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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Suppression of image autocorrelation artefacts in spectral domain optical coherence tomography and multiwave digital holography

An improved method for suppressing image artefacts in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) and multiwave digital holography, caused by the influence of coherent noise in the course of successive registration of an autocorrelation component and informative signal is reported. The method allows complete suppression of all types of coherent noises, provided that the sample of values used to record the autocorrelation component satisfies the conditions of Kotelnikov's theorem: in SD OCT - for the transverse structure of the studied medium, in multiwave digital holography - for the envelop function of the radiation source frequency tuning spectrum.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

NORM Concentration Determination in Common Materials in an Urban Environment

The United States government performs searches for illicit radiation sources before and during large special events, such as State of the Union addresses, presidential inaugurations, or the recent papal visit. Clear detection of sources is difficult due to natural background radiation, which can vary greatly throughout a given search area. Background radiation is mostly a function of the materials used in roadways, sidewalks, and building exteriors. A team of scientists from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), the Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL), and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is exploring the nature and variability of background count rates in order to improve the performance of searches in urban areas. A series of background measurements have been and will continue to be taken at a Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) environment at the Fort Indiantown Gap (FTIG) National Guard training facility in Pennsylvania. This site replicates a small town with asphalt roads, concrete intersections, buildings, sidewalks, curbs, and gravel parking areas. Unlike an actual urban area, traffic and pedestrian access can be easily controlled to avoid interference with measurements. This paper documents the efforts focused on characterizing the various concentrations of radioactive material found in these materials at the site. The NORM concentrations determined from this work will be incorporated in to a large-scale simulation (a 'virtual test-bed') that can be used to investigate various search techniques and algorithms, detector suite configurations, and to produce representative synthetic data for future work. A combination of measurement and simulation was used to determine the concentration of {sup 40}K and the radioactive nuclides in the uranium series and the thorium series in several materials at the FTIG MOUT site. The predicted concentrations are consistent with other published results, and they matched favorably with synthetic data generated with MCNP6 models using the determined NORM concentrations and estimates of the FTIG environment as described by available construction plans and using standard material assumptions. Future measurements will incorporate lessons learned from this study. More measurements will be made of the concrete intersections at the site. The methodology explained in this report will also be carried out on building materials in an effort to characterize NORM concentrations in these background sources. Other modeling and simulation work that should be conducted includes a robust sensitivity analysis in which the effects of small changes to the model (and measurement) system can be characterized to help bound the uncertainty on the final NORM concentration predictions. (authors)

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

Pump-probe X-ray Diffraction Technique for Irreversible Phase Change Materials

We have developed a pump-probe X-ray diffraction measurement system for a sample with irreversible reaction at BL40XU in the SPring-8. The system mainly consists of a time-resolved measurement system, a sample disk rotation system, and an X-ray microbeam system. The time-resolved measurement system gives time resolution of 50 ps in laser-pump and X-ray probe method. A sample disk rotation system for repetitive measurements was made to give a virgin sample for every measurement. The number of repetitions for one sample disk was increased by using the X-ray microbeam technique. To keep the overlap of the X-ray microbeam and the laser beam on the sample surface during the disk rotation, the sample disk rotation system was constructed by a low-eccentric spindle motor. By using this system, the pump-probe X-ray diffraction measurement was demonstrated for a crystallization process of a DVD material.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2010

A Beamline for Fast Polarization Switching at NSLS-II

The first XUV beamline (200-2000 eV) at NSLS-II will have two branches, one optimized for photon hungry experiments requiring high coherent flux and one optimized for studies of polarization sensitive materials and interfaces based on fast polarization switching. We describe here the branch designed for fast polarization switching with frequencies up to 1 kHz, high photon flux, and good energy resolution. The beamline will be served by two canted undulators and is based on the focusing variable line spacing grating monochromator. The two beams will be focused at the same spot of approximately 80x10 {mu}m (hor.xver.). The expected circular polarized flux at the sample from each device up to 1.4 keV will be higher than 10{sup 12} photons/s at a resolving power better than 10{sup 4}. An additional KB focusing system will deliver the two beams to a spot in the {mu}m range.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2010

X-ray multilayer characterization using reflectivity beamline at Indus-1

Poor knowledge of optical constants of various materials in the soft x-ray region requires to test the soft x-ray optical devices at actual wavelengths. For such purposes a soft x-ray/vacuum ultraviolet reflectivity beamline has been setup on Indus-1 synchrotron.X-ray multilayer structures are also being developed at RRCAT. Silicon based different multilayer optics fabricated in house for 100-200A ring wavelength region show a very high reflectivity performance. A new multilayer combination comprised of NbC/Si is proposed for achieving good thermal stability high reflectivity in the Si L-edge region. A high reflectivity of 63% in near normal incidence region is obtained with a sputter deposited Mo/Si combination. Results prospects of growing NbC/Si multilayer are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Animals In Synchrotrons: Overcoming Challenges For High-Resolution, Live, Small-Animal Imaging

