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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31

Spatio-Temporal Surrogates for Interaction of a Jet with High Explosives: Part II - Clustering Extremely High-Dimensional Grid-Based Data

Building an accurate surrogate model for the spatio-temporal outputs of a computer simulation is a challenging task. A simple approach to improve the accuracy of the surrogate is to cluster the outputs based on similarity and build a separate surrogate model for each cluster. This clustering is relatively straightforward when the output at each time step is of moderate size. However, when the spatial domain is represented by a large number of grid points, numbering in the millions, the clustering of the data becomes more challenging. In this report, we consider output data from simulations of a jet interacting with high explosives. These data are available on spatial domains of different sizes, at grid points that vary in their spatial coordinates, and in a format that distributes the output across multiple files at each time step of the simulation. We first describe how we bring these data into a consistent format prior to clustering. Borrowing the idea of random projections from data mining, we reduce the dimension of our data by a factor of thousand, making it possible to use the iterative k-means method for clustering. We show how we can use the randomness of both the random projections, and the choice of initial centroids in k-means clustering, to determine the number of clusters in our data set. Our approach makes clustering of extremely high dimensional data tractable, generating meaningful cluster assignments for our problem, despite the approximation introduced in the random projections.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Ascent structural wind loads for the National Space Transportation System (NSTS)

An aerospace vehicle must withstand the design ascent structural load or be within any flight constraint to safely reach orbit. For the NSTS an assessment for flight readiness is made for each mission. This assessment for ascent loads and performance parameters is stated in terms of launch probability derived from samples of Jimsphere wind profiles. For the day of launch operations an allowance is made for the ascent load variability due to the wind profile variability over a 3.5-hour period. This is the current time period required to obtain a Jimsphere measurement and perform a complete load simulation prior to launch time. The load variability is derived from a sample of 3.5-hour Jimsphere wind profile pairs. It is applied as a conditional percentile value given the wind load at 3.5 hours prior to launch time. Probability models are used for these analyses. Application of the univariate, bivariate and conditional forms of the extreme value (Gumbel) probability distribution to the analysis of extreme wind speeds, wind shears and vehicle loads is described.

Smith, O. E.↗

The Orbits of Meteorites from Natural Thermoluminescence

The natural thermoluminescence (TL) of meteorites reflects their irradiation and thermal histories. Virtually all ordinary chondrites have been irradiated long enough to reach saturation natural TL levels, and thus natural TL levels in these meteorites are determined largely by thermal history. The primary heat source for most meteorites is the Sun, and thus natural TL levels are determined primarily by the closest approach to the Sun, i.e., perihelion. By converting natural TL levels to perihelia, using an assumed albedo typical of meteoroid bodies, it is found that most ordinary chondrites had perihelia of 0.85 to 1.0 AU prior to reaching Earth. This range is similar to that calculated from meteor and fireball observations. All common classes of ordinary chondrites exhibit similar perihelia distributions; however, H and LL chondrites that fell in the local morning differ in their natural TL distribution from those that fell in the local afternoon or evening. This is consistent with earlier suggestions that time of fall reflects orbital distribution. The data also suggest that the orbits of some of the H chondrites cluster and may have come from a debris 'stream' of meteoroids. If meteorites can exist in "orbital groups," significant changes in the types and number of meteorites reaching Earth could occur on the less than 10(exp 5)-year time scale.

Benoit, P. H.↗

Trace element and isotope studies in oxide/phosphate/silicate inclusions of iron meteorites

Under the above grant research was funded in the following areas: 1. Pallasites: Rare earth element measurements in phosphates to determine if all pallasites fit into only two trace element groups. This work has been completed. 2. HIAB irons: To complete work on the only known silicate inclusion in a IIIAB iron meteorite. This work has been completed. 3. IIIAB irons: To continue the search for Cr-53 excesses in IIIAB iron meteorite phosphates. A part of this work has been completed 4. IIIAB irons: To complete the identification of the phosphate minerals in IIIAB iron meteorites and try to determine the phase relations and chemical history of trace element distributions during the core formation process. Work on this has been largely completed and preliminary results have been reported. The final work is being assessed prior to preparation of a manuscript for publication. 5. IIE irons: To complete work on the unique silicate assemblage in the IIE iron meteorite. Work on this was completed and a paper published. 6. Ungrouped irons: A partially devitrified silicate glass inclusion has been found in the ungrouped iron meteorite. Preliminary work on this has been reported. All the work on this has been now completed and a manuscript has been prepared and submitted for publication.

