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At least 577 records · Page 32

Advanced technical developments in support of scientific experiments in space

A technique was developed for preparing solid state, lithium-drifted silicon detectors. Hollow cylindrical detectors were built and tested for possible use as anticoincidence shields to replace conventional plastic scintillators and photomultipliers. A fission cell was developed for the Pioneer F/G instruments and the IMP I subsystem. An electron current detector was developed for Jovian belt measurements of electron flux. A number of circuits and semiconductor devices was also developed.

Lamport, J. E.↗

Modulation of low energy cosmic rays

The power spectrum of the interplanetary magnetic field were tested, as well as the power spectrum-cosmic diffusion ray coefficient relation at low energies. A first order perturbation solution of the Fokker-Planck equation governing the diffusion, convection, and adiabatic deceleration of galactic cosmic rays in the solar medium was found to relate intensity fluctuations of low energy cosmic rays to local changes in the propagation parameters. Diffusion coefficients and their day to day variations were calculated from interplanetary magnetic field data obtained by Pioneer 6 in 1965/1966. These are compared to simultaneous observations by IMP 3 of the proton flux in three energy channels (20 to 40, 40 to 60, 60 to 80 MeV).

Sari, J. W.↗

Early missions to comets

Two specific early missions to the comets Grigg-Skjellerup in 1977 and Encke in 1980 are proposed as precusor missions to Encke rendezvous and Halley intercept in 1986. The mission guidelines and principal objectives are presented. The spacecraft IMP was chosen for the flythrough mission for Grigg-Skjellerup in 1977, and the Helios spacecraft for the Encke mission in 1980. The mission trajectories are summarized in graphs.

Farquhar, R. W.↗

Cometary Explorer to Grigg-Skjellerup 1977

The mission analysis and technical summary of the spacecraft and its subsystems are presented for an Explorer flight to investigate the solar wind interaction with the Grigg-Skjellerup coma. The basic spacecraft system is the same as Explorer 43 and 47, and the mission characteristics which distinguish this mission from previous IMP missions are discussed. The physical and chemical characteristics of the comet's nucleus and coma are described, and the spacecraft trajectory and scientific payloads required to study the solar wind-cometary atmospheric interaction are considered.

Ness, N. F.↗

Forecasting of the performance of MOS device for space applications

Analysis of radiation damage of MOSFET data from Explorer 34 (IMP-F), and radiation damage characteristics of MOSFET with boron diffused between a silicon semiconductor and silicon oxide are considered. The first subject is an interpretation of the discrepancy between the space data and the laboratory data. The second subject is an attempt to analyze the radiation damage characteristic of MOSFET when there is modification of electrical properties in the gate oxide region.

Fang, P. H.↗

Magnetic field observations of the dayside polar cusp

The magnetic field measurements made in the polar cusp region down to altitudes of about 4 earth radii are discussed. Measurements were made by the IMP 5 satellite. Measurements are characterized by unusually low magnitudes and large fluctuations. It was suggested that the low magnitudes are caused by currents of the magnetopause and the diamagnetic effect of the plasma. The transition between the magnetosheath and the cusp portion of the magnetosphere is not characterized by a well defined magnetopause as at low latitudes.

Fairfield, D. H.↗

The charge spectra of solar cosmic rays

An approach to measuring charged spectra of solar cosmic rays is considered. These observations were made by a telescope on the IMP 6 satellite. The charge range was extended beyond charge 2 up to charge 26, and the energy range was extended to lower energies. The experiment preferentially selects rare events above charge 2 and gives them top priority for telemetry readout, thus breaking the monopoly that protons and helium nuclei otherwise would have on the telemetry. This effectively increases the number of nuclei observed above charge 2 by a factor of several hundred.

Vonrosenvinge, T. T.↗

Quiettime electron increases

The IMP spacecraft monitoring of the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium is considered, especially the behavior of 0.5 to 1.9 pj (3 to 12 MeV) interplanetary electrons. A cosmic ray phenomenon was detected in the behavior of these electrons, and a possible explanation for this phenomenon is presented, which, if correct, gives clues about interplanetary conditions far beyond the orbit of the earth.

