Nanoscale Imaging of Fundamental Li Battery Chemistry: Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Preferential Growth of Lithium Metal Nanoclusters
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catalysis (heterogeneous)↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Multi-matrix, dual polarity, tandem mass spectrometry imaging strategy applied to a germinated maize seed: toward mass spectrometry imaging of an untargeted metabolome
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides high spatial resolution information that is unprecedented in traditional metabolomics analyses; however, the molecular coverage is often limited to a handful of compounds and is insufficient to understand overall metabolomic changes of a biological system. Here, we propose an MSI methodology to increase the diversity of chemical compounds that can be imaged and identified, in order to eventually perform untargeted metabolomic analysis using MSI. We use the desorption/ionization bias of various matrixes for different metabolite classes along with dual polarities and a tandem MSI strategy. The use of multiple matrixes and dual polarities allows us to visualize various classes of compounds, while data-dependent MS/MS spectra acquired in the same MSI scans allow us to identify the compounds directly on the tissue. In a proof of concept application to a germinated corn seed, a total of 166 unique ions were determined to have high-quality MS/MS spectra, without counting structural isomers, of which 52 were identified as unique compounds. According to an estimation based on precursor MSI datasets, we expect over five hundred metabolites could be potentially identified and visualized once all experimental conditions are optimized and an MS/MS library is available. Finally, metabolites involved in the glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle were imaged to demonstrate the potential of this technology to better understand metabolic biology.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Intracellular Dynamics of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Partical Imaging
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are a foundational platform for a variety of biomedical applications. Of particular interest is Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), which is a growing area of research and development due to its advantages including high resolution and sensitivity with positive contrast. There has been signicant work in the area of in vivo optimization of SPIONs for MPI as well as their biodistribution in and clearance from the body. However, little is known about the dynamics of SPIONs following cellular internalization which may limit their usefulness in a variety of potential imaging and treatment applications. This work shows a clear 20% decrease in magnetic performance of SPIONs, as observed by Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS), after internalization and systematic consideration of applicable factors that aect SPION signal generation, including microstructure, environment, and interparticle interactions. There is no observed change to SPION microstructure after internalization, and the surrounding environment plays little to no role in magnetic response for the SPIONs studied here. Interparticle interactions described by dipole-dipole coupling of SPIONs held close to one another after internalization are shown to be the dominant cause of decreased magnetic performance in cells. These conclusions were drawn from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis at relevant length scales, experimentally prepared and characterized SPIONs in varied environmental conditions, and theoretical modeling with Monte Carlo simulations.
Teeman, Eric M.↗
Imaging divertor strike point splitting in RMP ELM suppression experiments in the DIII-D tokamak [Imaging divertor strike point splitting in RMP ELM suppression experiments]
Fast visible imaging of the lower divertor from above is used to study the structure and dynamics of lobes induced by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in Edge-Localized Mode (ELM) suppression experiments in DIII-D. The best compromise between the amount of light and sharp imaging was obtained using emission at 601 nm from Fulcher band molecular deuterium. Multiple spatially resolved peaks in the D 2 emission, taken as a proxy for the particle flux, are readily resolved during RMPs, in contrast to the heat flux measured by infrared cameras, which shows little spatial structure in ITER-like conditions. The 25 mm objective lens provides high spatial resolution (2–4 mm/pixel) from the centerpost to the outer shelf over 40° toroidally that overlaps the field of view of the IRTV that measures the divertor heat flux, allowing direct comparison in non-axisymmetric discharges. The image is coupled to a Phantom 7.3 camera using a Schott wound fiber bundle, providing high temporal resolution that allows the lobe dynamics to be resolved between ELMs and across ELM suppression onset. Furthermore, these measurements are used to study the heat and particle flux in 3D magnetic fields and to validate models for the plasma response to RMPs.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Motional Stark effect imaging first results on the DIII-D tokamak
A motional Stark effect (MSE) imaging diagnostic was benchmarked against existing conventional MSE polarimeters on the DIII-D tokamak and delivered new capabilities for measuring the magnetic pitch angle from 2 neutral beams and on the high field side of DIII-D. Line integration across flux surfaces was considerable for the radial view utilised; yet, the imaging MSE measurements from both beams were self-consistent and in close agreement with conventional MSE measurements. The ferroelectric liquid crystal waveplate used in the imaging polarimeter was discovered to have spatially non-uniform retardance; thus, it is required for the calibration source to replicate the ray paths of the neutral beam emission through the optical system.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Visualizing lattice dynamic behavior by acquiring a single time-resolved MeV diffraction image
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Fresnel zone plate point spread function approximation for zeroth order mitigation in millimetric field of view x-ray imaging
High spatial and temporal resolution x-ray radiography images are required at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) for high-energy density experiments. One technique that is in development to achieve the required resolution uses Fresnel zone plate (FZP) optics to image an object that is backlit by an x-ray source. The multiple FZP diffraction orders do not focus on the same plane, which increases the background and reduces the contrast. Understanding the point spread function of the different diffraction orders will allow the prediction of the expected background using simulations. We find that the two-dimensional point spread function of the FZP can be approximated by the addition of a sharp Gaussian with a disk. This allowed for the estimation of the background in NIF experimental images of Rayleigh–Taylor spikes and their interpretation. An alternative design of FZP is discussed to allow the inclusion of a zeroth order blocker to reduce the background.
