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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

A Simulation of the Photoionization of H- Together with the Subsequent Tracking of the Liberated Electrons

The Proton Improvement Plan - II (PIP-II) is a new linear accelerator (LINAC) complex being built at Fermilab. It is based on superconducting radiofrequency cavities and will accelerate H- ions to 800 MeV kinetic energy before injection into the existing Booster ring. Measurements of the profile of the beam along the LINAC must be done by non-intercepting methods due to the superconducting cavities. The method chosen is photoionization of a small number of H- by a focused infrared laser, aka laserwire. The number of ionized electrons is measured as a function of laser position within the H- beam. To aid in the design of the collection mechanism, a simulation was written in MATLAB with input from the commercial electromagnetic simulation, CST. This simulation calculates the number and positions of the liberated electrons and tracks them through the magnetic collection and H- beam fields to the collection point. Results from this simulation for various points along the LINAC will be shown.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Diagnostic suite of the C-2U advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration plasma experiment

The C-2U experiment at Tri Alpha Energy studies the evolution of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas sustained by neutral beam injection. Data on the FRC plasma performance are provided by a comprehensive suite of diagnostics that includes magnetic sensors, interferometry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, bolometry, reflectometry, neutral particle analyzers, and fusion product detectors. While many of these diagnostic systems were inherited from the preceding experiment C-2, C-2U has a variety of new and upgraded diagnostic systems: multi-chord far-infrared polarimetry, multiple fast imaging cameras with selectable atomic line filters, proton detector arrays, and 100 channel bolometer units capable of observing multiple regions of the spectrum simultaneously. In addition, extensive ongoing work focuses on advanced methods of measuring separatrix shape and plasma current profile that will facilitate equilibrium reconstruction and active control of the FRC plasma.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mitigation of breathing oscillations and focusing of the plume in a segmented electrode wall-less Hall thruster

We report in the absence of the channel walls bounding the plasma, a wall-less Hall thruster is a promising configuration with a potentially longer lifetime and easier scalability than conventional Hall thrusters. Because the ion acceleration takes place in the fringing magnetic field with a strong axial component, the operation of a typical wall-less thruster is characterized by a large beam divergence of the plasma flow, which reduces the thrust. In this work, the addition of a biased segmented electrode to the wall-less thruster is shown to significantly narrow the plasma plume and suppress large amplitude breathing oscillations of the discharge current commonly associated with ionization instability. Both effects result in improvements to the thruster performance. Physical mechanisms responsible for these effects are unclear, but they are apparently associated with the reduction of the electron cross field transport to the anode and a transition in the breathing mode frequency.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Transport and Dynamics in Toroidal Fusion Systems

The study entitled, "Transport and Dynamics in Toroidal Fusion Systems," (TDTFS) applied analytical theory and numerical computation to investigate topics of importance to confining plasma, the fourth state of matter, with magnetic fields. A central focus of the work is how non-thermal components of the ion particle distribution affect the "sawtooth" collective oscillation in the core of the tokamak magnetic configuration. Previous experimental and analytical research had shown and described how the oscillation frequency decreases and amplitude increases, leading to "monster" or "giant" sawteeth, when the non-thermal component is increased by injecting particle beams or by exciting ions with imposed electromagnetic waves. The TDTFS study applied numerical computation to self-consistently simulate the interaction between macroscopic collective plasma dynamics and the non-thermal particles. The modeling used the NIMROD code [Sovinec, Glasser, Gianakon, et al., J. Comput. Phys. 195, 355 (2004)] with the energetic component represented by simulation particles [Kim, Parker, Sovinec, and the NIMROD Team, Comput. Phys. Commun. 164, 448 (2004)]. The computations found decreasing growth rates for the instability that drives the oscillations, but they were ultimately limited from achieving experimentally relevant parameters due to computational practicalities. Nonetheless, this effort provided valuable lessons for integrated simulation of macroscopic plasma dynamics. It also motivated an investigation of the applicability of fluid-based modeling to the ion temperature gradient instability, leading to the journal publication [Schnack, Cheng, Barnes, and Parker, Phys. Plasmas 20, 062106 (2013)]. Apart from the tokamak-specific topics, the TDTFS study also addressed topics in the basic physics of magnetized plasma and in the dynamics of the reversed-field pinch (RFP) configuration. The basic physics work contributed to a study of two-fluid effects on interchange dynamics, where "two-fluid" refers to modeling independent dynamics of electron and ion species without full kinetic effects. In collaboration with scientist Ping Zhu, who received separate support, it was found that the rule-of-thumb criteria on stabilizing interchange has caveats that depend on the plasma density and temperature profiles. This work was published in [Zhu, Schnack, Ebrahimi, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 085005 (2008)]. An investigation of general nonlinear relaxation with fluid models was partially supported by the TDTFS study and led to the publication [Khalzov, Ebrahimi, Schnack, and Mirnov, Phys. Plasmas 19, 012111 (2012)]. Work specific to the RFP included an investigation of interchange at large plasma pressure and support for applications [for example, Scheffel, Schnack, and Mirza, Nucl. Fusion 53, 113007 (2013)] of the DEBS code [Schnack, Barnes, Mikic, Harned, and Caramana, J. Comput. Phys. 70, 330 (1987)]. Finally, the principal investigator over most of the award period, Dalton Schnack, supervised a numerical study of modeling magnetic island suppression [Jenkins, Kruger, Hegna, Schnack, and Sovinec, Phys. Plasmas 17, 12502 (2010)].