Physiological studies in small animals can be complicated, but the complexity is increased dramatically when performing live-animal synchrotron X-ray imaging studies. Our group has extensive experience in high-resolution live-animal imaging at the Japanese SPring-8 synchrotron, primarily examining airways in two-dimensions. These experiments normally image an area of 1.8 mmx1.2 mm at a pixel resolution of 0.45 {mu}m and are performed with live, intact, anaesthetized mice.There are unique challenges in this experimental setting. Importantly, experiments must be performed in an isolated imaging hutch not specifically designed for small-animal imaging. This requires equipment adapted to remotely monitor animals, maintain their anesthesia, and deliver test substances while collecting images. The horizontal synchrotron X-ray beam has a fixed location and orientation that limits experimental flexibility. The extremely high resolution makes locating anatomical regions-of-interest slow and can result in a high radiation dose, and at this level of magnification small animal movements produce motion-artifacts that can render acquired images unusable. Here we describe our experimental techniques and how we have overcome several challenges involved in performing live mouse synchrotron imaging.Experiments have tested different mouse strains, with hairless strains minimizing overlying skin and hair artifacts. Different anesthetics have also be trialed due to the limited choices available at SPring-8. Tracheal-intubation methods have been refined and controlled-ventilation is now possible using a specialized small-animal ventilator. With appropriate animal restraint and respiratory-gating, motion-artifacts have been minimized. The animal orientation (supine vs. head-high) also appears to affect animal physiology, and can alter image quality. Our techniques and image quality at SPring-8 have dramatically improved and in the near future we plan to translate this experience to the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron.Overcoming these challenges has permitted increasingly sophisticated imaging of animals with synchrotron X-rays, and we expect a bright future for these techniques.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2010

Differential Phase-Contrast Scanning X-Ray Microscope For Observation Of Low-Z element Specimen

Differential phase-contrast scanning x-ray microscope/microtomography have been developed. A fast readout charge-coupled device (CCD) camera coupled with a visible-light conversion unit is used as a detector to record the transmitted intensity distribution of far-field image for every pixel in a scan. Simultaneous absorption and phase-contrast images are given from a single scan by image-processing of the CCD frames. The system is constructed at BL20XU of SPring-8, and its feasibility is demonstrated at the photon energy of 8 keV. A tantalum test chart is observed and its finest structure of 140 nm pitch pattern is clearly observed. Measured phase sensitivity is approximately {lambda}/270. Some low-Z element specimens are observed and obtained phase contrast image shows much higher sensitivity than that of absorption contrast.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Optical control of interatomic interaction in a Bose condensate

We propose to control the interatomic interaction in a Bose condensate by using optical beams forming an atomic trap. It is shown that for a Bose condensate in a double-well optical potential the nonresonant quantized radiation simulates a change in the interatomic interaction in the well. The magnitude and sign of this change can be effectively controlled by varying the frequency of the radiation source forming the trap. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Limits on Light-Speed Anisotropies from Compton Scattering of High-Energy Electrons

The possibility of anisotropies in the speed of light relative to the limiting speed of electrons is considered. The absence of sidereal variations in the energy of Compton-edge photons at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility's GRAAL facility constrains such anisotropies representing the first nonthreshold collision-kinematics study of Lorentz violation. When interpreted within the minimal standard-model extension, this result yields the two-sided limit of 1.6x10{sup -14} at 95% confidence level on a combination of the parity-violating photon and electron coefficients ({kappa}-tilde{sub o+}){sup YZ}, ({kappa}-tilde{sub o+}){sup ZX}, c{sub TX}, and c{sub TY}. This new constraint provides an improvement over previous bounds by 1 order of magnitude.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1995

Polaradiometric pyrometer in which the parallel and perpendicular components of radiation reflected from an unpolarized light source are equalized with the thermal radiation emitted from a measured object to determine its true temperature

A radiation pyrometer for measuring the true temperature of a body is provided by detecting and measuring thermal radiation from the body based on the principle that the effects of angular emission I(sub 1) and reflection I(sub 2) on the polarization states p and s of radiation are complementary such that upon detecting the combined partial polarization state components I(sub p) =I(sub 1p) + I(sub 2p) and I(sub s)=I(sub 1s) + I(sub 2s) and adjusting the intensity of the variable radiation source of the reflected radiation I(sub 2) until the combined partial radiation components I(sub p) and I(sub s) are equal, the effects of emissivity as well as diffusivity of the surface of the body are eliminated, thus obviating the need for any post processing of brightness temperature data.