Olsen, Edward J.↗

Progress on a Multichannel, Dual-Mixer Stability Analyzer

Several documents describe aspects of the continuing development of a multichannel, dual-mixer system for simultaneous characterization of the instabilities of multiple precise, low-noise oscillators. One of the oscillators would be deemed to be a reference oscillator, its frequency would be offset by an amount (100 Hz) much greater than the desired data rate, and each of the other oscillators would be compared with the frequency-offset signal by operation of a combination of hardware and software. A high-rate time-tag counter would collect zero-crossing times of the approximately equal 100-Hz beat notes. The system would effect a combination of interpolation and averaging to process the time tags into low-rate phase residuals at the desired grid times. Circuitry that has been developed since the cited prior article includes an eight-channel timer board to replace an obsolete commercial time-tag counter, plus a custom offset generator, cleanup loop, distribution amplifier, zero-crossing detector, and frequency divider.

Kirk, Albert↗

Hybrid Flush and Synthetic Air Data Filter for Entry Vehicle Atmospheric State Estimation

A hybrid flush/synthetic air data sensing filter for entry vehicle atmosphere estimation is developed. The approach makes use of a Kalman-Schmidt and Rauch-Tung-Streibel smoother. The filter/smoother blends information from pressure sensors distributed on the heatshield with pseudo-measurements of the vehicle aerodynamic forces and moments computed from mass properties and inertial measurement unit data, and prior estimates of the atmosphere. The filter produces estimates of the atmospheric conditions along the entry trajectory, and systematic error estimates to reconcile differences between the pressure and aerodynamic data sources. The filter is applied to data acquired during the Mars 2020 entry, descent, and landing at Jezero crater on February 18th, 2021. The final paper will also include results from the Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent, and landing.

Chris D. Karlgaard↗

Distributed Thrust Takeoff for the NASA X-57 Mod IV Flight Demonstrator

The Mod IV configuration of the X-57 flight demonstrator concept featured two forms of distributed electric propulsion—one cruise propulsor at each wingtip for primary propulsion that enabled favorable interaction with the wingtip vortex, and six high-lift propulsors distributed along the leading edge of each wing to enhance low-speed flight characteristics. The power system that fed these propulsors was arranged in two independent power buses. This unique arrangement did not lend itself to traditional “one engine inoperative” methods for determining performance after a critical failure in the propulsion system. Several potential failure scenarios were identified as potential “critical loss of thrust” events, and experiments that included pilot-in-the-loop simulation with the project test pilots were conducted to determine if these events would result in adequate handling and performance. Prior research showed that a total failure of one of the cruise motors during takeoff or initial climb could result in unacceptable performance for a traditional full-power takeoff. A new technique dubbed Distributed Thrust Takeoff (DiTTo) was developed to reduce the impact of the thrust asymmetry and total loss of thrust that could occur in any of the critical loss of thrust scenarios. The results showed that adequate performance and handling qualities could be achieved in each of the critical failure scenarios when using the DiTTo technique.

Distributed Propulsion, Electric Propulsion, Criti↗

Distributed Thrust Takeoff for the NASA X-57 Mod IV Flight Demonstrator

The Mod IV configuration of the X-57 flight demonstrator concept featured two forms of distributed electric propulsion—one cruise propulsor at each wingtip for primary propulsion that enabled favorable interaction with the wingtip vortex, and six high-lift propulsors distributed along the leading edge of each wing to enhance low-speed flight characteristics. The power system that fed these propulsors was arranged in two independent power buses. This unique arrangement did not lend itself to traditional “one engine inoperative” methods for determining performance after a critical failure in the propulsion system. Several potential failure scenarios were identified as potential “critical loss of thrust” events, and experiments that included pilot-in-the-loop simulation with the project test pilots were conducted to determine if these events would result in adequate handling and performance. Prior research showed that a total failure of one of the cruise motors during takeoff or initial climb could result in unacceptable performance for a traditional full-power takeoff. A new technique dubbed Distributed Thrust Takeoff (DiTTo) was developed to reduce the impact of the thrust asymmetry and total loss of thrust that could occur in any of the critical loss of thrust scenarios. The results showed that adequate performance and handling qualities could be achieved in each of the critical failure scenarios when using the DiTTo technique.