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mechanical Design and Vacuum Pressure Impregnation of Combined Function Electromagnets

There are 96 combined function magnets, 48 focusing and 48 defocusing, that have been in operation in the Fermi NAL Booster without a critical failure requiring replacement for over 50 years. The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) poses risk to these magnets and Fermilab does not currently have the tooling or knowledge of process to fabricate spares. Two new variants of these magnets are needed to reduce beam loss by having a larger aperture (Booster Gradient Defocusing Wide, or BGDS) and create space for a new injection system (Booster Gradient Defocusing Short, or BGDS). Risk of failure and need for spares will increase substantially with the implementation of PIP-II in consequence of a frequency increase from 15 Hz to 20 Hz and a 30 percent increase in peak to ground voltage. The BGDS and BGDW magnets will be fabricated in the same way as the current booster magnets so that future combined function magnet spares can be produced using learned processes.

Szabo, B. [Fermilab]↗
NASA NTRS2002

Development of High Quantum Efficiency UV/Blue Photocathode Epitaxial Semiconductor Heterostructures for Scintillation and Cherenkov Radiation Detection

The primary goal of this research project was to further extend the use of advanced heteroepitaxial-semiconductor crystal growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and to demonstrate significant gains in UV/blue photonic detection by designing and fabricating atomically-tailored heteroepitaxial GaAlN/GaInN photocathode device structures. This NASA Explorer technology research program has focused on the development of photocathodes for Cherenkov and scintillation radiation detection. Support from the program allowed us to enhance our MBE system to include a nitrogen plasma source and a magnetic bearing turbomolecular pump for delivery and removal of high purity atomic nitrogen during GaAlN/GaInN film growth. Under this program we have also designed, built and incorporated a cesium activation stage. In addition, a connected UHV chamber with photocathode transfer/positioner components as well as a hybrid phototube stage was designed and built to make in-situ quantum efficiency measurements without ever having to remove the photocathodes from UHV conditions. Thus we have constructed a system with the capability to couple atomically-tailored MBE-grown photocathode heterostructures with real high gain readout devices for single photon detection evaluation.

Leopold, Daniel J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Helical Six-Dimensional Muon Ionization Cooling Channel with Gas-Filled RF Cavities

A six-dimensional muon ionization cooling in a helical magnet channel has been studied. The cooling performance which is analytically evaluated by solving the exact Hamiltonian is reproduced in numerical simulation. One of the key beam elements for the helical channel is a dense-hydrogen gas-filled RF cavity which realizes a compact cooling channel. Besides, a beam-induced gas plasma in the cavity can generate a plasma-focusing effect. This will generate extremely small betatron function, which realizes extremely low emittance beam.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Interface characterization of epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions

Following predictions by first-principles theory of huge tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect in epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), measured magnetoresistance (MR) ratio about 200% at room temperature (RT) have been reported in MgO-based epitaxial MTJs. Recently, MR ratio of about 600% has been reported at RT in MgO-based amorphous MTJs with core structure of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB grown by magnetron sputtering with amorphous CoFeB layers. The sputtered CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJs shows a great potential application in spintronic devices. Although epitaxial structure will probably not be used in devices, it remains an excellent model system to compare theoretical calculations with experimental results and to enhance our understanding of the spin dependent tunneling. Both theoretical calculations and experimental results clearly indicate that the interfacial structure plays a crucial role on coherent tunneling across single crystalMgO barrier, especially in epitaxial MgO-based MTJs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Surface X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectra, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism have been used for interface characterization. However, no consistent viewpoint has been reached, and this is still an open issue. In this article, recent studies on the interface characterization in MgO-based epitaxial MTJs will be introduced, with a focus on research by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and spin dependent tunneling spectroscopy.

