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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Operando Temperature Measurements of Photovoltaic Laser Power Converter Devices Under Continuous High-Intensity Illumination

Photovoltaic devices that operate under extremely high irradiances, such as laser power converters (LPCs), may also operate at elevated temperatures, even under active cooling, as the result of large temperature gradients. We demonstrate the operation of GaAs LPC devices under orders of magnitude of irradiances up to 150 W/cm 2 in a monochromatic laser simulator with an active cooling stage. The steady-state open-circuit voltage (V OC ) as a function of irradiance is known to droop at high irradiance as the result of junction heating, but the junction temperature can be difficult to measure by conventional methods. Fast, transient V OC measurements under these extreme operating conditions are used here to determine the junction temperature. Empirical V OC temperature coefficients of the devices at each irradiance of interest are determined and used as an integral part of this technique. We show that the thermal design of different LPC devices strongly affects the operating temperature of the junctions. Knowledge of the operating temperature can be a strong tool for understanding the nature of loss mechanisms and improving the design for the operation of photovoltaic LPCs at high irradiances. Furthermore, this technique can be used for laboratory devices during initial design as well as to characterize mass-produced and packaged devices for quality control.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

First-Principles Insights into the Thermocatalytic Cracking of Ammonia-Hydrogen Blends on Fe(110): 1. Thermodynamics

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is being considered as a practical means to transport hydrogen (H 2 ) because of its higher volumetric energy density for the same temperature and pressure. Thermodynamics suggest high temperature is needed to decompose NH 3 to nitrogen (N 2 ) and H 2 . Furthermore, overcoming decomposition kinetic barriers requires a catalyst. Via density functional theory, we study this reaction on a model catalyst: the close-packed (110) facet of α-Fe. Specifically, we predict detailed in-operando temperature- and pressure-dependent surface phase diagrams on this benchmark catalyst that offer insights for the design of optimal NH 3 decomposition catalysts. Here, we explore the equilibrium composition(s) of the Fe(110) surface when exposed to NH 3 –H 2 mixtures. Further, we predict that both N and NH partially cover the Fe(110) surface at 300–400 °C (far above the NH 3 decomposition-formation coexistence temperature at standard partial pressures of 1 bar: ~ 180 °C) and 2–4 bar of total reactor pressure. At the equilibrium N/NH coverage, these species inhibit coadsorption of H, indicating that direct H 2 production may occur. However, from thermodynamics alone, removal of N/NH as N 2 (g) is extremely unfavorable even at these elevated temperatures–effectively deactivating the surface toward further NH 3 decomposition. Thus, catalysts that remain active toward N–H bond breaking but with weakened N binding relative to Fe are needed to enable high-turnover catalytic NH 3 decomposition to release H 2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured Molybdenum and Fabrication of Microtextured Composites

Refractory metals are a class of high-melting-temperature materials suitable for use in extreme environment applications. Interestingly, during additive manufacturing many pure refractory metals exhibit a switch from (001) to (111) build direction fiber preference with increasing surface energy density. Here we exploit this solidification physics to fabricate material with “mesoscale composite” engineered structures consisting of features with contrasting (001) and (111) build direction microtextures. Separately, elevated temperature tensile testing of EBM fabricated material with a randomized distribution of mixed (001)/(111)-fiber grains is shown to exhibit excellent properties. These results are utilized to build a crystal plasticity model for evaluating the local inelastic response of the composite mesoscale structures. Analysis of printed microstructures and microstructure-scale simulations indicate that both macro-scale and localized material behavior may be tailored. This strategy can be potentially used to synthesize materials with optimized performance for high-temperature applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon cycle extremes accelerate weakening of the land carbon sink in the late 21st century