Fisk, L. A.↗

Interstellar propagation of galactic cosmic-ray nuclei 2 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 8 in the energy range 10 to 1000 MeV per nucleon.

Analysis of the differential kinetic energy per nucleon spectra of galactic cosmic-ray He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O with the University of Chicago cosmic-ray telescope on board the IMP-5 satellite in 1969-1970. The ratios He/(C + N + O) and (Li + Be + B)/(C + N + O) obtained from these spectra are found, within errors of about 20%, to be energy-independent over the energy range 10-1000 MeV per nucleon, and equal to about 15 and about 0.25, respectively. These results are compared with discrepancies existing among other measurements of these ratios, and with predictions of a class of steady-state models of cosmic-ray propagation which assume that Li, Be, and B are absent in cosmic-ray sources. The best fits for the present measurements are obtained for models with a source spectrum in the form of a power law in total energy per nucleon, but even these fits are outside the error limits at energies below 100 MeV per nucleon. In the context of the propagation models examined, it is concluded that the observed behavior of these ratios requires an additional mechanism operative at low energies. This mechanism may be adiabatic deceleration of cosmic rays in the solar wind. In order for this mechanism to be adiabatic deceleration, the deceleration in 1969 must have been such that particles observed at 10 to 20 MeV per nucleon had energies greater than 100 to 150 MeV per nucleon in the local interstellar space.

Mason, G. M.↗

Vlf hiss and related plasma observations in the polar magnetosphere.

This paper presents a study of auroral-zone vlf hiss and low-energy charged-particle observations with the Injun 5 satellite. The results of this study provide a direct verification of the association between auroral-zone vlf hiss and intense fluxes of low-energy electrons with energies on the order of 100 eV to several keV. On the dayside of the magnetosphere, these low-energy electrons are identified with the dayside polar-cusp region observed at higher latitudes with the Imp 5 satellite. At other local times, through the dawn and dusk regions and into the nightside of the magnetosphere, the vlf hiss and low-energy electron precipitation regions are believed to correspond to the extension of the dayside polar cusp into the distant plasma sheet and downstream magnetosheath on the nightside of the magnetosphere. Intense fluxes of upgoing electrons are often observed in a narrow latitudinal band near the low-energy electron precipitation bands. These upgoing electrons are believed to be associated with another type of vlf emission called a saucer, which is frequently observed with Injun 5.

Gurnett, D. A.↗

Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons.

Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.

Mcdonald, F. B.↗

Location of the electron acceleration region in solar flares.

Observations of impulsive solar flare X rays (energy greater than 10 keV) by the OGO-5 satellite and the measurements of energetic solar electrons made with the Explorer-35 and Explorer-41 (IMP-5) satellites during the period March 1968-September 1969 have been analyzed in order to determine the ion density in the X-ray source region as well as the location of the electron acceleration region in the solar atmosphere. The ion density in the X-ray source region varies from event to event and lies between 1 and 100 billion ions per cu cm for those events in which the impulsive X-ray emission could be detected; for those events in which no impulsive emission was detected above threshold, the ion density in the X-ray source was less than one billion ions per cu cm. At least in some small solar flares, the region where the electrons are accelerated during the flash phase is located in the lower corona.

Kane, S. R.↗

Ephemeris of a highly eccentric orbit - Explorer 28.

An ephemeris has been obtained for Explorer 28 (IMP 3) which agrees well with 2 years of radio observations and with SAO observations a year later. This ephemeris is generated over the 3 year lifetime by a numerical integration method utilizing a set of initial conditions at launch and without requiring further differential correction. Because highly eccentric orbits are difficult to compute with acceptable accuracy and because a long continuous arc has been obtained which compares with actual data to a known precision, this ephemeris may be used as a standard for computing highly eccentric orbits in the earth-moon system. Orbit improvement was used to obtain the initial conditions which generated the ephemeris. This improvement was based on correcting the energy by adjusting the semimajor axis to match computed times of perigee passage with the observed. This procedure may generate errors in semimajor axis to compensate for model errors in the energy; however, this compensation error is also implicit in orbit determination itself.

