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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Interfacial spin cluster effects in exchange bias systems

In this work, the effect of exchange bias on the hysteresis loop of CoFe is observed. The evolution of the coercivities and the shift of the hysteresis loop during the annealing process has been measured for films deposited on NiCr and Cu seed layers. Through comparison of the as deposited and field annealed loops, it is clear that for an exchange biased material, the two coercivities are due to different reversal processes. This behaviour is attributed to spin clusters at the ferromagnet/antiferromagnet interface, which behave in a similar manner to a fine particle system.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of (Co, Cu)-codoped ZnO films with different Co concentrations

Zn{sub 0.99-x}Co{sub x}Cu{sub 0.01}O films with different Co concentrations from 0% to 20% were fabricated by a sol-gel method. Moderate Co doping is found to improve the surface uniformity and crystal quality of the films, and causes a redshift of the band edge of Zn(Co,Cu) films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the introduction of Co ions causes the valence state of Cu to change from +2 to +1; while at Co concentrations lower than 10%, the Co exists in the +2 valence state. Strong blue emission at ∼420 and 440 nm are observed, decreasing with increasing Co concentration, but becoming strong again as the concentration is increased to 20%. Enhanced room-temperature ferromagnetism is observed for the (Co, Cu)-codoped ZnO films at Co concentrations lower than 10%. These interesting magnetic properties are explained based on charge transfer, together with the defect-related model for ferromagnetism.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Band gap narrowing in BaTiO{sub 3} nanoparticles facilitated by multiple mechanisms

In the present work, BaTiO{sub 3} nanoparticles of four different size ranges were prepared by sol-gel method. The optical band gap of these particles at some size ranges has come down to 2.53 eV from 3.2 eV, resulting in substantial increase in optical absorption by these ferroelectric nanoparticles making them potential candidates for light energy harvesting. XRD results show the presence of higher compressive strain in 23 nm and 54 nm size particles, they exhibit a higher band gap narrowing, whereas tensile strain is observed in 31 nm and 34 nm particles, and they do not show the marginal band gap narrowing. The 23 nm and 54 nm particles also show a coupling of free carriers to phonons by increasing the intensity of LO phonon mode at 715 cm{sup −1}. The higher surface charge density is expected in case of enhanced surface optical Raman modes (638 cm{sup −1}) contained in 31 and 34 nm size particles. In addition to this, the red shift in an LO mode Raman spectral line at 305 cm{sup −1} with decrease in particle size depicts the presence of phonon confinement in it. The enhanced optical absorption in 23 nm and 54 nm size particles with a narrowed band gap of 3 eV and 2.53 eV is due to exchange correlation interactions between the carriers present in these particles. In 31 nm and 34 nm range particles, the absorption got bleached exhibiting increased band gaps of 3.08 eV and 3.2 eV, respectively. It is due to filling up of conduction band resulting from weakening of exchange correlation interactions between the charge carriers. Hence, it is concluded that the band gap narrowing in the nanoparticles of average size 23 nm/54 nm is a consequence of multiple effects like strain, electron-phonon interaction, and exchange correlation interactions between the carriers which is subdued in some other size ranges like 31 nm/34 nm.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

An approach to improving transporting velocity in the long-range ultrasonic transportation of micro-particles

In existing ultrasonic transportation methods, the long-range transportation of micro-particles is always realized in step-by-step way. Due to the substantial decrease of the driving force in each step, the transportation is lower-speed and stair-stepping. To improve the transporting velocity, a non-stepping ultrasonic transportation approach is proposed. By quantitatively analyzing the acoustic potential well, an optimal region is defined as the position, where the largest driving force is provided under the condition that the driving force is simultaneously the major component of an acoustic radiation force. To keep the micro-particle trapped in the optimal region during the whole transportation process, an approach of optimizing the phase-shifting velocity and phase-shifting step is adopted. Due to the stable and large driving force, the displacement of the micro-particle is an approximately linear function of time, instead of a stair-stepping function of time as in the existing step-by-step methods. An experimental setup is also developed to validate this approach. Long-range ultrasonic transportations of zirconium beads with high transporting velocity were realized. The experimental results demonstrated that this approach is an effective way to improve transporting velocity in the long-range ultrasonic transportation of micro-particles.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Diversity of electronic transitions and photoluminescence properties of p-type cuprous oxide films: A temperature-dependent spectral transmittance study

