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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

E Tunnel Wastewater Disposal System Quarterly Monitoring Report Nevada National Security Site, Nevada Water Pollution Control Permit NEV 96021, Third Quarter 2018

This report includes the results of the E Tunnel Wastewater Disposal System (ETDS) inspections and monitoring for July, August, and September 2018. Monitoring and sampling activities were performed in accordance with the requirements of Water Pollution Control Permit NEV 96021, Revision 1, effective October 1, 2013. Monthly monitoring was conducted on July 16, August 13, and September 13, 2018. Operating personnel measured the instantaneous flow rate (see Table 1), log hydrogen ion activity (pH), temperature, and specific conductance of the discharge water (see Table 2). Monthly inspections also included an assessment of the general condition of the berms, including ponding (the water levels relative to the overflow pipes); any tunneling or burrowing into the berms; soil conditions on and around the berms, including erosion or sloughing of the interior or exterior slopes of the berms; seeps at the toe of the berms; the presence of any deep-rooting botanicals on the berms; and the physical condition of fencing (see Tables 3 through 7). Monthly rainfall quantities are presented in Table 8.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1995

Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles?

Recent epidemiological studies show an association between particulate air pollution and acute mortality and morbidity down to ambient particle concentrations below 100 micrograms/m3. Whether this association also implies a causality between acute health effects and particle exposure at these low levels is unclear at this time; no mechanism is known that would explain such dramatic effects of low ambient particle concentrations. Based on results of our past and most recent inhalation studies with ultrafine particles in rats, we propose that such particles, that is, particles below approximately 50 nm in diameter, may contribute to the observed increased mortality and morbidity In the past we demonstrated that inhalation of highly insoluble particles of low intrinsic toxicity, such as TiO2, results in significantly increased pulmonary inflammatory responses when their size is in the ultrafine particle range, approximately 20 nm in diameter. However, these effects were not of an acute nature and occurred only after prolonged inhalation exposure of the aggregated ultrafine particles at concentrations in the milligrams per cubic meter range. In contrast, in the course of our most recent studies with thermodegradation products of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) we found that freshly generated PTFE fumes containing singlet ultrafine particles (median diameter 26 nm) were highly toxic to rats at inhaled concentrations of 0.7-1.0 x 10(6) particles/cm3, resulting in acute hemorrhagic pulmonary inflammation and death after 10-30 min of exposure. We also found that work performance of the rats in a running wheel was severely affected by PTFE fume exposure. These results confirm reports from other laboratories of the highly toxic nature of PTFE fumes, which cannot be attributed to gas-phase components of these fumes such as HF, carbonylfluoride, or perfluoroisobutylene, or to reactive radicals. The calculated mass concentration of the inhaled ultrafine PTFE particles in our studies was less than 60 micrograms/m3, a very low value to cause mortality in healthy rats. Aging of the fumes with concomitant aggregation of the ultrafine particles significantly decreases their toxicity. Since ultrafine particles are always present in the urban atmosphere, we suggest that they play a role in causing acute lung injury in sensitive parts of the population.

NASA Discipline Environmental Health↗
NASA NTRS2014

Wildfire Emissions and Their Interaction with Urban and Rural Pollution: Data and Simulations

In recent years NASA has conducted a series of airborne campaigns (e. g. SEAC4RS*, ARCTAS, INTEX-A/B) over North America using an instrumented DC-8 aircraft equipped to measure a very large number of gaseous and aerosol constituents including several unique tracers. In these campaigns wild fires were extensively sampled near source as well as downwind after aging. The data provided detailed information on the composition and chemistry of fire emissions under a variety of atmospheric conditions as well as their interactions with rural and urban air pollution. Major fires studied including the California Rim fire in 2013 (SEAC4RS), the 2008 California wildfires (ARCTAS), and the Alaskan fires downwind over eastern US (INTEX-A). Although some fire plumes contained virtually no O3 enhancement, others showed significant ozone formation. Over Los Angeles, the highest O3 mixing ratios were observed in fire influenced urban air masses. Attempts to simulate these interactions using state of the art models were only minimally successful and indicated several shortcomings in simulating fire emission influences on urban smog formation. A variety of secondary oxidation products (e. g. O3, PAN, HCHO) were substantially underestimated. We will discuss the data collected in fire influenced air masses and their potential air quality implications.

