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DOE OSTI2026

Interfacial Chemistry Involved in Selective Separation of NMC/LMO and LCO/LMO Binary Cathode Materials by Froth Flotation Using Oleic Acid

The variability in cathode compositions within recycled lithium-ion battery (LIB) feedstocks poses a significant challenge to efficient downstream refining processes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using froth flotation with oleic acid as a collector to selectively separate lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) from lithium manganese oxide (LMO) materials. Laboratory-scale flotation tests achieved an 80% separation efficiency in a single stage, producing a froth product with >90% purity of NMC/LCO at approximately 90% yield. Concurrently, the LMO materials were enriched in the sink product with ∼90% purity and ∼90% yield. This approach was further validated using recycled cathode materials, confirming its applicability to realistic feedstocks. The underlying mechanism governing the selective separation of NMC/LCO from LMO was investigated using ζ-potential measurements, contact angle measurements, bubble-particle attachment experiments, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Both contact angle and bubble-particle attachment results confirmed that oleic acid adsorption rendered NMC and LCO surfaces hydrophobic, thereby enhancing flotation recovery. At pH 5, oleic acid adsorbed preferentially onto NMC and LCO surfaces via electrostatic interactions, while exhibiting minimal adsorption on LMO surfaces. However, separation efficiency deteriorated at higher pH, which was attributed to the co-flotation of LMO materials caused by oleate chemisorption on MnOH + species. This work establishes froth flotation as a viable cathode/cathode separation strategy, providing a low-cost, scalable pathway to preconcentrate and enrich nickel-rich and cobalt-rich cathode active materials from incompatible cathode chemistries for direct recycling or hydrometallurgical processing. Furthermore, this study reveals, for the first time, the mechanism of oleate adsorption on the surface of different cathode materials.

PH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Selective Detection of Diglycolamide Diastereomers By Metal-Ligand Cluster Formation

Introduction (120 words): Differentiation of isomers using mass spectrometry is a challenge, as these species tend to produce ions of identical mass-to-charge ratio. Therefore, separation with mass spectrometry must rely on chemical differences between isomeric species. Separation of stereoisomers is especially challenging, as these species often have very similar chemistry. However, recent investigations of the solvent extraction behavior of diastereomers of diglycolamide molecules have shown that different stereoisomers can have significantly different lanthanide extraction efficiencies. These studies showed that the R,S stereoisomer of 2,2'-oxybis(N,N-dioctylpropanamide efficiently extracts lanthanides, while the S,S stereoisomer does not. Thus, gas-phase metal complexation may provide a pathway for differentiating these species using mass spectrometry. Methods (120 words): Europium, samarium, and holmium clusters with the R,S, and the S,S diastereomers of 2,2'-oxybis(N,N-didecylpropanamide (trivially tetradecyl diglycolamide, or mTDDGA) were generated in gas-phase using the electrospray ionization source of a Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA) micrOTOF-Q II quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Solutions of aqueous lanthanide nitrate and diglycolamide ligands in 2-propanol were added to 50%:50% by volume acetonitrile:2-propanol to generate the spray solutions. Ligand concentration was maintained at approximately 6 µM, while lanthanide concentration was maintained at either 6 µM or 30 µM . High resolution, high mass accuracy spectra were recorded using the time-of-flight. Mass accuracy was ensured using external calibration with Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) ESI-L Low Concentration tuning mix. Preliminary data (300 words): Electrospray of solutions containing only R,S-mTDDGA or S,S-m-TDDGA yield abundant peaks at m/z= 721.7, corresponding to [mTDDGA+H]+1, m/z = 743.7, corresponding to [mTDDGA+Na]+1, and m/z = 1464.4, corresponding to the sodium-bound dimer, [Na(mTDDGA)2]+1. Spray of solutions containing 6 µM europium (Eu) with 3 µM R,S-mTDDGA produced an abundant cluster ion with an isotopic envelope centered at m/z=772.0, corresponding to [Eu(R,S-mTDDGA)3]3+. Europium-containing cluster ions with isotopic envelopes apexing at m/z = 1012.3 and 1189.0 correspond to the [Eu(R,S-mTDDGA)4]3+ and [Eu(R,S-mTDDGA)5]3+ cluster ions, respectively. Protonated and sodiated R,S-mTDDGA are present as well, along with the sodium-bound dimer. In contrast, spray of solutions containing 6 µM europium (Eu) with 3 µM S,S-mTDDGA diastereomer yielded only protonated and sodiated ligand ions; no Eu- S,S-mTDDGA ions were present. This mirrors the solution-phase behavior, where the S,S diestereomer extracts lanthanides with significantly less efficiency than the R,S diestereomer. Experiments with holmium and samarium yielded the same results. Increasing the lanthanide concentration to 30 µM resulted in limited formation of lanthanide-S,S-mTDDGA clusters. However, the abundance of the [Ln(S,S-mTDDGA)3]3+ clusters remained low compared to the abundance of the protonated and sodiated ligand. Additionally, the abundance of the [Ln(R,S-mTDDGA)3]3+ cluster ion was significantly higher than that of the protonated and sodiated ligand in experiments with spray solutions containing 30 µM lanthanide with R,S-mTDDA, supporting the hypothesis that R,S-mTDDGA has a higher intrinsic affinity for the lanthanides than S,S-mTDDGA. Thus, the intrinsic complexation with lanthanides appears to offer a route to differentiate diglycolamide diestereomers in the gas-phase. Novelty (20): Stereoisomers can be differentiated in the gas phase by exploitation of differences in metal complexation chemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Innovative Approach to Recycle Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrolytes via Sequential Chemical Processes

