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At least 559 records · Page 31
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DOE OSTI2025

Gravitational memory and soft theorems: The local perspective

In general relativity, gravitational memory describes the lasting change in the separation and relative velocity of freely falling detectors after the passage of gravitational waves (GWs). In this paper, we elucidate the relation between Bondi-Metzner-Sachs transformations at future null infinity and the description of gravitational memory in local synchronous coordinates, commonly used in GW detectors like LISA. We show that gravitational memory corresponds to large residual diffeomorphisms in this gauge, such as volume-preserving spatial rescalings. We reproduce the associated soft theorems for scattering amplitudes. Finally, we derive novel soft theorems for equal-time (in-in) correlation functions, which are recognized as the flat space analogues of inflationary consistency relations with a soft tensor mode. Furthermore, these relations provide a pathway toward uncovering deeper connections between gravitational memory and cosmological correlators.

General relativity↗
DOE OSTI2010

It is hard to learn how gravity and electromagnetism couple

We construct the most general effective Lagrangian coupling gravity and electromagnetism up to mass dimension 6 by enumerating all possible nonminimal coupling terms respecting both diffeomorphism and gauge invariance. In all, there are only two unique terms after field redefinitions: one is known to arise from loop effects in QED, while the other is a parity-violating term which may be generated by weak interactions within the standard model of particle physics. We show that neither the cosmological propagation of light nor, contrary to earlier claims, solar system tests of general relativity are useful probes of these terms. These nonminimal couplings of gravity and electromagnetism may remain a mystery for the foreseeable future.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Phenomenological Extension for Tidal Charge Black Hole

A simple phenomenological extension of the black hole solution with tidal charge is proposed. Empirical data on the Sgr A* black hole is consistent with the suggested metric which serves as a generalization of the Reissner–Nordström one. Such a generalization includes the leading effects beyond general relativity; so, the discussed metric can explain wider range of gravitational effects. We discuss physical features of an object described by the proposed metric, namely, the size of its shadow and the innermost stable circular orbit radius.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

A parametrisation of modified gravity on nonlinear cosmological scales

Viable modifications of gravity on cosmological scales predominantly rely on screening mechanisms to recover Einstein's Theory of General Relativity in the Solar System, where it has been well tested. A parametrisation of the effects of such modifications in the spherical collapse model is presented here for the use of modelling the modified nonlinear cosmological structure. The formalism allows an embedding of the different screening mechanisms operating in scalar-tensor theories through large values of the gravitational potential or its first or second derivatives as well as of linear suppression effects or more general transitions between modified and Einstein gravity limits. Each screening or suppression mechanism is parametrised by a time, mass, and environment dependent screening scale, an effective modified gravitational coupling in the fully unscreened limit that can be matched to linear theory, the exponent of a power-law radial profile of the screened coupling, determined by derivatives, symmetries, and potentials in the scalar field equation, and an interpolation rate between the screened and unscreened limits. Along with generalised perturbative methods, the parametrisation may be used to formulate a nonlinear extension to the linear parametrised post-Friedmannian framework to enable generalised tests of gravity with the wealth of observations from the nonlinear cosmological regime.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Implications of the weak gravity conjecture for tidal Love numbers of black holes

The weak gravity conjecture indicates that extremal black holes in the low-energy effective field theory should be able to decay. This criterion gives rise to nontrivial constraints on the coefficients of higher-order derivative corrections to gravity. In this paper, we investigate the tidal deformability of neutral black holes due to higher-order derivative corrections. As a proof of concept, we consider a correction of cubic order in the Riemann curvature tensor. The tidal Love numbers of neutral black holes receive leading-order corrections from higher-order derivative terms, since black holes in pure General Relativity have vanishing tidal Love number. We conclude that the interplay between the tidal deformability of black holes and the weak gravity conjecture provides useful information about the effective field theory.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Cosmology with moving bimetric fluids

We study cosmological implications of bigravity and massive gravity solutions with non-simultaneously diagonal metrics by considering the generalized Gordon and Kerr-Schild ansatzes. The scenario that we obtain is equivalent to that of General Relativity with additional non-comoving perfect fluids. We show that the most general ghost-free bimetric theory generates three kinds of effective fluids whose equations of state are fixed by a function of the ansatz. Different choices of such function allow to reproduce the behaviour of different dark fluids. In particular, the Gordon ansatz is suitable for the description of various kinds of slowly-moving fluids, whereas the Kerr-Schild one is shown to describe a null dark energy component. The motion of those dark fluids with respect to the CMB is shown to generate, in turn, a relative motion of baryonic matter with respect to radition which contributes to the CMB anisotropies. CMB dipole observations are able to set stringent limits on the dark sector described by the effective bimetric fluid.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

A conformal approach for the analysis of the non-linear stability of radiation cosmologies

The conformal Einstein equations for a trace-free (radiation) perfect fluid are derived in terms of the Levi-Civita connection of a conformally rescaled metric. These equations are used to provide a non-linear stability result for de Sitter-like trace-free (radiation) perfect fluid Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmological models. The solutions thus obtained exist globally towards the future and are future geodesically complete. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We study the Einstein-Euler system in General Relativity using conformal methods. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We analyze the structural properties of the associated evolution equations. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We establish the non-linear stability of pure radiation cosmological models.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Unimodular loop quantum cosmology