Increasing surface temperature could lead to enhanced evaporation, reduced soil moisture availability, and more frequent droughts and heat waves. The spatiotemporal co-occurrence of such effects further drives extreme anomalies in vegetation productivity and net land carbon storage. However, the impacts of climate change on extremes in net biospheric production (NBP) over longer time periods are unknown. Using the percentile threshold on the probability distribution curve of NBP anomalies, we computed negative and positive extremes in NBP. Here we show that due to climate warming, about 88% of global regions will experience a larger magnitude of negative NBP extremes than positive NBP extremes toward the end of 2100, which accelerate the weakening of the land carbon sink. Our analysis indicates the frequency of negative extremes associated with declines in biospheric productivity was larger than positive extremes, especially in the tropics. While the overall impact of warming at high latitudes is expected to increase plant productivity and carbon uptake, high-temperature anomalies increasingly induce negative NBP extremes toward the end of the 21st century. Using regression analysis, we found soil moisture anomalies to be the most dominant individual driver of NBP extremes. The compound effect of hotness, dryness, and fire caused extremes at more than 50% of the total grid cells. The larger proportion of negative NBP extremes raises a concern about whether the Earth is capable of increasing vegetation production with a growing human population and rising demand for plant material for food, fiber, fuel, and building materials. The increasing proportion of negative NBP extremes highlights the consequences not only of reduction in total carbon uptake capacity but also of conversion of land to a carbon source.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Metal-embedded optical fibers for monitoring pressure or corrosion at high temperatures

A fiber optic sensor and a related method of manufacture are provided. The fiber optic sensor includes an embedded optical fiber contained within a metal diaphragm assembly, where the terminal end of the optical fiber is positioned opposite a diaphragm. The method includes forming a metal-embedded optical fiber by ultrasonic additive manufacturing and securing the metal-embedded optical fiber to a housing having a diaphragm that is opposite of the terminal end of the optical fiber. The sensor can provide extremely accurate pressure measurement at high temperatures and in highly corrosive media. An optical fiber-based pressure sensing system is also provided.

Petrie, Christian M.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hydrodynamic instabilities and heat transfer characteristics in the duct flow of a fluid in the supercritical thermodynamic regime

The behavior of fluids at supercritical thermodynamic conditions is inherently complex due to large variations in thermodynamic and transport properties. Recent numerical and experimental investigations illustrate ongoing interest for these fluids, especially supercritical CO 2 and supercritical water, for a variety of applications. For example, supercritical water reactors (SCWR) operate in this extreme condition of high-pressure and temperature, resulting in highly dynamic flow fields and unexpected heat transfer regimes. The potential heat transfer benefits in this regime are directly associated with the extreme variations in thermodynamic and transport properties, which occur at, and above, the critical point. This work characterizes the hydrodynamic instabilities that arise for fluids at supercritical thermodynamic conditions when buoyancy forces are significant. Two specific configurations are considered, a natural convection cavity flow, and a mixed convection, heated, horizontal channel flow. Natural convection flow in a cavity is a classical configuration with expected behavior below the critical point. This configuration aids in characterizing the effect of the variable properties in the supercritical thermodynamic regime. Further, limited studies in the existing literature have been conducted for low-Reynolds and intermediate-Rayleigh numbers, mixed-convection channel flows for supercritical water, which is the focus of the channel flow configuration. To investigate the thermally driven hydrodynamic instabilities in this regime, a high-order fully-implicit numerical method is used. Such strong variations in thermophysical properties (in particular, density) are difficult to simulate and an altogether compressible framework is needed. Therefore, the compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved without any additional assumptions. The fully implicit, high-order in space and time, reconstructed discontinuous Galerkin method as implemented within the multi-physics code called ALE3D (Arbitrary Lagrangian and Eulerian in 2D and 3D), developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), is used. This fully implicit, L-stable method accurately captures the compressible nature of the ow in the limit of very low Mach number. It has been widely accepted that above the critical point, only one phase is observed. However, recent research has indicated the existence of the distinct gas-like and liquid-like regions separated by the Widom line, the locus of the maxima of the specific heat. Along the Widom line, density decreases 6-fold, viscosity drops by a factor of 2, while specific heat spikes by an order of magnitude. These variations, specifically in density and viscosity, produce a thick pseudo-interface and flow dynamics behavior akin to film boiling. A pseudo-film at the heated wall of the cavity and the horizontal channel is observed where buoyancy forces induce mixing through the specific configurations. Further the local Rayleigh and Richardson numbers provide maps of the flow field and the buoyancy forces driving the microscopic mixing. In the first chapter, I describe a background of supercritical fluid and the various applications. The second chapter focuses on the mathematical model and numerical method used for simulations, where a description of the equation of state for supercritical water is described. The third chapter focuses on the natural convection cavity with a heated bottom wall. In this cavity a gas-like and a liquid-like flow within the supercritical thermodynamic regime are observed. The fourth chapter focuses on a forced convection, horizontal channel, distinguishing between the gas-like, liquid-like, and mixed flow regimes. Mixed convection flow, with the addition of gravitational forces in the horizontal channel show the influence of variable properties on the hydrodynamic development, heat transfer, and rising instabilities. The last chapter of this research focuses on characterizing the unstable hydrodynamics through time-averaging processes and analysis of the movement of energy through the developing plumes.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cation Short-Range Ordering of MgAl 2 O 4 and NiAl 2 O 4 Spinel Oxides at High Temperatures via In Situ Neutron Total Scattering