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EV) has driven the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This will result in a large amount of spent batteries that if not properly disposed will pose significant environmental damage, especially from the electrolyte. The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), which when treated by either incineration or water washing can generate harmful F- and P-containing substances such as hydrofluoric acid (HF). In this study, an innovative two-step process is presented to separate and purify both the solvents and lithium salts from the spent electrolyte. Antisolvent assisted precipitation is used to selectively isolate LiPF 6 salt in the form of a complex with ethylene carbonate. Subsequent distillation then separates the volatile electrolyte solvents and antisolvent from each other effectively. In addition, a new process to further purify LiPF 6 from its ethylene carbonate (EC) complex is also presented. This electrolyte recycling method not only enables the recovery of the high-value LiPF 6 salt and the electrolyte solvents, but also paves the way for environmentally responsible and circular LIB recycling.

electrolyte↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cation-Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions

In this work, we report a new approach for forming ion depletion zones (IDZs) using intercalation reactions at an electrochemically controlled Prussian blue (PB) film. The experiments described here were performed using a microfluidic device, wherein a charged fluorophore in solution was used as a proxy to monitor IDZ formation. In the presence of K + , intercalation reactions proceed readily to form an IDZ, and thus enrich the fluorophore up to 37-fold. In the presence of the larger hydrated Li + or tetrabutylammonium (TBA + ) ions, however, ion intercalation proceeded less quickly than with K + . Slower ion intercalation resulted in a weaker IDZ and correspondingly lower enrichment factors of eight- and six-fold, respectively. These results are significant because they show that PB intercalation reactions selectively form an IDZ. Accordingly, we anticipate that these findings will lead to a better understanding and further interesting applications of intercalation materials like PB for efficient and selective enrichment and separations.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Alkali Metal Ions Dictate the Structure and Reactivity of an Iron(II) Imido Complex