Cuprous oxide films have been deposited on quartz substrates by a sol-gel method under various annealing temperatures. The X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman scattering show that all the films are of pure Cu{sub 2}O phase. From comparison of photoluminescence with 488 and 325 nm laser excitations, the electronic transition energies and intensities present the annealing-temperature dependent behavior. The electronic band structures of the Cu{sub 2}O film annealed at 800 °C, especially for the contribution of exciton series and high energy transitions, have been investigated by temperature dependent transmittance. The extracted refraction index and the high frequency dielectric constant both abruptly decrease until the temperature rises up to 100 K. Six transitions can be clearly identified and the red shift trend of E{sub o3}-E{sub o5} transition energies with increasing the temperature can be found. Moreover, the anomalous behavior takes place at about 200 K from the E{sub o6} transition. The singularities indicate that the change in the crystalline and electronic band structure occurs as the temperature near 100 K and 200 K for the film.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structural and optical properties of ZnO: K synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion route

The structural and optical behavior of ZnO and ZnO doped with K synthesized by solution combustion route is reported in this article. The XRD patterns confirm the substitution of K atoms into ZnO lattice. There are no secondary peaks observed in the XRD patterns. The band gap of the K doped samples show a red shift on comparison with the bandgap of ZnO. The photoluminescence spectral study discloses the quenching behavior of UV emission and the aggrandizing blue emission when K content increases. The rich presence of defects is confirmed from the optical analysis and a practical mechanism, involving Zn{sub i} for the origin of the blue emission in ZnO is discussed here.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of cobalt doping on structural, optical and dielectric properties of TiO{sub 2}

A diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) Co-doped TiO{sub 2} is studied here for dielectric properties. Undoped and Co-doped TiO{sub 2} samples were prepared by sol-gel method. The formation of anatase phase has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-Vis absorption spectra show that the incorporation of Co into the TiO{sub 2} lattice leads to redshift in the optical response, as well as lowering the band gap energy. The defect oriented emissions were seen from photoluminescence (PL) study. The dielectric properties of pure and Co-doped TiO{sub 2} samples were studied in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 10 MHz at different temperatures. Doped sample exhibit low dielectric constant when compared with host system. Both dielectric constant and ac conductivity increases with temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Code-Agnostic Driver Application for Coupled Neutronics and Thermal-Hydraulic Simulations

While the literature has numerous examples of Monte Carlo and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling, most are hard-wired codes intended primarily for research rather than as standalone, general-purpose applications. In this work, we describe an open source application, ENRICO, that enables coupled neutronic and thermal-hydraulic simulations between multiple codes that can be chosen at runtime (as opposed to a coupling between two specific codes). The application has been designed such that the control flow logic, domain mapping, nonlinear fixed-point iteration, solution transfers, and convergence checks are all agnostic to the underlying physics solvers used. Special emphasis has also been placed on enabling efficient execution on distributed-memory computing environments. The transfer of solution fields between solvers is performed in memory rather than through filesystem I/O. Additionally, solvers can be configured to run on overlapping or disjoint sets of processes. To date, coupling with the OpenMC and Shift Monte Carlo codes, the Nek5000 CFD code, and a simplified heat diffusion and subchannel solver has been implemented in ENRICO. We present results for coupled simulations of a single light-water reactor fuel assembly based on the NuScale reactor using various combinations of the physics solvers. For this problem, the coupled simulations are shown to converge in about four Picard iterations. A comparison of the heat source and temperature distributions computed by ENRICO using OpenMC coupled with Nek5000 and Shift coupled with Nek5000 illustrates remarkable agreement between the codes.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey COADD: 275 deg{sup 2} of deep Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging on stripe 82