Complex oxides that adopt the isometric spinel structure (AB 2 O 4 ) are important for numerous technological applications and are relevant for certain geological processes, which involve exposure to extreme environments such as high pressures and temperatures. Recent studies have shown that the changes to the spinel structure caused by these environments are complex and depend on the material length scale under consideration. In this study we have expanded this approach to the behavior of spinels under high temperature. In situ neutron total scattering experiments, coupled with pair distribution function analysis, performed on two spinel compositions with various levels of pre-existing disorder (MgAl 2 O 4 and NiAl 2 O 4 ) revealed that both compositions trend to a state of maximum disorder where the A and B cations are randomly distributed amongst the two available sites. Temperature-induced cation inversion, conventionally understood as exchange of cations on the A and B sites, is locally expressed as an atomic rearrangement to a tetragonal symmetry, a correlation that is retained up to the maximum temperature studied (1000 °C). Furthermore, a complex thermal expansion behavior is revealed wherein the oxide materials expand heterogeneously at the level of coordination polyhedral with an apparent dependence on bond strength.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Interplanar Ferromagnetism Enhanced Ultrawide Zero Thermal Expansion in Kagome Cubic Intermetallic (Zr,Nb)Fe 2

A cubic metal exhibiting zero thermal expansion (ZTE) over a wide temperature window demonstrates significant applications in a broad range of advanced technologies but is extremely rare in nature. Here, enabled by high-temperature synthesis, we realize tunable thermal expansion via magnetic doping in the class of kagome cubic (Fd-3m) intermetallic (Zr,Nb)Fe 2 . A remarkably isotropic ZTE is achieved with a negligible coefficient of thermal expansion (+0.47 x 10 -6 K -1 ) from 4 to 425 K, almost wider than most ZTE in metals available. A combined in situ magnetization, neutron powder diffraction, and hyperfine Mössbauer spectrum analysis reveals that interplanar ferromagnetic ordering contributes to a large magnetic compensation for normal lattice contraction upon cooling. Trace Fe-doping introduces extra magnetic exchange interactions that distinctly enhance the ferromagnetism and magnetic ordering temperature, thus engendering such an ultrawide ZTE. Finally, this work presents a promising ZTE in kagome metallic materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Response of Extreme Rainfall to Atmospheric Warming and Wetting: Implications for Hydrologic Designs Under a Changing Climate

Understanding the processes of rainfall extremes and their response to anthropogenic climate change is pivotal for improved adaptation of unprecedented flood hazards around the world. Here we take the record-breaking 20 July 2021 storm over central China as an example. We investigate the response of this particular storm to atmospheric warming (i.e., increase in air temperature) and wetting (i.e., increase in atmospheric moisture content) based on a series of convection-permitting model simulations. Our results show non-monotonic changes of the space-time rainfall variability to either increased temperature or atmospheric moisture content. The most extreme rain rate is produced when relative humidity is increased by 20~40 % or temperature is increased by less than 2°C. The non-monotonic rainfall response is more clearly revealed at fine spatial (100-1000 km 2 ) and temporal scales (less than 6 hours) rather than over the entire domain (~10 4 km 2 ) and aggregated over the storm duration (around two days). This is mainly attributable to the distinct feedbacks from atmospheric dynamics (i.e., moisture convergence and interaction with regional topography) rather than regulated by thermodynamic changes alone. Furthermore, atmospheric warming poses notable changes in the vertical structure of storm cells, contributing to reduced areal reduction factors at small spatial scales and short durations, while atmospheric wetting additionally modifies storm evolution properties. Our modeling analyses challenge the existing practices for hydrologic designs under a changing climate, highlighting particular vulnerability for cities or small basins to short-duration rainfall extremes and the resultant flash flood hazards.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

What Technical Choices Matter to Characterize Heat Wave and Cold Snap Events in Support of Bulk Power Grid Reliability Studies?