The presence of redox innocent metal ions has been proposed to modulate the reactivity of metal ligand multiple bonds; however, insight from structure/function relationships is limited. Here, alkali metal reduction of the Fe(III) imido complex [Ph 2 B( t BuIm) 2 Fe=NDipp] (1) provides the series of structurally characterized Fe(II) imido complexes [Ph 2 B( t BuIm) 2 Fe=NDippLi(THF) 2 ] (2), [Ph 2 B( t BuIm) 2 Fe=NDippNa(THF) 3 ] (3), and [Ph 2 B( t BuIm) 2 Fe=NDippK] 2 (4), in which the alkali metal cations coordinate the imido ligand. Structural investigations demonstrate that the alkali metal ions modestly lengthen the Fe=N bond distance from that in the charge separated complex [Ph 2 B( t BuIm) 2 Fe=NDipp][K(18-C-6)THF 2 ] (5), with the longest bond observed for the smallest alkali metal ion. In contrast to 5, the imido ligands in 2–4 can be protonated and alkylated to afford Fe(II) amido complexes. Combined experimental and computational studies reveal that the alkali metal polarizes the Fe=N bond, and the basicity of imido ligand increases according to 5 < 4 ≈ 3 < 2. The basicity of the imido ligands influences the relative rates of reaction with 1,4-cyclohexadiene, specifically by gating access to complex 5, which is the species that is active for HAT. All complexes 2–4 react with benzophenone form metastable Fe(II) intermediates that subsequently eliminate the metathesis product Ph 2 C=NDipp, with relative rates dependent on the alkali metal ion. By contrast, the same reaction with 5 does not lead to the formation of Ph 2 C=NDipp. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that the coordination of alkali metal ions dictate both the structure and reactivity of the imido ligand and moreover can direct the reactivity of reaction intermediates.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydrated Anions: From Clusters to Bulk Solution with Quasi-Chemical Theory

The interactions of hydrated ions with molecular and macromolecular solution and interface partners are strong on a chemical energy scale. Here we recount the foremost ab initio theory for the evaluation of the hydration free energies of ions, namely, quasi-chemical theory (QCT). We focus on anions, particularly halides but also the hydroxide anion, because they have been outstanding challenges for all theories. For example, this work supports understanding the high selectivity for F – over Cl – in fluoride-selective ion channels despite the identical charge and the size similarity of these ions. QCT is built by the identification of inner-shell clusters, separate treatment of those clusters, and then the integration of those results into the broader-scale solution environment. Recent work has focused on a close comparison with mass-spectrometric measurements of ion-hydration equilibria. We delineate how ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations on ion-hydration clusters, elementary statistical thermodynamics, and electronic structure calculations on cluster structures sampled from the AIMD calculations obtain just the free energies extracted from the cluster experiments. That theory–experiment comparison has not been attempted before the work discussed here, but the agreement is excellent with moderate computational effort. This agreement reinforces both theory and experiment and provides a numerically accurate inner-shell contribution to QCT. The inner-shell complexes involving heavier halides display strikingly asymmetric hydration clusters. Asymmetric hydration structures can be problematic for the evaluation of the QCT outer-shell contribution with the polarizable continuum model (PCM). Nevertheless, QCT provides a favorable setting for the exploitation of PCM when the inner-shell material shields the ion from the outer solution environment. For the more asymmetrically hydrated, and thus less effectively shielded, heavier halide ions clustered with waters, the PCM is less satisfactory. We therefore investigate an inverse procedure in which the inner-shell structures are sampled from readily available AIMD calculations on the bulk solutions. This inverse procedure is a remarkable improvement; our final results are in close agreement with a standard tabulation of hydration free energies, and the final composite results are independent of the coordination number on the chemical energy scale of relevance, as they should be. Finally, a comparison of anion hydration structure in clusters and bulk solutions from AIMD simulations emphasize some differences: the asymmetries of bulk solution inner-shell structures are moderated compared with clusters but are still present, and inner hydration shells fill to slightly higher average coordination numbers in bulk solution than in clusters.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Search for the chiral magnetic effect with isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV by the STAR Collaboration at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is predicted to occur as a consequence of a local violation of P and CP symmetries of the strong interaction amidst a strong electro-magnetic field generated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Experimental manifestation of the CME involves a separation of positively and negatively charged hadrons along the direction of the magnetic field. Previous measurements of the CME-sensitive charge-separation observables remain inconclusive because of large background contributions. In order to better control the influence of signal and backgrounds, the STAR Collaboration performed a blind analysis of a large data sample of approximately 3.8 billion isobar collisions of $^{96}_{44}$Ru + $^{96}_{44}$Ru and $^{96}_{40}$Zr + $^{96}_{40}$Zr at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Prior to the blind analysis, the CME signatures are predefined as a significant excess of the CME-sensitive observables in Ru + Ru collisions over those in Zr + Zr collisions, owing to a larger magnetic field in the former. Here, a precision down to 0.4% is achieved, as anticipated, in the relative magnitudes of the pertinent observables between the two isobar systems. Observed differences in the multiplicity and flow harmonics at the matching centrality indicate that the magnitude of the CME background is different between the two species. No CME signature that satisfies the predefined criteria has been observed in isobar collisions in this blind analysis.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Adsorption and Chromatographic Behavior of Dispersed Sodium Bismuthate Systems for the Separation of Americium from Curium

