Ca 2 Co 2 O 5 shows a weak ferromagnetic component directed primarily along the b axis, and it also exhibits thermal and magnetic history dependence in magnetization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The Subchalcogenides Ir 2 In 8 Q (Q = S, Se, Te): Dirac Semimetal Candidates with Re-entrant Structural Modulation

Subchalcogenides are uncommon compounds where the metal atoms are in unusually low formal oxidation states. They bridge the gap between intermetallics and semiconductors and can have unexpected structures and properties because of the exotic nature of their chemical bonding as they contain both metal–metal and metal–main group (e.g., halide, chalcogenide) interactions. Finding new members of this class of materials presents synthetic challenges as attempts to make them often result in phase separation into binary compounds. We overcome this difficulty by utilizing indium as a metal flux to synthesize large (millimeter scale) single crystals of novel subchalcogenide materials. Herein, we report two new compounds Ir 2 In 8 Q (Q = Se, Te) and compare their structural and electrical properties to the previously reported Ir 2 In 8 S analogue. Ir 2 In 8 Se and Ir 2 In 8 Te crystallize in the $P_{4_2}$/mnm space group and are isostructural to Ir2In8S, but also have commensurately modulated (with q vectors q = 1/6a* + 1/6b* and q = 1/10a* + 1/10b* for Ir 2 In 8 Se and Ir 2 In 8 Te, respectively) low-temperature phase transitions, where the chalcogenide anions in the channels experience a distortion in the form of In–Q bond alternation along the ab plane. Both compounds display re-entrant structural behavior, where the supercells appear on cooling but revert to the original subcell below 100 K, suggesting competing structural and electronic interactions dictate the overall structure. Notably, these materials are topological semimetal candidates with symmetry-protected Dirac crossings near the Fermi level and exhibit high electron mobilities (~1500 cm 2 V –1 s –1 at 1.8 K) and moderate carrier concentrations (~10 20 cm –3 ) from charge transport measurements. This work highlights metal flux as a synthetic route to high quality single crystals of novel intermetallic subchalcogenides with Dirac semimetal behavior.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Understanding the Re-entrant Phase Transition in a Non-magnetic Scheelite

We report the stereochemical activity of lone pair electrons plays a central role in determining the structural and electronic properties of both chemically simple materials such as H 2 O, as well as more complex condensed phases such as photocatalysts or thermoelectrics. TlReO 4 is a rare example of a non-magnetic material exhibiting a re-entrant phase transition and emphanitic behavior in the long-range structure. Here, we describe the role of the Tl + 6s 2 lone pair electrons in these unusual phase transitions and illustrate its tunability by chemical doping, which has broad implications for functional materials containing lone pair bearing cations. First-principles density functional calculations clearly show the contribution of the Tl + 6s 2 in the valence band region. Local structure analysis, via neutron total scattering, revealed that changes in the long-range structure of TlReO 4 occur due to changes in the correlation length of the Tl + lone pairs. This has a significant effect on the anion interactions, with long-range ordered lone pairs creating a more densely packed structure. This resulted in a trade-off between anionic repulsions and lone pair correlations that lead to symmetry lowering upon heating in the long-range structure, whereby lattice expansion was necessary for the Tl + lone pairs to become highly correlated. Similarly, introducing lattice expansion through chemical pressure allowed long-range lone pair correlations to occur over a wider temperature range, demonstrating a method for tuning the energy landscape of lone pair containing functional materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Fast Catalysis at Low Overpotential: Designing Efficient Dicationic Re(bpy 2+ )(CO) 3 I Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Reduction

Here we report a series of isomeric, dicationic Re(bpy 2+ )(CO) 3 I com-plexes with bpy (2,2'-bipyridine) modified by two phenyl-CH 2 -(NMe 3 )+ pendants with cations located at variable distances from the active site for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction in CH 3 CN/2.8 M H 2 O. The position of the cationic groups dramatically increases the rate of catalysis by 800-fold, from 1.2 to 950 s -1 , with a minor increase in overpotential. Acceleration is due to stabilization of the initial CO 2 adduct and lowering of ΔG ‡ for C-OH bond cleavage by Coulombic stabilization of anionic charges. Performance may be enhanced by accumulation in the electrochemical double layer. Transition state stabilization in the optimized isomer unlocks the low overpotential "protonation-first" pathway, highlighting the sizable effects of subtle structural optimization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

The NPF Effect on CCN Number Concentrations: A Review and Re-Evaluation of Observations From 35 Sites Worldwide

The new particle formation (NPF) effect on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) differs from region to region and remains highly uncertain. In this work, we re-evaluate the NPF-initiated enhancements in CCN number concentrations (E_N CCN ) by compiling results from 35 field sites worldwide and five global models. We show the E_N CCN at sites close to the anthropogenic sources are more than 2-fold as large as that at remote sites with supersaturations of 0.1%–1.0%. The enhancements anti-correlate with the time scales for the new particles to grow to CCN size, which are 5–10 and 20–30 hr at polluted and remote sites, respectively. We further reveal that under polluted environments the condensational growth of new particles may be accelerated, leading to larger E_N CCN . The models fail to simulate the E_NCCN in polluted regions. Our study highlights the importance of parameterizing the time scale of NPF to affect CCN differently for remote and polluted regions in models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Unprecedented generation of 3D heterostructures by mechanochemical disassembly and re-ordering of incommensurate metal chalcogenides