Extreme weather events, such as Heat Waves (HW) and Cold Snaps (CS), pose significant risks to the power grid. The United States (U.S.) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order No. 896 mandates regional coordination standards that account for extreme thermal events. However, the lack of a universal definition for extreme thermal events may lead to inconsistent compliance efforts among neighboring entities, undermining the reliability of the transmission system. This study directly addresses this challenge by systematically evaluating how varying technical choices in defining HW and CS fundamentally impact the characterization and ranking of extreme events for power grid reliability studies. We used 12 event definitions and multiple temperature spatial aggregation approaches to construct historical (1980–2024) regional extreme thermal event libraries across North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) subregions in the conterminous U.S. We examined the sensitivity of event characteristics (e.g., duration, frequency, intensity, and spatial coverage) to different definitions. While some definitions produced similar libraries and top event rankings, definitions based on moving-window-averaged temperatures yielded markedly different characteristics. Spatial aggregation methods had minimal impact on heat wave or cold snap intensity, frequency and duration but significantly influenced spatial coverage. The top events identified across different aggregation methods were consistent, but their ranking order varied. These findings offer critical insights for characterizing and selecting extreme thermal events and for supporting local and cross-regional coordination as required by reliability standards.

Wan, Heng [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (↗
DOE OSTI2020

Developing the Next Generation of High-Performance Solid-State Batteries

The project team conducted cutting-edge battery research on electrode materials, electrolyte formulations, and cell designs for next-generation rechargeable lithium metal batteries designed for high energy density and safety. The research has focused on two separate but related technologies: 1) a high-temperature lithium metal battery designed for extreme environments, and 2) a high-energy lithium metal battery designed for more general applications (including aerospace, defense, transportation, electronics, etc.). We took these projects from the conceptual stage (an idea on paper) all the way to high performing lab prototypes and early commercial-format pouch and cylindrical cell prototypes. Both chemistries were improved substantially in terms of materials compatibility, lithium metal cyclability, high-voltage stability, high-temperature stability, and scalability.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Vortex entropy and superconducting fluctuations in ultrathin underdoped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x superconductor

Vortices in superconductors can help identify emergent phenomena but certain fundamental aspects of vortices, such as their entropy, remain poorly understood. Here, we study the vortex entropy in underdoped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x by measuring both magneto-resistivity and Nernst effect on ultrathin flakes (≤2 unit-cell). We extract the London penetration depth from the magneto-transport measurements on samples with different doping levels. It reveals that the superfluid phase stiffness p s scales linearly with the superconducting transition temperature T c , down to the extremely underdoped case. On the same batch of ultrathin flakes, we measure the Nernst effect via on-chip thermometry. Together, we obtain the vortex entropy and find that it decays exponentially with T c or p s . We further analyze the Nernst signal above T c in the framework of Gaussian superconducting fluctuations. The combination of electrical and thermoelectric measurements in the two-dimensional limit provides fresh insight into high temperature superconductivity.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Summary of Previous Mechanical Test Data on ODS Alloys 14YWT and OFRAC up to 1000ºC