The selective partitioning of americium (Am) and curium (Cm) is integral for nuclear science areas such as the nuclear fuel cycle, stockpile stewardship, and isotope production but remains a long-standing radioanalytical challenge due to nearly identical chemical properties. Differences in redox chemistry can be exploited since Am can be oxidized to the hexavalent oxidation state. Sodium bismuthate (NaBiO 3 ) exhibits favorable oxidation and ion exchange characteristics conducive to a rapid and efficient Am/Cm chromatographic separation. Contact of nitric acid with NaBiO 3 was shown to significantly decrease the nitric acid concentration and solution volume. The adsorption, kinetic, and chromatographic behavior of Am and Cm in systems that disperse NaBiO3 in filter aids was evaluated. Further, dispersion of NaBiO 3 increased separation factors to over 100, with rapid kinetics achieved within 1 min of contact and sustained for at least 2 h. The adsorption capacity was more than doubled from 0.066 mequiv g –1 for solid NaBiO 3 alone to 0.149(6) and 0.156(9) meq g –1 when dispersed in Celite 545 and silica gel, respectively. Complete separation was achieved in all systems with ~100% recovery in the respective eluted fractions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Redox‐Dependent Luminescence in a Pentavalent Uranyl Complex

The chemistry of pentavalent uranyl is of high interest due to the ion's central role as an intermediate in nuclear separations. However, due to the instability of [UO 2 ] + , little is known about its electronic structure. The synthesis and characterization of a pentavalent uranyl complex supported by a pyridine dipyrrolide pincer‐type ligand are reported. The pentavalent species is isolated following reduction of the hexavalent uranyl congener, allowing for direct comparisons to be made between the two species. The [UO 2 ] 2+ analog is nonemissive, but upon reduction, luminescence is “switched on” in the pentavalent uranyl complex, affording emission from a high‐energy state. Quantum chemical calculations support the experimental findings and help provide insight into the electronic structure of the excited states of the reduced complex. This work provides a unique example of ligand‐based non‐Kasha emission from a molecular pentavalent uranyl complex.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Origins of Lithium/Sodium Reverse Permeability Selectivity in 12-Crown-4-Functionalized Polymer Membranes

Direct lithium extraction via membrane separations has been fundamentally limited by lack of monovalent ion selectivity exhibited by conventional polymeric membranes, particularly between sodium and lithium ions. Recently, a 12- Crown-4-functionalized polynorbornene membrane was shown to have the largest lithium/sodium permeability selectivity observed in a fully aqueous system to date. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that this selectivity is due to strong interactions between sodium ions and 12-Crown-4 moieties, which reduce sodium ion diffusivity while leaving lithium ion mobility relatively unaffected. Furthermore, the ion diffusivities in the membrane, when scaled by their respective solution diffusivities and free ion fractions, can be collapsed to an almost universal relationship depending on solvent volume fraction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Connecting energetics to dynamics in particle growth by oriented attachment using real-time observations

