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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Friction and wear behavior of glasses and ceramics

Adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of glasses and ionic solids are reviewed. These materials are shown to behave in a manner similar to other solids with respect to adhesion. Their friction characteristics are shown to be sensitive to environmental constituents and surface films. This sensitivity can be related to a reduction in adhesive bonding and the changes in surficial mechanical behavior associated with Rehbinder and Joffe effects. Both friction and wear properties of ionic crystalline solids are highly anisotropic. With metals in contact with ionic solids the fracture strength of the ionic solid and the shear strength in the metal and those properties that determine these will dictate which of the materials undergoes adhesive wear. The chemical activity of the metal plays an important role in the nature and strength of the adhesive interfacial bond that develops between the metal and a glass or ionic solid.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Friction and wear behavior of glasses and ceramics.

Adhesion, friction and wear behavior of glasses and ionic solids are reviewed. These materials are shown to behave in a manner similar to other solids with respect to adhesion. Their friction characteristics are shown to be sensitive to environmental constituents and surface films. This sensitivity can be related to a reduction in adhesive bonding and the changes in surficial mechanical behavior associated with Rehbinder and Joffe effects. Both friction and wear properties of ionic crystalline solids are highly anisotropic. With metals in contact with ionic solids, the fracture strength of the ionic solid, the shear strength in the metal, and those properties that determine these will dictate which of the materials undergoes adhesive wear.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Friction behavior of glass and metals in contact with glass in various environments

Sliding friction experiments have been conducted for heat-resistant glass and metals in contact with glass. These experiments were conducted in various environments including vacuum, moist air, dry air, octane, and stearic acid in hexadecane. Glass exhibited a higher friction force in moist air than it did in vacuum when in sliding contact with itself. The metals, aluminum, iron, and gold, all exhibited the same friction coefficient when sliding on glass in vacuum as glass sliding on glass. Gold-to-glass contacts were extremely sensitive to the environment despite the relative chemical inertness of gold.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Stability study of the Large Space Telescope /LST/ system with nonlinear CMG gimbal friction

The purpose of the investigation reported upon is to study the existence and characteristics of self-sustained oscillations in the dynamic behavior of the Large Space Telescope (LST) system due to the presence of nonlinear gimbal friction in the control moment gyroscopes (CMGs). A continuous-data single-axis model of the LST is considered. A solid friction model is used to represent CMG gimbal friction. A rigorous mathematical model is derived for use in a continuous describing function analysis. Conditions for self-sustained oscillations are then determined.

Kuo, B. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

High friction interactive aircraft tire-runway systems

The principle of utilizing geometric interaction between runway asperities and tire pattern design is discussed, and a theoretical basis is presented for substantial enhancement of frictional effects by this process. Test data confirming this is given. First order analytical expressions are given for the increased friction coefficients and for the engagement distances required. High speed friction data on a 7.00 x 8 aircraft tire is presented confirming this. Example design geometries are shown for the tire tread groove pattern, and designs and materials are discussed for the asperity grid and its attachment system.

Clark, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Effect of frictional heating on brake materials

An exploratory study of the properties of aircraft brake materials was made to determine ways of improving friction and wear behavior while minimizing surface temperatures. It is found that frictional variation at high temperature involves material softening and metal transfer, formation of oxides, and surface melting. The choice of proper materials to combat these effects is discussed. Minimum surface temperatures are found to result from use of materials with large density-specific heat and density-specific heat-conductivity factors, use of a higher load-lower friction system, and maximization of the contact area. Some useful trade-off criteria for the size of brake disks against weight considerations are suggested. Additional information on material behavior and peak braking temperatures was gathered from an inspection of used brake pads and rotor disks.

Ho, T.-L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Skin friction reduction in supersonic flow by injection through slots, porous sections and combinations of the two

An experimental study of skin friction reduction in a Mach 3.0 air steam with gaseous injection through a tangential slot, a porous wall section, and combinations of the two was conducted. The primary data obtained were wall shear values measured directly with a floating element balance and also inferred from Preston Tube measurements. Detailed profiles at several axial stations, wall pressure distributions and schlieren photographs are presented. The data indicate that a slot provides the greatest skin friction reduction in comparison with a reference flat plate experiment. The porous wall section arrangement suffers from an apparent roughness-induced rise in skin friction at low injection rates compared to the flat plate. The combination schemes demonstrated a potential for gain.