We present details of the construction and characterization of the coaddition of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82 ugriz imaging data. This survey consists of 275 deg{sup 2} of repeated scanning by the SDSS camera over –50° ≤ α ≤ 60° and –1.°25 ≤ δ ≤ +1.°25 centered on the Celestial Equator. Each piece of sky has ∼20 runs contributing and thus reaches ∼2 mag fainter than the SDSS single pass data, i.e., to r ∼ 23.5 for galaxies. We discuss the image processing of the coaddition, the modeling of the point-spread function (PSF), the calibration, and the production of standard SDSS catalogs. The data have an r-band median seeing of 1.''1 and are calibrated to ≤1%. Star color-color, number counts, and PSF size versus modeled size plots show that the modeling of the PSF is good enough for precision five-band photometry. Structure in the PSF model versus magnitude plot indicates minor PSF modeling errors, leading to misclassification of stars as galaxies, as verified using VVDS spectroscopy. There are a variety of uses for this wide-angle deep imaging data, including galactic structure, photometric redshift computation, cluster finding and cross wavelength measurements, weak lensing cluster mass calibrations, and cosmic shear measurements.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

CANDELS MULTI-WAVELENGTH CATALOGS: SOURCE DETECTION AND PHOTOMETRY IN THE GOODS-SOUTH FIELD

We present a UV to mid-infrared multi-wavelength catalog in the CANDELS/GOODS-S field, combining the newly obtained CANDELS HST/WFC3 F105W, F125W, and F160W data with existing public data. The catalog is based on source detection in the WFC3 F160W band. The F160W mosaic includes the data from CANDELS deep and wide observations as well as previous ERS and HUDF09 programs. The mosaic reaches a 5{sigma} limiting depth (within an aperture of radius 0.''17) of 27.4, 28.2, and 29.7 AB for CANDELS wide, deep, and HUDF regions, respectively. The catalog contains 34,930 sources with the representative 50% completeness reaching 25.9, 26.6, and 28.1 AB in the F160W band for the three regions. In addition to WFC3 bands, the catalog also includes data from UV (U band from both CTIO/MOSAIC and VLT/VIMOS), optical (HST/ACS F435W, F606W, F775W, F814W, and F850LP), and infrared (HST/WFC3 F098M, VLT/ISAAC Ks, VLT/HAWK-I Ks, and Spitzer/IRAC 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0 {mu}m) observations. The catalog is validated via stellar colors, comparison with other published catalogs, zero-point offsets determined from the best-fit templates of the spectral energy distribution of spectroscopically observed objects, and the accuracy of photometric redshifts. The catalog is able to detect unreddened star-forming (passive) galaxies with stellar mass of 10{sup 10} M{sub Sun} at a 50% completeness level to z {approx} 3.4 (2.8), 4.6 (3.2), and 7.0 (4.2) in the three regions. As an example of application, the catalog is used to select both star-forming and passive galaxies at z {approx} 2-4 via the Balmer break. It is also used to study the color-magnitude diagram of galaxies at 0 < z < 4.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cross correlations from back reaction on stochastic magnetic fields

The induction equation induces non trivial correlations between the primordial curvature mode and the magnetic mode which is a non linear effect. Assuming a stochastic, gaussian magnetic field the resulting power spectra determining the two point cross correlation functions between the primordial curvature perturbation and the magnetic energy density contrast as well as the magnetic anisotropic stress are calculated approximately. The corresponding numerical solutions are used to calculate the angular power spectra determining the temperature anisotropies and polarization of the cosmic microwave background, C{sub l}. It is found that the resulting C{sub l} are sub-leading in comparison to those generated by the compensated mode for a magnetic field which only redshifts with the expansion of the universe. The main focus are scalar modes, however, vector modes will also be briefly discussed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dodging the dark matter degeneracy while determining the dynamics of dark energy