The interplay between crystal and solvent structure, interparticle forces and ensemble particle response dynamics governs the process of crystallization by oriented attachment (OA), yet a quantitative understanding is lacking. Using as a model system ZnO, we combine in situ TEM observations of single particle and ensemble assembly dynamics with simulations of interparticle forces and responses to relate experimentally derived interparticle potentials to the underlying interactions. We show that OA is driven by forces and torques due to a combination of electrostatic ion-solvent correlations and dipolar interactions that act at separations well beyond 5 nm. Importantly, coalignment is achieved before particles reach separations at which strong attractions drive the final jump to contact. The observed barrier to attachment is negligible, while dissipative factors in the quasi-2D confinement of the TEM fluid cell lead to abnormal diffusivities with timescales for rotation much less than for translation, thus enabling OA to dominate.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Insights into lithium ion deposition on lithium metal surfaces

Lithium metal is among the most promising anodes for the next generation of batteries due to its high theoretical energy density and high capacity. Challenges such as extreme reactivity and lithium dendrite formation have kept lithium metal anodes away from practical applications. However, the underlying mechanisms of Li ion deposition from the electrolyte solution onto the anode surface are still poorly understood due to their inherent complexity. In this work, density functional theory calculations and thermodynamic integration via constrained molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to study the electron and ion transfer between lithium metal slab and the electrolyte in absence of an external field. Here, we explore the effect of the solvent chemistry and structure, distance of the solvated complex from the surface, anion–cation separation, and concentration of Li-salts on the deposition of lithium ions from the electrolyte phase onto the surface. Ethylene carbonate (EC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), and mixtures of them are used as solvents. These species compete with the salt anion and the Li cation for electron transfer from the surface. It is found that the structure and properties of the solvation shell around the lithium cation has a great influence on the ability of the cation to diffuse as well as on its surrounding electron environment. DME molecules allow easier motion of the lithium ion compared with EC and DOL molecules. The slow growth approach allows the study of energy barriers for the ion diffusion and desolvation during the deposition pathway. This method helps elucidating the underlying mechanisms on lithium-ion deposition and provides a better understanding of the early stages of Li nucleation.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

In vitro investigation of protein assembly by combined microscopy and infrared spectroscopy at the nanometer scale

The nanoscale structure and dynamics of proteins on surfaces has been extensively studied using various imaging techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquid environments. These powerful imaging techniques, however, can potentially damage or perturb delicate biological material and do not provide chemical information, which prevents a fundamental understanding of the dynamic processes underlying their evolution under physiological conditions. Here, we use a platform developed in our laboratory that enables acquisition of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and AFM images of biological material in physiological liquids with nanometer resolution in a cell closed by atomically thin graphene membranes transparent to IR photons. In this work, we studied the self-assembly process of S-layer proteins at the graphene-aqueous solution interface. The graphene acts also as the membrane separating the solution containing the proteins and Ca 2+ ions from the AFM tip, thus eliminating sample damage and contamination effects. The formation of S-layer protein lattices and their structural evolution was monitored by AFM and by recording the amide I and II IR absorption bands, which reveal the noncovalent interaction between proteins and their response to the environment, including ionic strength and solvation. Our measurement platform opens unique opportunities to study biological material and soft materials in general.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Time-resolved ion energy distribution functions during a HiPIMS discharge with cathode voltage reversal