FIre Emissions↗
NASA NTRS2017

Evaluating a Priori Ozone Profile Information Used in TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution) Tropospheric Ozone Retrievals

A primary objective for TOLNet is the evaluation and validation of space-based tropospheric O3 retrievals from future systems such as the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) satellite. This study is designed to evaluate the tropopause-based O3 climatology (TB-Clim) dataset which will be used as the a priori profile information in TEMPO O3 retrievals. This study also evaluates model simulated O3 profiles, which could potentially serve as a priori O3 profile information in TEMPO retrievals, from near-real-time (NRT) data assimilation model products (NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) Forward Processing (FP) and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA2)) and full chemical transport model (CTM), GEOS-Chem, simulations. The TB-Clim dataset and model products are evaluated with surface (0-2 km) and tropospheric (0-10 km) TOLNet observations to demonstrate the accuracy of the suggested a priori dataset and information which could potentially be used in TEMPO O3 algorithms. This study also presents the impact of individual a priori profile sources on the accuracy of theoretical TEMPO O3 retrievals in the troposphere and at the surface. Preliminary results indicate that while the TB-Clim climatological dataset can replicate seasonally-averaged tropospheric O3 profiles observed by TOLNet, model-simulated profiles from a full CTM (GEOS-Chem is used as a proxy for CTM O3 predictions) resulted in more accurate tropospheric and surface-level O3 retrievals from TEMPO when compared to hourly (diurnal cycle evaluation) and daily-averaged (daily variability evaluation) TOLNet observations. Furthermore, it was determined that when large daily-averaged surface O3 mixing ratios are observed (65 ppb), which are important for air quality purposes, TEMPO retrieval values at the surface display higher correlations and less bias when applying CTM a priori profile information compared to all other data products. The primary reason for this is that CTM predictions better capture the spatio-temporal variability of the vertical profiles of observed tropospheric O3 compared to the TB-Clim dataset and other NRT data assimilation models evaluated during this study.

Pollution↗
NASA NTRS2018

Improved Rice Residue Burning Emissions Estimates: Accounting for Practice-Specific Emission Factors in Air Pollution Assessments of Vietnam

In Southeast Asia and Vietnam, rice residues are routinely burned after the harvest to prepare fields for the next season. Specific to Vietnam, the two prevalent burning practices include: a). piling the residues after hand harvesting; b). burning the residues without piling, after machine harvesting. In this study, we synthesized field and laboratory studies from the literature on rice residue burning emission factors for Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). We found significant differences in the resulting burning-practice specific emission factors, with 16.9 grams per square kilogram (plus or minus 6.9) for pile burning and 8.8 grams per square kilogram (plus or minus 3.5) for non-pile burning. We calculated burning practice specific emissions based on rice area data, region-specific fuel-loading factors, combined emission factors, and estimates of burning from the literature. Our results for year 2015 estimate 180 gigagrams of PM2.5 result from the pile burning method and 130 gigagrams result from non-pile burning method, with the most-likely current emission scenario of 150 gigagrams PM2.5 emissions for Vietnam. For comparison purposes, we calculated emissions using generalized agricultural emission factors employed in global biomass burning studies. These results estimate 80 gigagrams PM2.5, which is only 44 percent of the pile burning-based estimates, suggesting underestimation in previous studies. We compare our emissions to an existing all-combustion sources inventory, results show emissions account for 14-18 percent of Vietnam's total PM2.5 depending on burning practice. Within the highly-urbanized and cloud-covered Hanoi Capital region (HCR), we use rice area from Sentinel-1A to derive spatially-explicit emissions and indirectly estimate residue burning dates. Results from HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) back-trajectory analysis stratified by season show autumn has most emission trajectories originating in the North, while spring has most originating in the South, suggesting the latter may have bigger impact on air quality. From these results, we highlight locations where emission mitigation efforts could be focused and suggest measures for pollutant mitigation. Our study demonstrates the need to account for emissions variation due to different burning practices.

Air Pollution↗
DOE OSTI2019

Measuring pristine air to reveal pollution's impact

Data collected in flights above the Amazon rainforest shows a greater human impact on the atmosphere than previously thought. Researchers spent hours packed aboard a steamy Gulfstream-1 research aircraft as it zig-zagged between pristine air over the Amazon rainforest and polluted air nearby. It was like a trip through time, as scientists weaved between the two vastly different settings, snagging air samples characteristic of today’s industrial environment as well as samples of unpolluted air, like that before the industrial age.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Healthy Indoor Air Quality: A Guide to Understanding Pollutants in Extreme Cold Climates

Internal air quality management through commonly supported recommendations in extreme cold weather climates is complicated by cold air infiltration. Air filtration and IAQ monitoring, through central and stand-alone systems can improve internal air quality to the benefit of occupant health and safety. This fact sheet includes reference information for pollutants, sources, health effects, and mitigation strategies.