Distributed Propulsion↗

Towards Non-Intrusive Real-Time Monitoring of Behind the Meter Residential Distributed Energy Resources

The growing adoption of residential distributed energy resources (DERs) introduces more uncertain variability in power grid operation. More importantly, the residential DERs operate behind customers’ energy meters, and therefore, the utility cannot “directly” monitor them. Prior approaches to enable visibility into behind-the-meter (BTM) DERs either depend on estimations or require intrusive instrumentation on the customer side. To address the critical need for direct real-time monitoring of BTM DERs, in this paper, we propose a novel approach for utility-side direct real-time monitoring of residential BTM DERs. We utilize high-frequency (> 10kHz) conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) from residential DERs’ grid-tied inverters to monitor their power generation. We discuss the working principle of our approach and present supporting results using three of-the-shelf grid-tied inverters.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Distributed out-of-memory NMF on CPU/GPU architectures

We propose an efficient distributed out-of-memory implementation of the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm for heterogeneous high-performance-computing systems. The proposed implementation is based on prior work on NMFk, which can perform automatic model selection and extract latent variables and patterns from data. In this work, we extend NMFk by adding support for dense and sparse matrix operation on multi-node, multi-GPU systems. The resulting algorithm is optimized for out-of-memory problems where the memory required to factorize a given matrix is greater than the available GPU memory. Memory complexity is reduced by batching/tiling strategies, and sparse and dense matrix operations are significantly accelerated with GPU cores (or tensor cores when available). Input/output latency associated with batch copies between host and device is hidden using CUDA streams to overlap data transfers and compute asynchronously, and latency associated with collective communications (both intra-node and inter-node) is reduced using optimized NVIDIA Collective Communication Library (NCCL) based communicators. Benchmark results show significant improvement, from 32X to 76x speedup, with the new implementation using GPUs over the CPU-based NMFk. Good weak scaling was demonstrated on up to 4096 multi-GPU cluster nodes with approximately 25,000 GPUs when decomposing a dense 340 Terabyte-size matrix and an 11 Exabyte-size sparse matrix of density 10 -6 .

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

The Illumination of Thunderclouds by Lightning: 4. Volumetric Thunderstorm Imagery

Optical instruments such as the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detect lightning based on transient changes in cloud illumination. The horizontal location of lightning is determined from the coordinates of the pixels on the imaging array illuminated during the flash. However, the vertical position of the lightning pulses (approximated by GLM “groups”) below the cloud top cannot be routinely measured from a single space-based instrument. In our prior work, we have developed a machine learning algorithm that can infer optical source altitude for a given pulse based on how the optical energy is distributed across the group footprint and the local Advanced Baseline Imager Cloud-Top Height (CTH). In this fourth part of our thundercloud illumination study, we leverage these source altitudes to generate volumetric GLM imagery of a Colombia thunderstorm. We find that 3D versions of the current GLM meteorological imagery products (that describe thunderstorm kinematics) and thundercloud imagery products (that depict how the flashes appear from space) provide additional insights into lightning activity in the thunderstorm that are lost in the vertical integration used to generate the current 2D GLM gridded products. This new volumetric imaging capability provides a more comprehensive picture of where lightning occurs in the storm, how its physical characteristics vary across three-dimensional space, and how its optical emissions interact with surrounding the cloud medium.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