Schetz, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Friction behavior of members of the platinum metals group with gold

The adhesion and friction behavior of the platinum metals group was examined with clean surfaces and surfaces selectively contaminated with oxygen, vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl), and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH). A pin or disk specimen configuration was used with the pin being a single crystal of gold of the (111) orientation and with the platinum metal disks also being single crystals of the (111) or (0001) orientation. Loads applied ranged from 1 to 10 g and a sliding velocity of 0.7 mm/min was employed. Results indicate adhesion and transfer of gold to all of the platinum metals. Despite this observation friction differences existed among the metals in the group. These differences are related to surface chemical activity. Adsorption of various friction reducing species was selective. With some adsorbates present strong adhesive forces between metals were still observed.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Friction transition in polyimide films as related to molecular relaxations and structure

The friction characteristics of polyimide films bonded to metallic substrates were studied from 25 to 500 C. These results were correlated to molecular structure and the results of torsional braid analysis (TBA). A large friction transition (0.23 to 0.03) was found to occur at 45 C + or - 5 C. It was postulated that this transition was initiated by some molecular relaxation, which gave the molecules a degree of freedom by which an external mechanical stress could rearrange the molecules into a structure, such as an extended chain, which is conducive to easy shear. Above 300 C the friction characteristics were found to be dependent on the thermal prehistory of the film.

Fusaro, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Molecular relaxations, molecular orientation, and the friction characteristics of polyimide films

The friction characteristics of polyimide films bonded to metallic substrates were studied from 25 to 500 C. These results were interpreted in terms of molecular orientation and thermomechanical data obtained by torsional braid analysis (TBA). A large friction transition was found to occur at 40 + or - 10 C in a dry argon atmosphere (10 ppm H2O). It was postulated that the mechanical stresses of sliding transform or reorder the molecules on the surface into a configuration conducive to easy shear, such as an extended chain. The molecular relaxation which occurs in this temperature region appears to give the molecules the necessary freedom for this reordering process to occur. The effects of velocity, reversibility, and thermal prehistory on the friction properties of polyimide were also studied.

Fusaro, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Compliant wall-turbulent skin-friction reduction research

Previous compliant-wall experiments successful in reducing skin-friction drag probably have had a (unplanned) membrane resonance at a favorable frequency, amplitude, wave shape, length, and speed. The most probable drag reduction mechanism involves a direct coupling between the fluid and the moving wall when the wall natural resonance frequencies are near the fundamental turbulent burst frequency. Local skin-friction reductions of 61% were measured with mylar/PVC plastisol compliant surfaces. These reductions were observed only at certain flow conditions, indicating that changing tunnel total temperature may have altered the substrate dynamic modulus, damping, and coupled mylar tension. Apparently, the coupled membrane/substrate must be excited in compatible narrow-band natural frequency modes. An accelerated effort is required to develop practical durable compliant surfaces optimized for maximum drag reduction. Application of compliant walls to other transportation modes appears feasible with liquid flows offering the greatest skin-friction drag reduction potential.

Fischer, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

An analysis of the Dahl friction model and its effect on a CMG gimbal rate controller

The effects of friction, represented by the Dahl model, on a CMG rate control system was investigated by digital simulation. The conclusion from these simulation results is that gimbal pivot friction can be a significant effect on the gimbal rate control system. The magnitude of the problem this presents depends on the characteristics of the actual pivot. It would appear from this preliminary look that one solution is to insure that the control system natural frequency is higher by some prescribed amount than the natural frequency of the friction loop.