Lowrey, B. E.↗

Satellite measurements of the charge composition of solar cosmic rays in the 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 26 interval

The charge composition of solar cosmic rays were measured during two flares occurring in April and September 1971. The results were derived from a solid state dE/dx vs E telescope which was part of the cosmic ray experiment on the IMP 6 spacecraft. The data suggest that the helium to medium ratio may be varying from one flare to the next. The abundance ratios (normalized to oxygen) are compared with measurements of other investigators and significant disagreements are found. In particular, the data do not exhibit any systematic enhancement of heavy nuclei with respect to the spectroscopic abundances such as previously reported. Finally, the results are compared with the spectroscopically determined coronal and photospheric values, and again several important differences between the two sets of data are found.

Teegarden, B. J.↗

Whistler waves observed upstream from collisionless shocks

Waves in the frequency range 0.5 - 4 Hz were studied in the region upstream of the earth's bow shock using data from the fluxgate magnetic field experiment on IMP-6. Analysis of 150 examples of these waves during a three month interval indicates that amplitudes are generally less than 1 or 2 gammas and propagation directions generally make angles of between 20 and 40 degrees with the field direction. The waves as measured in the spacecraft frame of reference are either left or right hand polarized with respect to the average field direction. It is concluded that the observed waves are right handed waves in the plasma frame of reference with wavelengths of approximately 100 km propagating upstream in the whistler mode. Doppler shifting reduces the observed frequencies in the spacecraft frame and reverses the observed polarization for those waves propagating more directly upstream. Similar waves are seen ahead of most interplanetary shocks.

Fairfield, D. H.↗

Energy spectra of cosmic gamma-ray bursts

Spectral measurements of six cosmic gamma-ray bursts in the energy region of 0.1 to 1.2 MeV, made using a semi-omnidirectional X-ray detector on IMP-6 are reported. These measurements confirm the hard X-ray or gamma-ray nature of the bursts, as inferred from the original observations by Klebesadel et al., (1973), and show that their maximum energy release is in this several hundred keV region. Each burst consists of several 1 or 2-second pulses each with the characteristic spectrum of approximately 150-keV exponential, followed by a softer decay. There is no evidence of line structure in this energy region, or for a marked change in the energy spectrum within a given pulse. Event size spectra are estimated for galactic and extragalactic models; the total emission is consistent with present measurements of the diffuse background, and unlikely to account for any spectral feature in the few-MeV region.

Cline, T. L.↗

Measurement of Elemental Abundance of Very Low Energy Solar Cosmic Rays

Heavy interplanetary particles were observed during a solar flare period between October 29 and November 4, 1972. The nuclear abundance was determined by a two parameter analysis (dE/dx vs E technique) of a thin window proportional counter - solid state detector device aboard the Explorer 47 (IMP-7) satellite. Energy spectra are given for C, O and Fe. The elemental abundance relative to oxygen is determined for carbon, neon, magnesium, silicon and the iron group in the energy range 0.62 to 6.9 MeV/nucleon. For the Fe/O ratio no energy dependence could be observed within the error limits.

Hovestadt, D.↗

Evidence for electron excitation of type III radio burst emission.

Type III radio bursts observed at kilometric wavelengths (less than or about equal to 0.35 MHz) by the Ogo-5 spacecraft are compared with greater than 45 keV solar electron events observed near 1 AU by the IMP-5 and Explorer 35 spacecraft for the period from March 1968 to November 1969. Fifty-six distinct type III bursts extending to less than or about equal to 0.35 MHz were observed above the threshold of the Ogo-5 detector; all but two were associated with solar flares. Twenty-six of the bursts were followed less than or about equal to 40 min later by greater than 45 keV solar electron events observed at 1 AU. All of these 26 bursts were identified with flares located west of W09 solar longitude. Of the bursts not associated with electron events only three were identified with flares west of W09, 18 were located east of W09, and seven occurred during times when electron events would be obscured by high background particle fluxes.

Alvarez, H.↗