Abtahi, Ali A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

AXIOM Unfold 0.7.0, Users Manual

The AXIOM-Unfold application is a computational code for performing spectral unfolds along with uncertainty quantification of the photon spectrum. While this code was principally designed for spectral unfolds on the Saturn source, it is also relevant to other radiation sources such as Pithon. This code is a component of the AXIOM project which was undertaken in order to measure the time-resolved spectrum of the Saturn source; to support this, the AXIOM-Unfold code is able to process time-dependent dose measurements in order to obtain a time-resolved spectrum. This manual contains a full description of the algorithms used by the method. The code features are fully documented along with several worked examples.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

A Field Cancellation Algorithm for Constructing Economical Planar Permanent Magnet (PM) Multipoles With Large High Quality Field Apertures

In recent years studies have been initiated on a new class of multipole field generators consisting of cuboid planar permanent magnet (PM) pieces arranged in biplanar arrays of 2-fold rotational symmetry. These structures, first introduced for Free Electron Laser (FEL) applications, are based on reducing the rotational symmetry of conventional N-pole field generators from N-fold to 2-fold. One consequence of this reduction is a large higher-multipole content in a planar PM multipole's field at distances relatively close to the structure's axis, making it generally unsuitable for applications requiring a large high-quality field aperture. In this paper we outline an economical field-cancellation algorithm that can substantially decrease the harmonic content of a planar PM's field without breaking its biplanar geometry or 2-fold rotational symmetry. An economical field-cancellation algorithm has been described which will allow the fabrication of bi-planar quadrupoles and sextupoles with high-quality fields using a manageably small number of PM pieces. For higher order N-poles the number of pieces required to cancel a given number of successively-higher multipole components will also increase linearly; nevertheless, the practicability of fabricating octupoles and higher N-poles of this type should be considered a subject of continuing r&d. Since the removal of a large number of successive multipole components essentially increases the transverse region over which the N-pole's field is dominated by its leading N-pole field component, the fabrication of quadrupoles and sextupoles of the type described in this paper should lead to their introduction in storage ring applications. One potentially important application in this area is as distributed focusing elements installed into very-short-period, small-gap undulators (e.g., as a FODO lattice). The installation is rendered feasible by the very small vertical height of the biplanar N-poles (on the order of a millimeter), which, notwithstanding, doesn't prevent them from attaining focusing gradients on the order of several hundred T/m. If proven, this would allow short-period undulators of substantial length (viz., >>b) to be operated on storage rings, potentially transforming the optimality and economy of synchrotron radiation sources toward more favorable regimes.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

User’s Manual for RESRAD-BUILD Code V.4: Vol. 1 – Methodology and Models Used in RESRAD-BUILD Code

The RESRAD-BUILD computer code models radionuclide release and transport in indoor environments and performs pathway analyses to evaluate the potential radiological dose and risk incurred by an individual who works or lives in a building contaminated with radioactive material or housing radioactively contaminated furniture or equipment. The code provides four geometries to characterize a radiation source: point, line, area, and volume, in which radionuclides are homogeneously distributed. Radionuclides contained in a source are considered to be released to the indoor air due to various processes including erosion (mechanically or weathering), diffusion (for tritium and radon in a volume source), or emanation (radon in a point, line, or area source). The release can proceed through different time phases with different rates. In RESRAD-BUILD Version 4.0, a dynamic ventilation model is implemented to simulate the fate and transport of source material particles and radionuclides after their releases. This dynamic ventilation model considers (1) air exchange between rooms in the building and between the rooms and the outdoor environment, (2) deposition from air to floor, (3) resuspension from the floor to the air, and (4) periodical vacuuming that reduces the floor deposition. The fate and transport modeling provides estimates of radionuclide concentrations in the source, in the air, and on the floor at different times, which are then integrated over the exposure duration for the calculation of radiation doses and cancer risks. A single run of the RESRAD-BUILD code can model a building with up to 9 rooms, 10 sources, and 10 receptors. The potential radiation dose and cancer risk incurred by each receptor are calculated for seven exposure pathways: (1) external radiation directly from the sources (accounting for shielding), (2) external radiation from radioactive particles deposited on the floors, (3) external radiation from airborne radionuclides, (4) inhalation of airborne radionuclides, (5) inhalation of radon and radon progenies, (6) inadvertent ingestion of radioactive particles directly from the source, and (7) ingestion of radioactive particles deposited on the floors. Various exposure scenarios can be modeled with RESRAD-BUILD, including but are not limited to, office worker, renovation worker, decontamination worker, building visitor, and resident. Both deterministic and probabilistic analyses can be performed to obtain results in both text reports and graphic displays.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Numerical simulations of optically thick accretion onto a black hole. II. Rotating flow