cold climate↗
DOE OSTI2015

The radium industry in France and the remediation of polluted sites - 15256

According to the French Law of 28 June 2006 relative to the management of radioactive materials and waste, Andra is in charge of a public service mission that involves the clean-up of orphan sites that have been polluted by radioactivity. Andra is currently working, or has worked in the past, on around thirty sites in mainland France. The clean-up strategy is selected after a comparative analysis of the cost and the advantages of the different scenarios based on the ALARA principle. Whenever reasonable, Andra tries to achieve total clean-up, so that the site can be re-used without any constraint. However, for certain cases, it is opted for a less ambitious scenario, which means restricting the possibilities of use of the site after clean-up. In all cases, the chosen scenarios guarantee that there will be no radiological impact on the planned new use of the site. If the site is an orphan site, a National Advisory Committee for Public Funding in the field of Radioactivity (known as CNAR) decides which scenario presents the best cost-benefit profile and whether to provide public subsidies to fund the work. The multidisciplinary composition of the CNAR, with members from public administrations and organizations, politicians, qualified personalities and non-governmental organizations, guarantees a decision that has been carefully considered from all aspects. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Novel catalysts with multivalence copper for organic pollutants removal from wastewater with excellent selectivity and stability in Fenton‐like process under neutral pH conditions

Abstract Fenton‐like reaction has been widely used for organics degradation. However, most Fenton‐like reaction works at low pH range (pH < 4) with uncontrollable selectivity of hydroxyl radicals from H 2 O 2 activation, and unsatisfied catalyst stability, which is compromised advanced oxidation performance for water/wastewater treatments. In this work, to solve the drawbacks, novel copper catalysts were fabricated via hydrogen reduction/calcination of Cu 2+ ‐supported Al/MCM‐41 with precisely controllable copper valence state. Compared with catalysts with monovalence copper (i.e., CuO, Cu, and Cu 2+ ), the obtained catalysts with multivalence copper present higher selectivity, excellent stability towards •OH radical pathways, and outperformance in p CBA degradation efficiency at neutral state. In addition, the fabricated catalysts also exhibited excellent phenol removal efficiency (75.5%) and H 2 O 2 utilization efficiency (47.9%) within neutral environment. Moreover, the degradation efficiency of phenol approaches to 100% within only 2 h. The catalyst also shows good stability for organic pollutants removal, which shows good potential in catalytic oxidation for phenolic compounds‐containing wastewater in Fenton‐like reaction, especially under neutral pH conditions. Practitioner Points Multivalence copper presents great potentials for organic compounds removal at neutral condition. Multivalence copper shows higher selectivity toward •OH and good stability at neutral condition. Multivalence copper exhibiters outperformed phenol removal efficiency at neutral condition.

Li, Haitao↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chemical Modifications of Cyclodextrin and Chitosan for Biological and Environmental Applications: Metals and Organic Pollutants Adsorption and Removal

New advances in polymer science and their possible applications have increased in recent years highlighting their important and desired properties. Regarding cyclodextrin and chitosan polymers, they are used in many fields such as agriculture, pharmaceutical, food industry, medicine and in electrochemical sensors. Carefully designed studies are therefore required in order to understand the toxicology, the ways of interaction, biodegradation rate and other parameters of these compounds before using them. This review presents the finding of studies of these polymers applications mainly on drug delivery system and pollutants removal. In addition, modifications are made to enhance their properties and enable some reactions, here it is discussed the most used modification techniques and how they change chitosan and cyclodextrin structure. Although there has been an increase in the number of studies in these areas, further progress is needed to improve understanding of the interaction between the polymers and the compounds of interest, besides their mechanism.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Combustion pollutant concentrations were measured during the scripted operation of natural gas cooking burners in nine homes. Boiling and simmering activities were conducted on the stovetop and in the oven with and without range hood exhaust ventilation or air mixing via a forced air system. Time-resolved concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), particles with diameters of 6 nm or larger (PN), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) were measured in the kitchen and bedroom area of each home. Four of the nine homes had kitchen 1 h NO 2 exceed the national ambient air quality standard (100 ppb). In all homes, the highest 1 h integrated PN exceeded 2 × 10 5 cm -3 -h, and the highest 4 h PN exceeded 3 × 10 5 cm -3 -hr in the kitchen. Range hood performance varied widely, but one with a large capture volume and a measured flow of 108 L/s reduced concentrations 80–95%. Increased awareness of the need to ventilate when cooking, along with building standards for minimum range hood flow rates and volume, could substantially reduce exposures to NO 2 and ultrafine particles in homes.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2019