The Nanostructured Ferritic Alloys (NFA) 14YWT and OFRAC were developed for future fission and fusion nuclear energy reactors requiring high-temperature mechanical properties that are tolerant to extreme neutron irradiation environments. The NFA contain a high concentration of Ti-, Y- and O-enriched nanoclusters (NC) and ultra-fine grains to achieve high temperature strength and creep properties and high sink strength for trapping irradiation induced point defects to minimize hardening and swelling and transmutated He atoms to form intragranular nano-size bubbles that prevent formation of coarse bubbles on grain boundaries that cause embrittlement. The mechanical properties of 14YWT and OFRAC have been acquired from tensile and creep tests conducted in the past at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The development of 14YWT started in 2000, resulting in the production of numerous heats. Tensile properties were obtained from eleven heats of 14YWT from room temperature to 800ºC. Tensile data for the SM10 heat of 14YWT was extended to 1,000ºC. Initial development of OFRAC occurred in 2016. Tensile tests conducted from room temperature to 800ºC revealed similar properties of OFRAC with those obtained from the newer generation of 14YWT heats. The creep properties of 14YWT-SM10 evaluated using constant stress tensile and load time-to-failure tests at 800ºC showed low minimum creep rates with stresses of 200 and 100 MPa. The single time-to-failure test of 14YWT-SM10 at 800ºC and 100 MPa was terminated after 20,357 hours with no specimen failure and a low creep strain of ~0.24 %. The creep properties of OFRAC determined from strain-rate jump tests at were similar those of 14YWT-SM10. The stress exponent for 14YWT and OFRAC at 800ºC are similar and are consistent with threshold stress behavior. Since both 14YWT and OFRAC are candidates for fuel cladding in future fast reactors, several fabrication studies were recently conducted and have successfully demonstrated that thin wall tubes can be fabricated from 14YWT and OFRAC by cold pilger rolling and high precision tube rolling. The high temperature mechanical properties and feasibility of fabricating thin wall tubes make 14YWT and OFRAC candidates for application as heat pipes in advanced micro-reactors. The purpose of this report is to summarize the previously obtained tensile and creep data at temperatures up to 1000ºC for NFA 14YWT and OFRAC that have been acquired over the past 20 years at ORNL.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

High concentration of ultrafine particles in the Amazon free troposphere produced by organic new particle formation

The large concentrations of ultrafine particles consistently observed at high altitudes over the tropics represent one of the world’s largest aerosol reservoirs, which may be providing a globally important source of cloud condensation nuclei. However, the sources and chemical processes contributing to the formation of these particles remain unclear. Here we investigate new particle formation (NPF) mechanisms in the Amazon free troposphere by integrating insights from laboratory measurements, chemical transport modeling, and field measurements. To account for organic NPF, we develop a comprehensive model representation of the temperature-dependent formation chemistry and thermodynamics of extremely low volatility organic compounds as well as their roles in NPF processes. We find that pure-organic NPF driven by natural biogenic emissions dominates in the uppermost troposphere above 13 km and accounts for 65 to 83% of the column total NPF rate under relatively pristine conditions, while ternary NPF involving organics and sulfuric acid dominates between 8 and 13 km. The large organic NPF rates at high altitudes mainly result from decreased volatility of organics and increased NPF efficiency at low temperatures, somewhat counterbalanced by a reduced chemical formation rate of extremely low volatility organic compounds. These findings imply a key role of naturally occurring organic NPF in high-altitude preindustrial environments and will help better quantify anthropogenic aerosol forcing from preindustrial times to the present day.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamically downscaled seasonal heat wave projections in the CONUS

Heat waves are a well-documented hazard that are projected to increase in intensity, duration, and frequency with climate change. Regions of the US experience widely varying temperatures; for example, 35 °C is extremely hot for spring in the Northeast but not for summer in the Southeast. It is important to evaluate projections within a regional context and at a high enough resolution to understand the risks to populations. We identify heat waves across the Conterminous US (CONUS) under SSP5–8.5 from 2020 to 2059 with an ensemble of dynamically downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model outputs. We demonstrate that there are regional differences caused by seasonal and local drivers of persistent hot temperatures. Summer heat waves are increasing in intensity and duration faster than winter heat waves because of the atmospheric conditions that promote these events. Our analysis emphasizes the value of fine-resolution modeling for projecting future climate risks.