Wang, Shouguo↗
DOE OSTI2022

Accelerator Physics Lessons From CBETA, the First Multi-turn SRF ERL

The Cornell-BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA) has been designed, constructed, and commissioned in a collaboration between Cornell and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). It focuses on energy-saving measures in accelerators, including permanent magnets, energy recovery, and superconductors; it has thus been referred to as a green accelerator. CBETA has become the world's first Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) that accelerates through multiple turns and then recovers the energy in superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities though multiple decelerating turns. The energy is then available to accelerate more beam. It has also become the first accelerator that operates 7 beams in the same large-energy aperture Fixed Field Alternating-gradient (FFA) lattice. The FFA is constructed of permanent combined function magnets and transports energies of 42, 78, 114, and 150 MeV simultaneously. Accelerator physics lessons from the commissioning period will be described and applications of such an accelerator from hadron cooling to EUV lithography and from nuclear physics to a compact Compton source will be discussed.

Deitrick, K. E.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Multi-dimensional collective effects in high-current relativistic beams relevant to High Density Laboratory Plasmas

In summary, an analytical model describing the self-pinching of a relativistic charge-neutralized electron beam undergoing the collisionless Weibel instability in an overdense plasma has been developed. The model accurately predicts the final temperature and size of the self-focused filament. It is found that the final temperature is primarily defined by the total beam’s current, while the filament’s radius is shown to be smaller than the collisionless skin depth in the plasma and primarily determined by the beam’s initial size. The model also accurately predicts the repartitioning ratio of the initial energy of the beam’s forward motion into the magnetic field energy and the kinetic energy of the surrounding plasma. The density profile of the final filament is shown to be a superposition of the standard Bennett pinch profile and a wide halo surrounding the pinch, which contains a significant fraction of the beam’s electrons. PIC simulations confirm the key assumption of the analytic theory: the collisionless merger of multiple current filaments in the course of the Weibel Instability provides the mechanism for Maxwellization of the beam’s distribution function. Deviations from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution are explained by incomplete thermalization of the deeply trapped and halo electrons. It is conjectured that the simple expression derived here can be used for understanding collsionless shock acceleration and magnetic field amplification in astrophysical plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2009

A First Look at Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Measurements of Martian Atmospheric C02 by the Phoenix Lander

Precise stable isotope measurements of the CO2 in the martian atmosphere have the potential to provide important constraints for our understanding of the history of volatiles, the carbon cycle, current atmospheric processes, and the degree of water/rock interaction on Mars. The isotopic composition of the martian atmosphere has been measured using a number of different methods (Table 1), however a precise value (<1%) has yet to be achieved. Given the elevated 13C values measured in carbonates in martian meteorites it has been supposed that the martian atmosphere was enriched in delta(sup 13)C. This was supported by measurements of trapped CO2 gas in EETA 79001[2] which showed elevated delta(sup 13)C values (Table 1). More recently, Earth-based spectroscopic measurements of the martian atmosphere have measured the martian CO2 to be depleted in delta(sup 13)C relative to CO2 in the terrestrial atmosphere. The spectroscopic measurements performed by Krasnopolsky et al. were reported with approx.2% uncertainties which are much smaller than the Viking measurements, but still remain very large in comparison to the magnitude of carbon and oxygen isotope fractionations under martian surface conditions. The Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) instrument on the Mars Phoenix Lander included a magnetic sector mass spectrometer (EGA) which had the goal of measuring the isotopic composition of martian atmospheric CO2 to within 0.5%. The mass spectrometer is a miniature magnetic sector instrument intended to measure both the martian atmosphere as well as gases evolved from heating martian soils. Ions produced in the ion source are drawn out by a high voltage and focused by a magnetic field onto a set of collector slits. Four specific trajectories are selected to cover the mass ranges, 0.7 - 4, 7 - 35, 14 - 70, and 28 - 140 Da. Using four channels reduces the magnitude of the mass scan and provides simultaneous coverage of the mass ranges. Channel electron multiplier (CEM) detectors that operate in the pulse counting mode detect the ion beams.