pop-cosmos : redshifts and physical properties of KiDS-1000 galaxies

ABSTRACT Principled Bayesian inference of galaxy properties has not previously been performed for wide-area weak-lensing surveys with millions of sources. We address this gap by applying the pop-cosmos generative model to perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting for 4 million KiDS (Kilo-Degree Survey)-1000 galaxies. Calibrated on deep COSMOS2020 photometric data, pop-cosmos specifies a physically motivated prior over the galaxy population up to $z \simeq 6$ in stellar population synthesis (SPS) parameter space. Using the Speculator SPS emulator with GPU (graphics processing unit)-accelerated Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling, we perform full posterior inference at 8.2 GPU seconds per galaxy, obtaining joint constraints on galaxy redshifts and physical properties. We validate photometric redshifts against $\sim \!185\,\!000$ KiDS galaxies cross-matched to Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Data Release 1 spectroscopic samples, achieving low bias ($2\times 10^{-3}$), scatter ($\sigma _{\mathrm{MAD}}=0.03$), and outlier fraction (3.2 per cent) for the Bright Galaxy Survey, with comparable performance (bias $3\times 10^{-2}$, $\sigma _{\mathrm{MAD}}=0.05$, 1.0 per cent outliers) for luminous red galaxies (LRGs). Within the LRG sample, we identify massive, dusty, star-forming contaminants at $z \simeq 0.4$ satisfying standard colour selections for quenched populations. We infer trends in stellar mass, star formation, metallicity, and dust across five tomographic redshift bins consistent with established scaling relations. Using specific star formation rate constraints, we identify $\sim$7 per cent of KiDS-1000 galaxies as quenched, versus 37 per cent implied by conservative colour cuts. This enables the construction of weak-lensing samples defined by physical properties while mitigating intrinsic alignment systematics and preserving statistical power. Our analysis validates pop-cosmos out of sample, establishing it as a scalable approach for galaxy evolution and cosmological analyses with photometric surveys.

Halder, Anik [Institute of Astronomy and Kavli Ins↗

Performance Evaluation of Multi-Vendor Grid-Forming Inverters for Grid-Connected Operation Through Hardware Experimentation: Preprint

Existing real-world projects of GFM inverters that operate in parallel to power grids typically are sized between dozens and a few hundreds Megawatt (MW) scale according to a recent NERC GFM inverter white paper. These large systems are often difficult to evaluate prior to deployments because of their large size. The performance of smaller GFM inverters (dozens to a few hundreds MW) that operate parallel with power grids (distribution systems) is even less understood. There is an opportunity to better understand these systems through hardware testing under controlled laboratory conditions. Therefore, this paper presents the functional performance evaluation tests of multiple (three) commercial GFM inverters when they operate in parallel with the grid through hardware experiments. The goal of these tests is to explore the GFM inverters' functionalities and dynamic response when in parallel with power grids to eventually develop universal specifications for GFM inverters. Both steady state (changing the inverter's frequency and voltage droop) and transient (adding step change in grid's frequency/voltage) tests are performed for each GFM inverter with the same testing circuit and testing protocol. The experimental results indicate the bench-marked performance that: 1) the GFM inverters can be dispatched through frequency and voltage droop intercepts to output the target power when paralleled to the grid; 2) the GFM inverters automatically respond to system frequency and voltage events to output the needed power, however, the GFM inverters all show stability issues when absorbing reactive power from the grid.

grid-forming inverters↗

Doping engineering: Next step toward room temperature performance of terahertz quantum cascade lasers

We hereby offer a comprehensive analysis of various factors that could potentially enable terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz QCLs) to achieve room temperature performance. We thoroughly examine and integrate the latest findings from recent studies in the field. Our work goes beyond a mere analysis; it represents a nuanced and comprehensive exploration of the intricate factors influencing the performance of THz QCLs. Through a comprehensive and holistic approach, we propose novel insights that significantly contribute to advancing strategies for improving the temperature performance of THz QCLs. This all-encompassing perspective allows us not only to present a synthesis of existing knowledge but also to offer a fresh and nuanced strategy to improve the temperature performance of THz QCLs. We draw new conclusions from prior works, demonstrating that the key to enhancing THz QCL temperature performance involves not only optimizing interface quality but also strategically managing doping density, its spatial distribution, and profile. This is based on our results from different structures, such as two experimentally demonstrated devices: the spit-well resonant-phonon and the two-well injector direct-phonon schemes for THz QCLs, which allow efficient isolation of the laser levels from excited and continuum states. In these schemes, the doping profile has a setback that lessens the overlap of the doped region with the active laser states. Our work stands as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of THz technology. Furthermore, we present a novel strategy for future endeavors, providing an enhanced framework for continued exploration in this dynamic field. This strategy should pave the way to potentially reach higher temperatures than the latest records reached for T max of THz QCLs.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Project Title: Development of a Pipe Crawler Inspection Tool for Fossil Energy Power Plants (Final Report)