Abstract The effect on the ion energy distribution function (IEDF) of plasma produced during a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge as the pulse conditions are varied is reported. Pressure was varied from 0.67–2.00 Pa (5–15 mTorr), positive kick pulses up to 200 V tested with a constant 4 μ s delay between negative and positive cycles. The results demonstrate that the resulting plasma during the positive cathode voltage reversal is the result of expansion through the largely neutral gas species between the end of the magnetic trap of the target and the workpiece. The plasma potential rises on similar time scale with the evolution of a narrow peak in the IEDF close to the applied bias. The peak of the distribution function remains narrow close to the applied bias irrespective of pulse length, and with only slight pressure dependence. One exception discovered is that the IEDF contains a broad high energy tail early in the kick pulse due to acceleration of ions present beyond the trap from the main pulse separate from the ionization front that follows.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Decay of a microsecond seniority 3 isomeric state in Hf 155

Excited states in the neutron-deficient nuclide Hf 155 have been investigated in experiments performed at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä. The Hf 155 nuclei were produced in fusion-evaporation reactions induced by beams of 295 and 315 MeV Ni 58 ions bombarding an isotopically enriched Pd 102 target and separated using the recoil mass separator MARA. An isomeric state having a half-life of 510(30) ns was discovered and is interpreted as a seniority υ = 3 , ( π h 11 / 2 2 ⊗ ν f 7 / 2 ) 27 / 2 − configuration. The γ -ray transitions emitted in the deexcitation of the isomeric state to the ground state were identified and a level scheme was constructed, from which the excitation energy of the isomer was determined to be 2581.5(10) keV. A B ( E 2 ) value of 0.45(3) W.u. was deduced for the 105.4 keV transition depopulating the isomeric state. The deduced level scheme and B ( E 2 ) value are compared with systematics and shell-model calculations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mechano-Electrochemical Interaction in Solid-State Lithium Batteries

A solid-state lithium (Li) battery primarily consists of Li metal anode, solid electrolyte separator, and cathode. The asymmetric volume changes, originating from ion transport and interfacial Li growth during plating, lead to significant stresses in the layered architecture. In this study, we develop a coupled mechanics-electrochemistry formalism for polymer electrolyte based solid-state batteries, in particular, focusing on the stress effect on electrochemical performance. By means of a coupling coefficient, it is found that stress-assisted ion transport in the electrolyte results in a delayed Sand’s time and increased critical current density of unstable electrodeposition, and consequently, alleviates the propensity of dendrite formation. Stress at the Li metal-electrolyte interface affects the electrochemical reaction kinetics, and the influences from the deviatoric stress and hydrostatic pressure vary with Li plating time. In addition, a low restraint stiffness to the layered structure could elastically buffer the volumetric changes and thus reduce the stress during Li plating. This fundamental study provides guidance for the design of solid-state batteries, aimed at stable electrodeposition and mechanical integrity.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Influence of the neutron-skin effect on nuclear isobar collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The unambiguous observation of a Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME)-driven charge separation is the core aim of the isobar program at RHIC consisting of $96\atop{40}$Zr+$96\atop{40}$Zr and $96\atop{44}$Ru+$96\atop{44}$Ru collisions at √s NN = 200 GeV. We quantify the role of the spatial distributions of the nucleons in the isobars on both eccentricity and magnetic field strength within a relativistic hadronic transport approach (SMASH, Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons). In particular, we introduce isospin-dependent nucleon-nucleon spatial correlations in the geometric description of both nuclei, deformation for $96\atop{44}$Ru and the so-called neutron skin effect for the neutron-rich isobar i.e. $96\atop{40}$Zr. The main result of this study is a reduction of the magnetic field strength difference between $96\atop{44}$Ru+$96\atop{44}$Ru and $96\atop{40}$Zr+$96\atop{40}$Zr by a factor of 2, from 10% to 5% in peripheral collisions when the neutron-skin effect is included. Further, we find an increase of the eccentricity ratio between the isobars by up to 10% in ultra-central collisions as due to the deformation of $96\atop{44}$Ru while neither the neutron skin effect nor the nucleon-nucleon correlations result into a significant modification of this observable with respect to the traditional Woods-Saxon modeling. Our results suggest a significantly smaller CME signal to background ratio for the experimental charge separation measurement in peripheral collisions with the isobar systems than previously expected.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