Niles, P.B.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Machine-Induced Showers Entering the Atlas and CMS Detectors in the LHC

One source of experimental background in the LHC is showers induced by particles hitting the upstream collimators or particles that have been scattered on the residual gas. We estimate the flux and distribution of particles entering the ATLAS and CMS detectors through FLUKA simulations starting either in the tertiary collimators or with inelastic beam-gas interactions. Comparisons to MARS15 results are also presented. Our results can be used as a source term for further simulations of the machine-induced background in the experimental detectors. To ensure optimal performance of the LHC experimental detectors, it is important to understand the background, which can come fromseveral sources. In this article we discuss machine-induced background, caused either by nearby beam losses or interactions between beam particles and the residual gas inside the vacuum pipe. Beam losses outside the experimental interaction regions (IRs) are unavoidable during collider operation. The halo is continuously repopulated and has to be cleaned by the collimation system, so that the losses in the cold magnets are kept at a safe level. The collimation system is located in two dedicated insertions (IR3 and IR7) but a small leakage of secondary and tertiary halo is expected to escape. Some particles make it to the experimental IRs, where they are intercepted by tertiary collimators (TCTs) that are installed in order to protect the inner triplet magnets. Some parts of the induced high-energy shower can escape and propagate into the detectors. Another source of background is beam-gas interactions. Beam protons can scatter elastically or inelastically on residual gas molecules. If an inelastic interaction occurs close to the detector, it causes a shower that could reach the detector. Elastic interactions can scatter protons directly onto the TCTs without passing IR7, which has to be treated separately from the beam-halo losses discussed above. Machine-induced background can also originate from a cross-talk between different IPs. In this article we focus on beam-halo losses and inelastic beam-gas interactions two LHC experiments: ATLAS in IR1 and CMS in IR5. We compare also to previous results. We simulate the machine-induced showers propagating through the interaction region up to an interface plane between the machine and the detector, which is defined to be at 22.6m from the interaction point (IP) along the beam direction. The coordinates and momenta of the particles crossing this plane are recorded and can be used as a source term for further simulations of the detector itself. The interface plane extends to 30 m radially, although 99% of the total energy was found within a 2.5 m radius in the simulations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Superconducting nanowires by electron-beam-induced deposition

Superconducting nanowires can be fabricated by decomposition of an organometallic gas using a focused beam of Ga ions. However, physical damage and unintentional doping often result from the exposure to the ion beam, motivating the search for a means to achieve similar structures with a beam of electrons instead of ions. This has so far remained an experimental challenge. We report the fabrication of superconducting tungsten nanowires by electron-beam-induced-deposition, with critical temperature of 2.0 K and critical magnetic field of 3.7 T, and compare them with superconducting wires made with ions. This work is an important development for the template-free realization of nanoscale superconducting devices, without the requirement of an ion beam column.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

High-efficiency beam manipulation combining geometric phase with anisotropic Huygens surface

Conventional geometric metasurfaces relying on space-variant metal antennas for beam manipulation suffer from strong Ohmic loss and incomplete polarization conversion. The efficiency is often limited to rather small values, especially when operating in transmission mode. Here, we tackle this challenge by deliberately constructing an equivalent sheet with anisotropic surface electric and magnetic polarizabilities using cross-shaped dielectric antennas. An incident circularly polarized light can be almost fully converted to a transmitted light of opposite helicity with an unprecedented efficiency up to 98%. Such a transmissive metasurface possessing the merits of high-efficiency, non-dispersion, and robust against variations can serve as an outstanding candidate for flat optics, such as anomalous refraction and beam focusing.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Beam delivery and final focus systems for multi-TeV advanced linear colliders

The Beam Delivery System (BDS) is a critical component of a high-energy linear collider. It transports the beam from the accelerator and brings it to a focus at the Interaction Point. The BDS system includes diagnostic sections for measuring the beam energy, emittance, and polarization, as well as collimators for machine protection. The length of the BDS increases with collision energy. Higher collision energies also require higher luminosities, and this is a significant constraint on the design for energy-frontier machines. Here, we review BDS designs based on traditional quadrupole magnets and examine the challenges involved in extending these to the Multi-TeV regime consistent with requirements for advanced accelerator concepts.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider

Particle physics has arrived at an important moment of its history. The discovery of the Higgs boson, with a mass of 125 GeV, completes the matrix of particles and interactions that has constituted the “Standard Model” for several decades. This model is a consistent and predictive theory, which has so far proven successful at describing all phenomena accessible to collider experiments. However, several experimental facts do require the extension of the Standard Model and explanations are needed for observations such as the abundance of matter over antimatter, the striking evidence for dark matter and the non-zero neutrino masses. Theoretical issues such as the hierarchy problem, and, more in general, the dynamical origin of the Higgs mechanism, do likewise point to the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model. This report contains the description of a novel research infrastructure based on a high-energy hadron collider, which extends the current energy frontier by almost a factor 2 (27 TeV collision energy) and an integrated luminosity of at least a factor of 3 larger than the HL-LHC. In connection with four experimental detectors, this infrastructure will deepen our understanding of the origin of the electroweak symmetry breaking, allow a first measurement of the Higgs self-coupling, double the HL-LHC discovery reach and allow for in-depth studies of new physics signals arising from future LHC measurements. This collider would directly produce particles at significant rates at scales up to 12 TeV. The project re-uses the existing LHC underground infrastructure and large parts of the injector chain at CERN. This particle collider would succeed the HL-LHC directly and serve the world-wide physics community for about 20 years beyond the middle of the 21st century. The European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update 2013 stated “To stay at the forefront of particle physics, Europe needs to be in a position to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update”. The FCC study has implemented the ESPP recommendation by developing a vision for an “accelerator project in a global context”. This document describes the detailed design and preparation of a construction project for a post-LHC circular high-energy hadron collider “in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide”, and enhanced by a strong participation of industrial partners. Now, a coordinated preparation effort can be based on a core of an ever-growing consortium of already more than 135 institutes worldwide. The technology for constructing a High-Energy LHC can be brought to the technology readiness level required for construction within the coming ten years through a committed and focused R&D programme. The concept comprises a power-saving, low-temperature superconducting magnet system based on an evolution of the Nb3Sn technology pioneered at the HL-LHC, an energy-efficient cryogenic refrigeration infrastructure based on a neon-helium (Nelium) light gas mixture, a high-reliability and low loss cryogen distribution infrastructure based on Invar, high-power distributed beam transfer using superconducting elements and local magnet energy recovery and re-use technologies that are already gradually introduced at other CERN accelerators. Re-use of the LHC underground civil infrastructure worth about 500 million CHF at the time of its construction, extension of the surface sites and use of the existing injector chain that also serve for a concurrently running physics programme are levers to come to a sustainable research infrastructure at the energy frontier. Strategic R&D for HE-LHC aims at minimising construction cost and energy consumption, while maximising the socio-economic impact. It needs to mitigate technology-related risks and ensure that industry can benefit from an acceptable economic utility. Concerning the implementation, a preparatory phase of about eight years is both necessary and adequate to establish the project governance and organisation structures, to build the international machine and experiment consortia, to develop a territorial implantation plan considering the constraints emerging from using the existing infrastructure and the host states’ requirements, optimising the use of land, resources and preparing the construction project. Such a large-scale, international fundamental research infrastructure, tightly involving industrial partners and providing training at all education levels, will be a strong motor of economic and societal development in all participating nations. The FCC study has implemented a set of actions towards a coherent vision for the world-wide high-energy and particle physics community, providing a collaborative framework for topically complementary and geographically well-balanced contributions. This conceptual design report lays the foundation for a subsequent infrastructure preparatory and technical design phase.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

New Septum Dump Quadrupole Magnet Design

The purpose of the septum dump quadrupole (SDQ) magnet is to expand the beam size on the septum dump of the DARHT Axis 2 downstream transport in the same manner as the S2 magnet expands the beam on the beam stop for mode 1 operations of DARHT Axis 2. This is necessary in order to minimize the heating of the carbon beam dump and suppress desorption of ions. Initially, ions are generated through stimulated desorption and ionization of the monolayers of water vapor stuck to the beam dump surface. These ions propagate upstream at high speeds and act as an electrostatic focusing lens by reducing the beam space charge. As the beam size on the dump decreases, the dump is sufficiently heated so that a surface plasma is formed and much greater quantities of ions are generated through space charge limited emission. The interaction of these ions with the beam causes significant disruption of the beam.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Study of Effects of Failure of Beamline Elements and its Compensation in CW Superconducting Linac

Project-X is a proposed high intensity proton facility to be built at Fermilab in United States. The first stage consists of a superconducting linac (SC) operating in continuous wave (CW) mode to accelerate a H{sup -} beam from 2.1 MeV to 3 GeV. Failure of any beamline element during operations induces a downstream mismatch of the beam which is especially severe when the failure occurs at low energy. A large mismatch causes emittance growth and ultimately results in beam losses. In a worst case scenario, the operability of the machine may be affected and long downtime may be needed to replace the failed element. To minimize possible downtime, the optics can be designed in a way that allows local retuning to make the machine operable. This paper presents studies performed to investigate retuning scenarios after failure of an accelerating cavity or a focusing magnet at critical locations in the Project-X CW superconducting linac.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