De-pollution efficacy of photocatalytic roofing granules

Photocatalytic building surfaces can harness sunlight to reduce urban air pollution. The NO x abatement capacity of TiO 2 -coated granules used in roofing products was evaluated for commercial product development. A laboratory test chamber and ancillary setup were built following conditions prescribed by ISO Standard 22197-1. It was validated by exposing reference P25-coated aluminum plates to a 3 L min -1 air flow enriched in 1 ppm NO under UVA irradiation (360 nm, 11.5 W m -2 ). We characterized prototype granule-surfaced asphalt shingles and loose granules prepared with different TiO 2 loadings and post-treatment formulations. Tests performed at surface temperatures of 25 and 60 °C showed that NO x abatement was more effective at the higher temperature. Preliminary tests explored the use of 1 ppm NO 2 and of 1 ppm and 0.3 ppm NO/NO 2 mixtures. Specimens were aged in a laboratory accelerated weathering apparatus, and by exposure to the outdoor environment over periods that included dry and rainy seasons. Laboratory aging led to higher NO removal and NO 2 formation rates, and the same catalyst activation was observed after field exposure with frequent precipitation. However, exposure during the dry season reduced the performance. This inactivation was mitigated by cleaning the surface of field-exposed specimens. Doubling the TiO 2 loading led to a 50–150% increase in NO removal and NO x deposition rates. Finally, application of different post-treatment coatings decreased NO removal rates (21–35%) and NO x deposition rates (26–74%) with respect to untreated granules. The mass balance of nitrogenated species was assessed by extracting granules after UV exposure in a 1 ppm NO-enriched atmosphere.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Manila clams from Hg polluted sediments of Marano and Grado lagoons (Italy) harbor detoxifying Hg resistant bacteria in soft tissues

A mechanism of mercury detoxification has been suggested by a previous study on Hg bioaccumulation in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) in the polluted Marano and Grado lagoons and in this study we demonstrate that this event could be partly related to the detoxifying activities of Hg-resistant bacteria (MRB) harbored in clam soft tissues. Therefore, natural clams were collected in six stations during two different periods (winter and spring) from Marano and Grado Lagoons. Siphons, gills and hepatopancreas from acclimatized clams were sterile dissected to isolate MRB. These anatomical parts were glass homogenized or used for whole, and they were lying on a solid medium containing 5 mg l{sup −1} HgCl{sub 2} and incubated at 30 °C. A total of fourteen bacterial strains were isolated and were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis, revealing that strains were representative of eight bacterial genera, four of which were Gram-positive (Enterococcus, Bacillus, Jeotgalicoccus and Staphylococcus) and other four were Gram-negative (Stenotrophomonas, Vibrio, Raoultella and Enterobacter). Plasmids and merA genes were found and their sequences determined. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique shows the presence of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria by using different molecular probes in siphon and gills. Bacterial clumps inside clam flesh were observed and even a Gram-negative endosymbiont was disclosed by transmission electronic microscope inside clam cells. Bacteria harbored in cavities of soft tissue have mercury detoxifying activity. This feature was confirmed by the determination of mercuric reductase in glass-homogenized siphons and gills. -- Highlights: ► We isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative Hg resistant strains from soft tissues of Ruditapes philippinarum. ► We identify 14 mercury resistant strains by 16S rRNA gene sequences. ► Bacteria in siphon and gill tissues of clams were observed by TEM and identified with different FISH probes. ► Hg-reductase (MerA) activity in glass homogenized clam tissues was also determined.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Maternal and paternal serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the secondary sex ratio: A population-based preconception cohort study

Highlights: • Recent declines in the SSR in some countries may be attributed to exposure to POPs. • Maternal PCB 128 and paternal HCB were associated with a female excess. • Maternal mirex and paternal PCB 128 and p,p′-DDE were associated with a male excess. • These findings await corroboration given the exploratory design of this study. Recent declines in the secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of males to females at birth, in some industrialized countries may be attributed to exposure to environmental toxicants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study aimed to evaluate the association of couples’ preconception exposure to POPs with the SSR. The study cohort comprised 235 couples who were enrolled in the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study between 2005 and 2009 prior to conception and prospectively followed through delivery of a singleton birth. Upon enrollment, couples’ serum concentrations (ng/g) were measured for 9 organochlorine pesticides, 1 polybrominated biphenyl, 10 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and 36 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Birth outcome data including infant sex were collected upon delivery. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of a male birth for each chemical. Of the 56 POPs examined, maternal PCB 128 and paternal hexachlorobenzene were significantly associated with a female excess (RRs, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.60–0.94] and 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68–0.97] per 1 SD increase in log-transformed serum chemical concentrations, respectively), whereas maternal mirex and paternal PCB 128 and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were significantly associated with a male excess (RR range, 1.10–1.22 per 1 SD increase in log-transformed serum chemical concentrations). After adjusting for multiple comparisons, only maternal mirex remained significantly associated with the SSR. This exploratory study on multiple classes of POPs demonstrated no conclusive evidence on the association between parental preconception exposure to POPs and the SSR.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effects of biometrics, location and persistent organic pollutants on blood clinical-chemical parameters in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway

Highlights: • BCCPs in polar bears may be affected by sex, age, biometrics, lipids and location. • POPs were correlated with HCT and HDL in females, and HCT, GGT, ASAT and CHOL in males. • POPs related biological effects on liver and kidney BCCP values were suggested. • HCT may be used as a simple cost-efficient biomarker of POP exposure in polar bears. • POPs effects on HDL and CHOL may indicate increased risk of cardiovascular disease in polar bears. In the present study, blood clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) were analysed in 20 female and 18 male Svalbard polar bears (Ursus maritimus) captured in spring 2007. The aim was to study how age, body condition (BC), biometrics, plasma lipid content and geographical location may confound the relationship between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PCBs, HCB, chlordanes, DDTs, HCHs, mirex and OH-PCBs and the concentrations of 12 specific BCCPs (hematocrit [HCT], hemoglobin [HB], aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT], γ-glutamyltransferase [GGT], creatine kinase [CK], triglycerides [TG], cholesterol [CHOL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], creatinine (CREA], urea, potassium (K]), and to investigate if any of these BCCPs may be applied as potential biomarkers for POP exposure in polar bears. Initial PCA and O-PLS modelling showed that age, lipids, BC and geographical location (longitude and latitude) were important parameters explaining BCCPs in females. Following subsequent partial correlation analyses correcting for age and lipids, multiple POPs in females were still significantly correlated with HCT and HDL (all p < 0.05). In males, age, BM, BC and longitude were important parameters explaining BCCPs. Following partial correlation analyses correcting for age, biometrics, lipids and longitude in males, multiple POPs were significantly correlated with HCT, ASAT, GGT and CHOL (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, several confounding parameters has to be taken into account when studying the relations between BCCPs and POPs in polar bears. When correcting for these, in particular HCT may be used as a simple cost-efficient biomarker of POP exposure in polar bears. Furthermore, decreasing HDL concentrations and increasing CHOL concentration with increasing POP concentrations may indicate responses related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We therefore suggest to further study POP exposure and lipidome response to increase knowledge of the risk of cardiometabolic syndrome in polar bears.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Persistent organic pollutants in fish from Charleston Harbor and tributaries, South Carolina, United States: A risk assessment

Highlights: • Higher contaminant levels in fish from Cooper/Ashley Rivers than Charleston Harbor. • Mullet and spot were significantly higher in PCBs and pesticides than red drum. • PCBs were the predominant contaminant in whole fish and fillets from Charleston SC. • PCBs in all fillets exceed EPA human health values, consumption advisories warranted. • Whole fish PCBs, PBDEs exceed wildlife screening values, a concern for local dolphins. Fish consumption is an important route of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in dolphins as well as humans. In order to assess the potential risks associated with these contaminants, 39 whole fish and 37 fillets from fish representing species consumed by dolphins and humans captured from Charleston Harbor and tributaries, South Carolina, USA, were measured for a suite of POPs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the predominant contaminant with concentrations ranging from 5.02 to 232.20 ng/g in whole fish and 5.42–131.95 ng/g in fillets (weight weight ww) followed by total organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Total POPs levels varied by location and species with general trends indicating significantly higher levels in fish from the Cooper (93.4 ng/g ww) and Ashley Rivers (56.2 ng/g ww) compared to Charleston Harbor (31.6 ng/g ww). Mullet and spot were found to have significantly higher PCBs, OCPs and total POPs, 2–3 times higher than red drum; mullet were also significantly higher in OCPs compared to seatrout. PCB concentrations in whole fish and fillets exceeded EPA human screening values for cancer risk in all fish sampled. For PCBs in fillets, all samples had values of maximum allowable meals per month that were less than the EPA, FDA guidelines for recommended fish meals per month, suggesting lower (more stringent) allowable fish meals per month. All fish exceeded PBDE wildlife values and all fish except two exceeded the level where 95% of the dolphin population would have tissue levels below the health effect threshold. Considering that POP concentrations in fish potentially consumed by humans exceed human health effect thresholds levels, consumption advisories should be considered as a prudent public health measure.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