Rubin, Hannah [University of Tennessee, Knoxville ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fast Seismic Anomalies Under Continents Explained by the Delaminated Lower Continental Crust—Implications From High Pressure‐Temperature Elasticity of Jadeite

Seismic tomography has shown that the shear wave velocities (Vs) under continents, especially under cratons, are extremely fast at 100–200 km depth, which is difficult to explain by low temperatures or high Mg#. Alternatively, delaminated eclogitic lower continental crust has been proposed to account for these fast seismic anomalies. However, the thermoelastic properties of jadeite which constitutes up to 60–80 mol% of clinopyroxene in the potentially delaminated lower continental crust are not well constrained. In this study, we measured the single-crystal elasticity of jadeite by Brillouin spectroscopy under simultaneous high pressure and temperature conditions for the first time. We found that the temperature dependence of Vs of jadeite is extremely small if not negligible. The seismic velocities of the potentially delaminated lower continental crusts were subsequently modeled and found to match the widely observed fast seismic anomalies under cratons between 100 and 200 km depth.

Geology↗
DOE OSTI2023

Variations in boundary layer stability across Antarctica: a comparison between coastal and interior sites

The range of boundary layer stability profiles, from the surface to 500 m a.g.l. (above ground level), present in radiosonde observations from two continental-interior (South Pole Station and Dome Concordia Station) and three coastal (McMurdo Station, Georg von Neumayer Station III, and Syowa Station) Antarctic sites, is examined using the self-organizing maps (SOMs) neural network algorithm. A wide range of potential temperature profiles is revealed, from shallow boundary layers with strong near-surface stability to deeper boundary layers with weaker or near-neutral stability, as well as profiles with weaker near-surface stability and enhanced stability aloft, above the boundary layer. Boundary layer regimes were defined based on the range of profiles revealed by the SOM analysis; 20 boundary layer regimes were identified to account for differences in stability near the surface as well as above the boundary layer. Strong, very strong, or extremely strong stability, with vertical potential temperature gradients of 5 to in excess of 30 K per 100 m, occurred more than 80 % of the time at South Pole and Dome Concordia in the winter. Weaker stability was found in the winter at the coastal sites, with moderate and strong stability (vertical potential temperature gradients of 1.75 to 15 K per 100 m) occurring 70 % to 85 % of the time. Even in the summer, moderate and strong stability is found across all five sites, either immediately near the surface or aloft, just above the boundary layer. While the mean boundary layer height at the continental-interior sites was found to be approximately 50 m, the mean boundary layer height at the coastal sites was deeper, around 110 m. Further, a commonly described two-stability-regime system in the Arctic associated with clear or cloudy conditions was applied to the 20 boundary layer regimes identified in this study to understand if the two-regime behavior is also observed in the Antarctic. It was found that moderate and strong stability occur more often with clear- than cloudy-sky conditions, but weaker stability regimes occur almost equally for clear and cloudy conditions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Multi-Level Impacts of Extreme Climate-Related Events on Food Supply Chain: Idaho Potato's Case Study

Background: The world is experiencing frequent extreme weather events like droughts, floods, snowstorms, and shifting of seasons due to climate change. Increasing frequencies and severity of these extreme weather events threaten food security because agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperature reduces overall yields of the desirable crops but proliferates weeds and harmful pests. Current data shows that every year U.S. farmers spend more than 11 billion USD to fight weeds and this number is expected to rise in the coming years due to climate change. Due to droughts, the water required for irrigation is becoming scarcer. Since many areas are becoming climatically unusable for crop production, the amount of farmland area is shrinking rapidly. In addition, changes in precipitation patterns are causing crop failures and negatively impacting expected yields. In this study, we investigated how different extreme climate events impact different stages of a food supply chain. Approach: As a case study, we chose Idaho’s potato supply chain (SC). Idaho is the top potato producing state in the U.S. and contributes around 30% of the nation’s potato production. Using the agent-based modeling (ABM) approach, we developed a multi-echelon potato supply chain computer simulation model with six types of agents – seed producers, farmers, shippers, processors, retailers, and logistics companies. In addition to the baseline scenario, we developed two additional climate-related disruption events – drought and snowstorm. We investigated how each of these disruption events impacts different stakeholders across the supply chain in terms of revenue and some other key performance metrics such as lead time, food waste, number of delayed orders, and order fulfillment rate. Results: Extreme climate events not only impact the growers but there is also cascading ripple effects downstream of the supply chain. The methodology developed in this study could be applied to other food and agricultural SC to understand the vulnerabilities of the different links. The findings would potentially help to adopt new policies for the well-being of the overall SC.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