Three-dimensional heterostructures are usually created either by assembling two-dimensional building blocks into hierarchical architectures or using stepwise chemical processes that sequentially deposit individual monolayers. Both approaches suffer from a number of issues, including lack of suitable precursors, limited reproducibility, and poor scalability of the preparation protocols. Therefore, development of alternative methods that enable preparation of heterostructured materials is desired. We create heterostructures with incommensurate arrangements of well-defined building blocks using a synthetic approach that comprises mechanical disassembly and simultaneous reordering of layered transition-metal dichalcogenides, MX 2 , and non-layered monochalcogenides, REX, where M = Ta, Nb, RE = Sm, La, and X = S, Se. We show that the discovered solid-state processes are rooted in stochastic mechanochemical transformations directed by electronic interaction between chemically and structurally dissimilar solids toward atomic-scale ordering, and offer an alternative to conventional heterostructuring. Details of composition–structure–properties relationships in the studied materials are also highlighted.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Capture, storage, and re-use of liquid hydrogen boil-off for aviation and aerospace applications

Despite major interest in the use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for aviation and aerospace sectors, loss of hydrogen through boil-off continues to be a hurdle as it causes financial loss, indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and safety concerns. Herein, we perform techno-economic analysis, calibrated with experimental measurements, to assess the use of sorbents to capture and condition hydrogen boil-off events in the range of 1.5 to 70 tonnes per day at launch sites and airports. We evaluate the direct delivery of captured boil-off to combustion engines and fuel cells, comparing against boil-off re-liquification and compression. Results indicate probable cost-effectiveness at delivered liquid hydrogen prices above 0.9 U.S. dollar ($) per kg H2 at airports, and above 10 $ per kg H2 at launch sites where 10% or more of hydrogen is lost to boil-off.

08 HYDROGEN↗

The case for electron re-acceleration at galaxy cluster shocks

On the largest scales, the Universe consists of voids and filaments making up the cosmic web. Galaxy clusters are located at the knots in this web, at the intersection of filaments. Clusters grow through accretion from these large-scale filaments and by mergers with other clusters and groups. In a growing number of galaxy clusters, elongated Mpc-sized radio sources have been found. Also known as radio relics, these regions of diffuse radio emission are thought to trace relativistic electrons in the intracluster plasma accelerated by low-Mach-number shocks generated by cluster–cluster merger events. A long-standing problem is how low-Mach-number shocks can accelerate electrons so efficiently to explain the observed radio relics. Here, we report the discovery of a direct connection between a radio relic and a radio galaxy in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3411–3412 by combining radio, X-ray and optical observations. This discovery indicates that fossil relativistic electrons from active galactic nuclei are re-accelerated at cluster shocks. Lastly, it also implies that radio galaxies play an important role in governing the non-thermal component of the intracluster medium in merging clusters.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Chain Breakage in the Supercooled Liquid - Liquid Transition and Re-entry of the λ-transition in Sulfur

Amorphous sulfur was prepared by rapid compression of liquid sulfur at temperatures above the λ-transition for to preserve the high-temperature liquid structure. We conducted synchrotron highenergy X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to diagnose the structural evolution of amorphous sulfur from room temperature to post-λ-transition temperature. Discontinuous changes of the first and second peaks in atomic pair-distribution-function, g(r), were observed during the transition from amorphous to liquid sulfur. The average first-neighbor coordination numbers showed an abrupt drop from 1.92 to 1.81. The evolution of the chain length clearly shows that the transition was accompanied by polymeric chains breaking. Furthermore, a re-entry of the λ-transition structure was involved in the heating process. The amorphous sulfur, which inherits the post-λ-transition structure from its parent melts, transformed to the pre-λ-transition liquid structure at around 391 K. Upon further heating, the pre-λ-transition liquid transformed to a post-λ-transition structure through the wellknown λ-transition process. Furthermore, this discovery offers a new perspective on amorphous sulfur’s structural inheritance from its parent liquid and has implications for understanding the structure, evolution and properties of amorphous sulfur and its liquids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Cubic-meter scale laboratory fault re-activation experiments to improve the understanding of induced seismicity risks

Abstract To understand fluid induced seismicity, we have designed a large-scale laboratory experiment consisting of a one-cubic-meter sandstone with an artificial fault cut and fluid-injection boreholes. The sandstone block is assembled in a true triaxial loading frame and equipped with 38 piezoelectric sensors to locate and characterise acoustic emission events. The differential stress on the artificial fault is increased in stages to bring it towards a critically stressed state. After each stage of differential stress increase, fluids are injected at low pressures through boreholes to test the potential of fault re-activation. In addition, a high-pressure injection was conducted that created a hydraulic fracture from the injection borehole towards the artificial fault. The newly generated fluid pathway resulted in an activation of the complete block through a stick–slip movement. We compare acoustic emission measurements from the laboratory experiment with seismicity observations from the field-scale CO 2 injection at Decatur, Illinois, U.S., and conclude that the existence of fluid pathways plays a decisive role for the potential of induced seismicity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