In this paper, we report on recent upgrades to our general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics code, Cosmos++, including the development of a new primitive inversion scheme and a hybrid implicit-explicit solver with a more general M {sub 1} closure relation for the radiation equations. The new hybrid solver helps stabilize the treatment of the radiation source terms, while the new closure allows for a much broader range of optical depths to be considered. These changes allow us to expand by orders of magnitude the range of temperatures, opacities, and mass accretion rates, and move a step closer toward our goal of performing global simulations of radiation-pressure-dominated black hole accretion disks. In this work, we test and validate the new method against an array of problems. We also demonstrate its ability to handle super-Eddington, quasi-spherical accretion. Even with just a single proof-of-principle simulation, we already see tantalizing hints of the interesting phenomenology associated with the coupling of radiation and gas in super-Eddington accretion flows.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

HOT ELECTROMAGNETIC OUTFLOWS. I. ACCELERATION AND SPECTRA

The theory of cold, relativistic, magnetohydrodynamic outflows is generalized by the inclusion of an intense radiation source. In some contexts, such as the breakout of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) jet from a star, the outflow is heated to a high temperature at a large optical depth. Eventually it becomes transparent and is pushed to a higher Lorentz factor by a combination of the Lorentz force and radiation pressure. We obtain its profile, both inside and outside the fast magnetosonic critical point, when the poloidal magnetic field is radial and monopolar. Most of the energy flux is carried by the radiation field and the toroidal magnetic field that is wound up close to the rapidly rotating engine. Although the entrained matter carries little energy, it couples the radiation field to the magnetic field. Then the fast critical point is pulled inward from infinity and, above a critical radiation intensity, the outflow is accelerated mainly by radiation pressure. We identify a distinct observational signature of this hybrid outflow: a hardening of the radiation spectrum above the peak of the seed photon distribution, driven by bulk Compton scattering. The non-thermal spectrum-obtained by a Monte Carlo method-is most extended when the Lorentz force dominates the acceleration, and the seed photon beam is wider than the Lorentz cone of the MHD fluid. This effect is a generic feature of hot, magnetized outflows interacting with slower relativistic material. It may explain why some GRB spectra appear to peak at photon energies above the original Amati et al. scaling. A companion paper addresses the case of jet breakout, where diverging magnetic flux surfaces yield strong MHD acceleration over a wider range of Lorentz factor.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Diamond dose rate detector testing at KURRI- A joint UK-Japan research project - 17126

Measurements of radiation dose rates in highly active environments, such as nuclear plant decommissioning or following a nuclear disaster, is challenging due to the extreme environments encountered and restricted access. Therefore, novel radiation detector technology is required to address these challenges. One such example of a radiation detection material is diamond, as it is able to withstand and measure high radiation intensities, is chemically inert and formable into extremely small, sensitive detectors. These detectors generate small currents when exposed to radiation, and if the radiation levels are high enough this can be measured. Testing of such detectors is not possible in routine laboratories due to the requirement to have high active radiation sources. However, through a new collaboration formed through the University of Bristol- Kyoto University bilateral symposia such facilities are accessible for UK researchers at Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute. This paper presents an overview of the collaborative research project, the accessible facilities for device manufacture and testing and some early results from radiation testing of diamond detectors at KURRI. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-196: Heat Diffusion Modeling for Digital Holographic Interferometry Dosimetry

Purpose: We have previously demonstrated that with Digital Holographic Interferometry (DHI) 2D spatial calorimetric measurements of high dose rate radiation sources can be obtained. The impact of heat transfer must be considered when undertaking any form of calorimetric measurement, as the radiation induced temperature distributions are subject to degradation due to heat diffusion. Unaccounted for, this limits the accuracy of the approach especially for long delivery times. Methods: 3D modelling of the heat diffusion in water was undertaken, and two different approaches developed to account for this effect. The mathematical framework to describe heat diffusion in 3D was applied, with the differential equations solved numerically using an implicit method. The first approach involved the comparison of the DHI measurements to an independent dose model of the source. The model was forward modeled to account for the heat diffusion during irradiation, allowing a direct comparison to validate the measured results. The second approach involved the correction of the measured data directly, by comparing the temperature distribution of two instances and subtracting the effects of heat diffusion of the first distribution from the second instance. This required the use of the Abel transform to approximate the 3D dose distribution from the 2D DHI results, thus limiting the approach to radiation applications possessing cylindrical symmetry. Results: The first approach resulted in higher accuracy and was more straightforward, but has a major limitation in that the measured results are only able to be utilized in comparison with an independent dose model. The applicability of the second approach is affected by noise in the measurement data and introduces higher uncertainties, but results in higher usability of the final data. Conclusion: Both approaches were implemented, and if used in conjunction would provide the most utility for the interpretation and use of DHI measurements.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