Do, A. (ORCID:0000000174372147)↗
High-speed Synchrotron X-ray Imaging of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process
In additive manufacturing (AM) processes, materials are selectively added in layer-wise fashion to build three-dimensional objects. This approach provides several advantages over conventional manufacturing, including the ability to manufacture complex parts, design flexibility, shorter lead times, reduced inventory of spares, and on-demand manufacturing [1]. With these advantages, applications of AM are increasing rapidly in the medical, aerospace, automobile, and defense industries [2, 3]. Currently, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is the most extensively used AM technique for manufacturing metal parts. In a typical LPBF process, a high-power laser beam is scanned across a thin layer of powder, melting and subsequently fusing it to the previous layer. Highly transient interactions between the laser, powder particles, and the bottom layer lead to defects in the AM materials. These defects include porosity, residual stresses, surface roughness, and undesirable microstructures [1, 4]. Additionally, several in situ techniques have been developed to capture these interactions in real time, including high-speed visible light and infra-red imaging [5]. However these techniques are limited to surface observations. Most of the important phenomena that govern the quality of the AM parts, such as dynamics of the vapor depression and melt pool, occur sub-surface and hence cannot be captured using traditional optical techniques. Recently, a synchrotron-based high-speed X-ray imaging technique has been developed to record the sub-surface dynamics of metallic materials during the LPBF process. The unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions afforded by the synchrotron sources allow direct observation of many important phenomena in AM for the first time [6–9]. Further, high-speed X-ray diffraction and optical imaging techniques are also being applied to capture the crystallographic and thermal information of the material, respectively, as they undergo melting, solidification, and cooling [6, 9]. In this contribution, we introduce the recent developments at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) for in situ and operando study of LPBF processes.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Development of a Portable Pixelated Fast-Neutron Imaging Panel
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Nuclear science and engineering↗
SU-F-BRF-14: Increasing the Accuracy of Dose Calculation On Cone-Beam Imaging Using Deformable Image Registration in the Case of Prostate Translation
Purpose: Artifacts can reduce the quality of dose re-calculations on CBCT scans during a treatment. The aim of this project is to correct the CBCT images in order to allow for more accurate and exact dose calculations in the case of a translation of the tumor in prostate cancer. Methods: Our approach is to develop strategies based on deformable image registration algorithms using the elastix software (Klein et al., 2010) to register the treatment planning CT on a daily CBCT scan taken during treatment. Sets of images are provided by a 3D deformable phantom and comprise two CT and two CBCT scans: one of both with the reference anatomy and the others with known deformations (i.e. translations of the prostate). The reference CT is registered onto the deformed CBCT and the deformed CT serves as the control for dose calculation accuracy. The planned treatment used for the evaluation of dose calculation is a 2-Gy fraction prescribed at the location of the reference prostate and assigned to 7 rectangular fields. Results: For a realistic 0.5-cm translation of the prostate, the relative dose discrepancy between the CBCT and the CT control scan at the prostate's centroid is 8.9 ± 0.8 % while dose discrepancy between the registered CT and the control scan lessens to −2.4 ± 0.8 %. For a 2-cm translation, clinical indices like the V90 and the D100 are more accurate by 0.7 ± 0.3 % and 8.0 ± 0.5 cGy respectively when using registered CT than when using CBCT for dose calculation. Conclusion: The results show that this strategy gives doses in agreement within a few percents with those from calculations on actual CT scans. In the future, various deformations of the phantom anatomy will allow a thorough characterization of the registration strategies needed for more complex anatomies.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Catalyst-layer ionomer imaging of fuel cells
Investigation of membrane/electrode assembly (MEA) microstructure has become an essential step to optimize the MEA components and manufacturing processes or to study the MEA degradation. For these investigations, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a tool of choice as it provides direct imaging of the different components. TEM is then widely used for analyzing the catalyst nanoparticles and their carbon support. However, the ionomer inside the electrode is more difficult to be imaged. The difficulties come from the fact that the ionomer forms an ultrathin layer surrounding the carbon particles and in addition, these two components, having similar density, present no difference in contrast. In this paper, we show how the recent progresses in TEM techniques as spherical aberration (Cs) corrected HRTEM, electron tomography and X-EDS elemental mapping provide new possibilities for imaging this ionomer network and consequently to study its degradation.
