Measurement of the refractive index and dispersion of an unpolished sample on an Abbe refractometer
Transparent solids unpolished samples refractive index and dispersion measurement using Abbe refractometer
Heinemann, H. M.↗
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Comparison of tektite population polygons of bulk specific gravity, true material specific gravity, and refractive index
Australian tektites population polygons of bulk specific gravity and refractive index, indicating variations in chemical composition
Scheiber, L. C.↗
Plasma refractive effects in HCN lasers
Plasma refractive index effects in pulsed HCN lasers, calculating stable cavity mirror curvatures constriction as function of electron density by ray matrix approach
Mccaul, B. W.↗
Measurements of the refraction and diffraction of a short N wave by a gas-filled soap bubble
Short N wave refraction and diffraction by gas- filled soap bubble, discussing measurements to explain peaking and rounding in sonic boom pressure signature
Blackstock, D. T.↗
Refractive index of aqueous HCl solutions and the composition of the Venus clouds
Aqueous HCl solutions refractive index calculation from concentration dependence for Venus clouds composition
Lewis, J. S.↗
Some consequences of critical refraction in the Venus atmosphere
Venus atmosphere critical refraction model, examining optical effects and ray paths
Snyder, C. W.↗
The refraction correction in light scattering
Refraction correction in photometer with cylindrical light scattering cell and detectors, describing experimental testing by mathematical and geometrical analysis
Billmeyer, F. W., Jr.↗
Ionospheric refraction corrections in satellite tracking
Ionospheric refraction errors in satellite tracking, computing elevation, range and range rate corrections
Bent, R. B.↗
Refractive index and birefringence of 2H silicon carbide.
Measurement of the refractive indices of 2H SiC over the wavelength range from 435.8 to 650.9 nm by the method of minimum deviation. A curve fit of the experimental data to the Cauchy dispersion equation yielded, for the ordinary index, n sub zero = 2.5513 + 25,850/lambda squared + 8.928 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power and, for the extraordinary index, n sub e = 2.6161 + 28,230/lambda squared + 11.490 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power when lambda is expressed in nm. The estimated error (standard deviation) in these values is plus or minus 0.0006 for n sub zero and plus or minus 0.0009 for n sub e. The birefringence calculated from these expressions is about 20% less than previously published values.
Powell, J. A.↗
Tropospheric refraction effects on satellite range measurements.
A model for predicting the atmospheric effect for earth-to-orbit range or range-rate measurements is described. The model treats the dry and wet components of refractivity (N) as different functions of its surface value and of height above the earth. It provides a zenith integral of the dry component that is consistent with the equation for the zenith range effect in dry air. For low angle use, it gives a reasonable approximation of observed N profiles. The use of the model is discussed, and data and computed positions without and with a correction for the troposphere are presented.
Hopfield, H. S.↗
Refractive index of He in the region 920-1910 A
The refractive index of He has been determined in the region 920-1910 A by measurements of wavelength shifts in a 3-m spectrograph alternately filled with He and evacuated. Differential pumping systems were used to allow operation of the light source at conveniently low pressures. Several plates were measured and analyzed in order to reduce statistical errors. The results at 919 A agree with the theory within 1%, i.e., less than the experimental error.
Huber, M. C. E.↗
The refractive index of krypton for lambda in the closed interval 168-288 nm
The index of refraction of krypton has been measured at 27 wavelengths between and including 168 and 288 nm. The probable error of each measurement is plus or minus 0.1%. Our results are compared with other measurements. Our data are about 3.8% smaller than those of Abjean et al.
Smith, P. L.↗
Ultraviolet complex refractive index of Martian dust Laboratory measurements of terrestrial analogs
The optical complex index of refraction of four candidate Martian surface materials has been determined between 0.185 and 0.4 microns using a modified Kubelka-Munk scattering theory. The cadidate materials were limonite, andesite, montmorillonite, and basalt. The effect of scattering has been removed from the results. Also presented are diffuse reflection and transmission data on these samples.
Egan, W. G.↗
Comparison of techniques for approximating ocean bottom topography in a wave-refraction computer model
A study of the effects of using different methods for approximating bottom topography in a wave-refraction computer model was conducted. Approximation techniques involving quadratic least squares, cubic least squares, and constrained bicubic polynomial interpolation were compared for computed wave patterns and parameters in the region of Saco Bay, Maine. Although substantial local differences can be attributed to use of the different approximation techniques, results indicated that overall computed wave patterns and parameter distributions were quite similar.
Poole, L. R.↗
New optical and radio frequency angular tropospheric refraction models for deep space applications
The development of angular tropospheric refraction models for optical and radio frequency usage is presented. The models are compact analytic functions, finite over the entire domain of elevation angle, and accurate over large ranges of pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. Additionally, FORTRAN subroutines for each of the models are included.
Berman, A. L.↗
Ballistic range experiments on superbooms generated by refraction
The enhanced sonic boom or supersonic boom generated as a result of atmospheric refraction in threshold Mach number flights was recreated in a ballistic range by firing projectiles at low supersonic speeds into a stratified medium obtained by slowly injecting carbon dioxide into air. The range was equipped with a fast-response dynamic pressure transducer and schlieren photographic equipment, and the sound speed variation with height was controlled by regulating the flow rate of the CO2. The schlieren observations of the resulting flow field indicate that the generated shocks are reflected near the sonic cutoff altitude where local sound speed equals body speed, provided such an altitude exists. Maximum shock strength occurs very nearly at the point where the incident and reflected shocks join, indicating that the presence of the reflected shock may have an appreciable effect on the magnitude of the focus factor. The largest focus factor detected was 1.7 and leads to an estimate that the constant in the Guiraud-Thery scaling law should have a value of 1.30.
Sanai, M.↗
Statistics of the residual refraction errors in laser ranging data
A theoretical model for the range error covariance was derived by assuming that the residual refraction errors are due entirely to errors in the meteorological data which are used to calculate the atmospheric correction. The properties of the covariance function are illustrated by evaluating the theoretical model for the special case of a dense network of weather stations uniformly distributed within a circle.
Gardner, C. S.↗
Correction of laser ranging data for the effects of horizontal refractivity gradients
A formula has been developed to correct laser ranging data for the effects of horizontal refractivity gradients. The formula requires the values of the horizontal pressure and temperature gradients at the laser site. The accuracy of this technique was evaluated by comparing the formula with range corrections which were computed by ray tracing.
Gardner, C. S.↗