Nurre, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Adhesion and friction of thin metal films

Sliding friction experiments were conducted in vacuum with thin films of titanium, chromium, iron, and platinum sputter deposited on quartz or mica substrates. A single crystal hemispherically tipped gold slider was used in contact with the films at loads of 1.0 to 30.0 and at a sliding velocity of 0.7 mm/min at 23 C. Test results indicate that the friction coefficient is dependent on the adhesion of two interfaces, that between the film and its substrate and the slider and the film. There exists a relationship between the percent d bond character of metals in bulk and in thin film form and the friction coefficient. Oxygen can increase adhesive bonding of a metal film (platinum) to a substrate.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Friction characteristics of 20 x 4.4, type 7, aircraft tires constructed with different tread rubber compounds

A test program was conducted at the Langley aircraft landing loads and traction facility to evaluate the friction characteristics of 20 x 4.4, type, aircraft tires constructed with experimental cut-resistant, tread rubber compounds. These compounds consisted of different blends of natural rubber (NR) and an alfin catalyzed styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR). One tire having a blend of 30 SBR and 70 NR and another having a blend of 60 SBR and 40 NR in the tread were tested together with a standard production tire with no SBR content in the tread rubber. The results of this investigation indicated that the test tires constructed with the special cut-resistant tread rubber compositions did not suffer any significant degradation in tire friction capability when compared with the standard tire. In general, tire friction capability decreased with increasing speed and surface wetness condition. As yaw angle increased, tire braking capability decreased while tire cornering capability increased. Tread-wear data based on number of brake cycles, however, suggested that the tires with alfin SBR blends experienced significantly greater wear than the standard production tire.

Dreher, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Mach and Reynolds number effects on turbulent skin friction reduction by injection

The investigation reported is concerned with questions regarding a possible Mach number influence on skin friction reduction caused by injection. The investigation shows that data considered by Danberg (1967) for the no-blowing skin friction coefficient are in error. Accurate profiles and local skin friction coefficient values are obtained when the influence of low Reynolds number amplification in the outer region of the boundary layer is included in a calculation method.

Bushnell, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Molecular relaxations, molecular orientation and the friction characteristics of polyimide films

The friction characteristics of polyimide films bonded to metallic substrates were studied from 25 to 500 C. These results were interpreted in terms of molecular orientation and thermomechanical data obtained by torsional braid analysis (TBA). A large friction transition was found to occur at 40 plus or minus 10 C in a dry argon atmosphere (10 ppm H2O). It was postulated that the mechanical stresses of sliding transform or reorder the molecules on the surface into a configuration conducive to easy shear, such as an extended chain. The molecular relaxation which occurs in this temperature region appears to give the molecules the necessary freedom for this reordering process to occur. The effects of velocity, reversibility, and thermal prehistory on the friction properties of polyimide were also studied.

Fusaro, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Multiple slot skin friction reduction

The paper investigates analytically the effect of multiple slot injection on skin friction for a representative fuselage shape (ogive-cylinder body) and evaluates the potential of slot injection as a drag reduction system in subsonic flow. Typical CTOL cruise flight conditions (Mach number equals 0.82 at altitudes of 11 km) were adopted for a fuselage 67.06 m in length and with maximum diameter of 7.32 m. The numerical method of Price and Harris (1972) was used to calculate the boundary-layer characteristics up to the first slot, while the finite-difference method of Beckwith and Bushnell (1971) was used to calculate the velocity profile downstream of one, three, five, or ten slots. An integral expression is proposed for characterizing skin friction reduction effectiveness, and it is seen that large reductions in viscous drag (50%) are available through slot injection. Skin friction reduction is improved by increasing the number of injection slots but at a diminishing rate.

Howard, F. G.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Effect of carbon content on friction and wear of cast irons

Friction and wear experiments were conducted with cast irons and wrought steels containing various amounts of carbon in the alloy structure in contact with 52100 steel. Gray cast irons were found to exhibit lower friction and wear characteristics than white cast irons. Further, gray cast iron wear was more sensitive to carbon content than was white. Wear with gray cast iron was linearly related to load, and friction was found to be sensitive to relative humidity and carbon content. The form, in which the carbon is present in the alloy, is more important, as the carbon content and no strong relationship seems to exist between hardness of these ferrous alloys and wear.

Buckley, D. H.↗