One of the key issues in cosmology is to establish the nature of dark energy, and to determine whether the equation of state evolves with time. When estimating this from distance measurements there is a degeneracy with the matter density. We show that there exists a simple function of the dark energy equation of state and its first derivative which is independent of this degeneracy at all redshifts, and so is a much more robust determinant of the evolution of dark energy than just its derivative. We show that this function can be well determined at low redshift from supernovae using Gaussian Processes, and that this method is far superior to a variety of parameterisations which are also subject to priors on the matter density. This shows that parametrised models give very biased constraints on the evolution of dark energy.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

THE COUPLING BETWEEN THE CORE/CUSP AND MISSING SATELLITE PROBLEMS

We calculate the energy that baryons must inject into cold dark matter (CDM) halos in order to remove centrally divergent DM cusps on scales relevant to observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). We estimate that the CDM halos often associated with the Milky Way's dSphs (M{sub vir}/M{sub Sun} {approx} 10{sup 9-10}) require {Delta}E {approx} 10{sup 53-55} erg in order to form cores on scales comparable to the luminous size of these galaxies. While supernova Type II (SNeII) explosions can in principle generate this energy, the actual contribution is limited by the low star formation efficiency implied by the abundance of luminous satellites. Considering that CDM's well-known 'core/cusp' and 'missing satellite' problems place opposing demands on star formation efficiencies, existing observational evidences for large cores in the most luminous dSphs require that CDM models invoke some combination of the following: (1) efficient (of the order of unity) coupling of SNeII energy into dark matter particles, (2) star formation histories peaking at unexpectedly high redshifts (z {approx}> 6), (3) a top-heavy stellar initial mass function, and/or (4) substantial satellite disruption or other stochastic effects to ease the substructure abundance constraints. Our models show that the tension between CDM problems on small scales would increase if cored DM profiles were to be found in fainter dwarfs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Neutron-proton scattering with lattice chiral effective field theory at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order

Here we present a new lattice formulation of chiral effective field theory interactions with a simpler decomposition into spin channels. With these interactions the process of fitting to the empirical scattering phase shifts is simplified, and the resulting lattice phase shifts are more accurate than in previous studies. We present results for the neutron-proton system up to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order for lattice spacings of 1.97, 1.64, 1.32, and 0.99 fm. Our results provide a pathway to ab initio lattice calculations of nuclear structure, reactions, and thermodynamics with accurate and systematic control over the chiral nucleon-nucleon force.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

InSAR Time Series Analysis of L-Band Wide-Swath SAR Data Acquired by ALOS-2

We present that operating at L-band (24 cm wavelength) in wide-swath modes is one of the characteristics of the new and next generation satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) missions. After 3 years of operation, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) satellite has acquired a wealth of L-band wide-swath SAR data over many areas using its ScanSAR mode. We present interferometry SAR (InSAR) time series analysis results from ALOS-2 ScanSAR data. We analyze the possible error sources in the InSAR and correct them if possible. We present different time series analysis results including azimuth frequency modulation rate error, line of sight (LOS) ionospheric phase, azimuth shift caused by the ionosphere, and LOS displacement processed using both full-aperture and burst-by -burst workflows. The final InSAR LOS displacement time series result reveals both large-scale tectonic and small-scale anthropogenic deformation components. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the potential for measuring continental or even global-scale tectonic deformation and illustrate the promise of upcoming L-band wide-swath SAR missions, such as the NASA-ISRO SAR mission.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Biotic responses buffer warming-induced soil organic carbon loss in Arctic tundra