This research effort focuses on the development of a pipe crawler inspection tool for fossil energy power plants. The pipe crawler is tethered and can navigate through 2 inch pipes that are often found in various systems within a power plant. The crawler can navigate through straight pipes and 180 degree elbows and includes instrumentation that can assess the integrity of the pipes. The sensors include a UT sensor for measuring the thickness of the pipe, a range finder and a camera. An additional module is used to prep the surface of the pipe prior to taking thickness measurements. Both bench scale and engineering scale testing was conducted to demonstrate the concept. Multiple crawlers were created and tethered together to distribute the load of the tether so that the crawler can navigate longer pipe distances.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Field-aligned ion streams in the earth's midnight region

Plasma measurements from the University of California at San Diego auroral particles experiment on the geosynchronous Applied Technology Satellite 6 in the midnight region show that the low-energy ion fluxes (1-100 eV) are field aligned and are well characterized as thermal populations (1-10 eV) with a streaming velocity of 30-100 km/s along the magnetic field line. The lowest energies are found prior to injections, on quiet days, with an increase of the streaming velocity evident when an injection occurs near the satellite. Multiple peaks in the ion distribution functions are attributed to the presence of different ions species (H/+/, He/+/, O/+/, O/2+/) streaming at similar velocities, both during quiet times and as the plasma velocity increases in response to an injection.

Olsen, R. C.↗

The evolution of glutathione metabolism in phototrophic microorganisms

The low molecular weight thiol composition of a variety of phototropic microorganisms is examined in order to ascertain how evolution of glutathione (GSH) production is related to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Cells were extracted in the presence of monobromobimane (mBBr) to convert thiols (RSH) to fluorescent derivatives (RSmB) which were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Significant levels of GSH were not found in green sulfur bacteria. Substantial levels were present in purple bacteria, cyanobacteria, and eukaryotic algae. Other thiols measured included cysteine, gamma-glutamylcysteine, thiosulfate, coenzyme A, and sulfide. Many of the organisms also exhibited a marked ability to reduce mBBr to syn-(methyl,methyl)bimane, an ability which was quenched by treatment with 2-pyridyl disulfide or 5,5 prime-bisdithio - (2-nitrobenzoic acid) prior to reaction with mBBr. These observations indicate the presence of a reducing system capable of electron transfer to mBBr and reduction of reactive disulfides. The distribution of GSH in phototropic eubacteria indicates that GSH synthesis evolved at or around the time that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved.

Fahey, Robert C.↗

Operating characteristics at Mach 4 of an inlet having forward-swept, sidewall-compression surfaces

A three-dimensional, forward-swept sidewall-compression inlet has been tested in the Mach 4 Blowdown Facility at the NASA Langley Research Center to examine parameters that affect inlet starting, operability, and performance. The inlet was designed to simultaneously provide good starting and mass capture characteristics through the combination of forward-swept sidewalls and the aft placement of the downstream cowl. Parametrics examined included top surface compression, geometric contraction ratio, sidewall compression angle, boundary-layer thickness on the vehicle undersurface, and cowl position. To simulate combustion effects on inlet operation, the inlet was mechanically back pressured to determine maximum achievable combustor-to-inlet pressure ratio prior to inlet unstart. Inlet operability and performance are shown in terms of inlet starting (pulsed and self-starting) and unstarting characteristics, inlet static pressure distributions, combustor back pressure limits, mass capture, and flow uniformity.

Hudgens, Julie A.↗