30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
High-resolution ptychographic imaging enabled by high-speed multi-pass scanning
As a coherent diffraction imaging technique, ptychography provides high-spatial resolution beyond Rayleigh’s criterion of the focusing optics, but it is also sensitively affected by the decoherence coming from the spatial and temporal variations in the experiment. Here we show that high-speed ptychographic data acquisition with short exposure can effectively reduce the impact from experimental variations. To reach a cumulative dose required for a given resolution, we further demonstrate that a continuous multi-pass scan via high-speed ptychography can achieve high-resolution imaging. This low-dose scan strategy is shown to be more dose-efficient, and has potential for radiation-sensitive sample studies and time-resolved imaging.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Toward inverse backscatter absorption gas imaging: imaging a dry gas plume with ambient H 2 O absorption
This paper introduces inverse backscatter absorption gas imaging (iBAGI), a transparent gas imaging technique based on absorption spectroscopy of gases naturally present in ambient air being displaced by transparent gases. We demonstrate reconstruction of a 2-D image of a dry gas plume by measuring light of a raster-scanned diode laser tuned to an absorption line of atmospheric H 2 O. We quantify the performance depending on the distance to the backdrop and show that the key transmission metric is independent of absorption path length. We conclude with an outlook toward calibration-free, single-ended iBAGI using scattering from low-reflectivity backdrops.
Klug, Joseph C.↗
Commercial Opportunity Cancer Imaging Ultrasonics-based methods for cancer imaging & diagnostics
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in U.S. women and prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. X-ray mammography is the principal breastcancer screening tool available, but its false positive rate is more than 80%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, which measures the level of PSA in a man’s blood, is no longer recommended by the U.S. task force for prostate-cancer screening. Los Alamos National Security (LANS) has developed novel imaging technologies for early-stage cancer detection based on advanced ultrasonic analyses. In particular, Los Alamos has developed ultrasoundwaveform tomography and related super-resolution ultrasound- imaging technologies that can provide significantly improved image resolution and characterization of early-stage cancers and thus potentially save lives.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Limited-view 3D Imaging Technology or “LV 3D Imaging” Technology Assessment
Limited View 3D or “LV 3D” imaging is important because it addresses a technology gap that has life, time, radiation dose and monetary-saving impacts. It provides something that currently does not exist and its potential products open a variety of technology domains in which SRNL could become competitive in. It can become a low cost, safer and alternative approach to conducting what is commonly referred to as computer tomographic imaging. This project develops a bucket list of technologies that will be needed to develop a portable system for conducting LV 3D imaging.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Limited-view 3D Imaging Technology or “LV 3D Imaging” Technology Assessment
Limited View 3D or “LV 3D” imaging is important because it addresses a tech nology gap that has life, time, radiation dose and monetary-saving impacts. It provides something that currently does not exist and its potential products open a variety of technology domains in which SRNL could become competitive in. It can become a low cost, safer and alternative approach to conducting what is commonly referred to as computer tomographic imaging. This project develops a bucket list of technologies that will be needed to develop a portable system for conducting LV 3D imaging.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Cloud Particle Imager (CPI) and 3-View Cloud Particle Imager (3V-CPI) Instrument Handbook
The cloud particle imager (CPI) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility instrument for measuring the concentration and size of cloud droplet and ice crystals. Hydrometeors entering the tube will be detected by a system of two continuous wave lasers that are perpendicular to each other, monitoring the sample volume. When a hydrometeor obscures both laser beams it is inside the sample volume and a third laser is triggered to illuminate the hydrometeor and a camera records a two-dimensional image. The CPI records images with a resolution of 2.3 μm. Since the camera has 1024 x 1024 pixels, the maximum detectable size is 2.3 mm x 2.3 mm.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