Climate warming can result in both abiotic (e.g., permafrost thaw) and biotic (e.g., microbial functional genes) changes in Arctic tundra. Recent research has incorporated dynamic permafrost thaw in Earth system models (ESMs) and indicates that Arctic tundra could be a significant future carbon (C) source due to the enhanced decomposition of thawed deep soil C. However, warming-induced biotic changes may influence biologically related parameters and the consequent projections in ESMs. How model parameters associated with biotic responses will change under warming and to what extent these changes affect projected C budgets have not been carefully examined. Here in this study, we synthesized six data sets over 5 years from a soil warming experiment at the Eight Mile Lake, Alaska, into the Terrestrial ECOsystem (TECO) model with a probabilistic inversion approach. The TECO model used multiple soil layers to track dynamics of thawed soil under different treatments. Our results show that warming increased light use efficiency of vegetation photosynthesis but decreased baseline (i.e., environment-corrected) turnover rates of SOC in both the fast and slow pools in comparison with those under control. Moreover, the parameter changes generally amplified over time, suggesting processes of gradual physiological acclimation and functional gene shifts of both plants and microbes. The TECO model predicted that field warming from 2009 to 2013 resulted in cumulative C losses of 224 or 87 g/m 2 , respectively, without or with changes in those parameters. Thus, warming-induced parameter changes reduced predicted soil C loss by 61%. Our study suggests that it is critical to incorporate biotic changes in ESMs to improve the model performance in predicting C dynamics in permafrost regions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Complex interactions between day length and diurnal patterns of gene expression drive photoperiodic responses in a perennial C 4 grass

Abstract Photoperiod is a key environmental cue affecting flowering and biomass traits in plants. Key components of the photoperiodic flowering pathway have been identified in many species, but surprisingly few studies have globally examined the diurnal rhythm of gene expression with changes in day length. Using a cost‐effective 3′‐Tag RNA sequencing strategy, we characterize 9,010 photoperiod responsive genes with strict statistical testing across a diurnal time series in the C 4 perennial grass, Panicum hallii . We show that the vast majority of photoperiod responses are driven by complex interactions between day length and sampling periods. A fine‐scale contrast analysis at each sampling time revealed a detailed picture of the temporal reprogramming of cis ‐regulatory elements and biological processes under short‐ and long‐day conditions. Phase shift analysis reveals quantitative variation among genes with photoperiod‐dependent diurnal patterns. In addition, we identify three photoperiod enriched transcription factor families with key genes involved in photoperiod flowering regulatory networks. Finally, coexpression networks analysis of GIGANTEA homolog predicted 1,668 potential coincidence partners, including five well‐known GI‐interacting proteins. Our results not only provide a resource for understanding the mechanisms of photoperiod regulation in perennial grasses but also lay a foundation to increase biomass yield in biofuel crops.

Weng, Xiaoyu↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of KDP Estimation Algorithm Performance in Rain Using a Known-Truth Framework

Accurate estimation of specific differential phase ( K DP ) is necessary for rain rate estimation, attenuation correction, and hydrometeor classification algorithms. There are numerous published methods to process polarimetric radar observations of propagation differential phase shift (Φ DP ) and estimate K DP , but the corresponding K DP estimate uncertainty is unquantified. This study provides guidance on how commonly used K DP estimation algorithms perform in various environments. Here, we create numerous synthetic (“true”) K DP profiles, integrate over them to obtain “smoothed” Φ DP , and then add noise typical of S-band operational weather radar measurements. Each algorithm is applied to our noisy Φ DP profiles and compared to the true K DP profile such that the errors and uncertainty are quantified. The synthetic K DP profiles are Gaussian in shape, which allows systematic variations in their magnitude and width to determine how each algorithm performs in smooth, slowly changing K DP profiles, as well as steep profiles. Results demonstrate that algorithm performance is dependent on the Φ DP field received. These results are further supported by an error analysis of each algorithm for two more complicated synthetic K DP profiles. Some K DP algorithms allow users to change various tuning parameters; a subset of these tuning parameters is tested to provide guidance on how changing these parameters impacts algorithm performance. We then provide evidence that our known-truth framework provides insight into algorithm performance in observed data through two case studies.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