Unimodular gravity is based on a modification of the usual Einstein-Hilbert action that allows one to recover general relativity with a dynamical cosmological constant. It also has the interesting property of providing, as the momentum conjugate to the cosmological constant, an emergent clock variable. In this paper we investigate the cosmological reduction of unimodular gravity, and its quantization within the framework of flat homogeneous and isotropic loop quantum cosmology. It is shown that the unimodular clock can be used to construct the physical state space, and that the fundamental features of the previous models featuring scalar field clocks are reproduced. In particular, the classical singularity is replaced by a quantum bounce, which takes place in the same condition as obtained previously. We also find that requirement of semiclassicality demands the expectation value of the cosmological constant to be small (in Planck units). The relation to spin foam models is also studied, and we show that the use of the unimodular time variable leads to a unique vertex expansion.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Equality between gravitational and electromagnetic absorption cross sections of extreme Reissner-Nordstroem black holes

The absorption cross section of Reissner-Nordstroem black holes for the gravitational field is computed numerically, taking into account the coupling of the electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations. Our results are in excellent agreement with low- and high-frequency approximations. We find equality between gravitational and electromagnetic absorption cross sections of extreme Reissner-Nordstroem black holes for all frequencies, which we explain analytically. This gives the first example of objects in general relativity in four dimensions that absorb the electromagnetic and gravitational waves in exactly the same way.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Light-bending tests of Lorentz invariance

Classical light-bending is investigated for weak gravitational fields in the presence of hypothetical local Lorentz violation. Using an effective field theory framework that describes general deviations from local Lorentz invariance, we derive a modified deflection angle for light passing near a massive body. The results include anisotropic effects not present for spherical sources in General Relativity as well as Weak Equivalence Principle violation. We develop an expression for the relative deflection of two distant stars that can be used to analyze data in past and future solar-system observations. The measurement sensitivities of such tests to coefficients for Lorentz violation are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Slow expansion in the scalar-tensor theory of gravity

In this paper, we analyze the slow expansion scenario in the scalar-tensor theory of gravity. After considering the slow expansion solution H≃0, we discuss the slow expansion in the scalar-tensor theory by terms of the nearly scale-invariant primordial power spectrum and find that the primordial power spectrum can be determined by the coupling function f(φ). After the slow expansion phase ends, general relativity can be recovered under certain conditions, and then the universe evolves in accordance with the standard cosmology. In the scalar-tensor theory, the slow expansion scenario provides a possible way to avoid the big bang singularity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Constraining the range of Yukawa gravity interaction from S2 star orbits

We consider possible signatures for Yukawa gravity within the Galactic Central Parsec, based on our analysis of the S2 star orbital precession around the massive compact dark object at the Galactic Centre, and on the comparisons between the simulated orbits in Yukawa gravity and two independent sets of observations. Our simulations resulted in strong constraints on the range of Yukawa interaction Λ and showed that its most probable value in the case of S2 star is around 5000 - 7000 AU. At the same time, we were not able to obtain reliable constrains on the universal constant δ of Yukawa gravity, because the current observations of S2 star indicated that it may be highly correlated with parameter Λ in the range (0 < δ < 1). For δ > 2 they are not correlated. However, the same universal constant which was successfully applied to clusters of galaxies and rotation curves of spiral galaxies (δ = 1/3) also gives a satisfactory agreement with the observed orbital precession of the S2 star, and in that case the most probable value for the scale parameter is Λ ≈ 3000±1500 AU. Also, the Yukawa gravity potential induces precession of S2 star orbit in the same direction as General Relativity for δ > 0 and for δ < −1, and in the opposite direction for −1 < δ < 0. The future observations with advanced facilities, such as GRAVITY or/and European Extremely Large Telescope, are needed in order to verify these claims.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Scalar graviton as dark matter

The basics of the theory of unimodular bimode gravity built on the principles of unimodular gauge invariance/relativity and general covariance are exposed. Besides the massless tensor graviton of General Relativity, the theory includes an (almost) massless scalar graviton treated as the gravitational dark matter. A spherically symmetric vacuum solution describing the coherent scalar-graviton field for the soft-core dark halos, with the asymptotically flat rotation curves, is demonstrated as an example.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Gauge Fixing in the Maxwell Like Gravitational Theory in Minkowski Spacetime and in the Equivalent Lorentzian Spacetime

In a previous paper we investigate a Lagrangian field theory for the gravitational field, which is there represented by a section {l_brace}g{sup {alpha}}{r_brace} of the coframe bundle over Minkowski spacetime (M{approx_equal}R{sup 4},g ring, D ring,{tau}{sub g{sup ring}},{up_arrow}). Such theory, under appropriate conditions, has been proved to be equivalent to a Lorentzian spacetime structure (M{approx_equal}R{sup 4},g,D,{tau}{sub g},{up_arrow}) where the metric tensor g satisfies the Einstein field equation. Here, we first recall that according to quantum field theory ideas gravitation is described by a Lagrangian theory of a possible massive graviton field (generated by matter fields and coupling also to itself) living in Minkowski spacetime. The massive graviton field is moreover supposed to be represented by a symmetric tensor field h carrying the representations of spin two and zero of the Lorentz group. Such a field, then (as it is well known) must necessarily satisfy the gauge condition given by Eq.(10) below. Next, we introduce an ansatz relating h with the 1-form fields {l_brace}g{sup {alpha}}{r_brace}. Then, using the Clifford bundle formalism we derive from our Lagrangian theory the exact wave equation for the graviton and investigate the role of the gauge condition given by Eq.(10) by asking the question: does Eq.(10) fix any gauge condition for the field g of the effective Lorentzian spacetime structure (M{approx_equal}R{sup 4},g,D,{tau}{sub g},{up_arrow}) that represents the field h in our theory? We show that no gauge condition is fixed a priory, as it is the case in General Relativity. Moreover we prove that if we use Logunov gauge condition, i.e., D ring{sub {gamma}}({radical}-detgg{sup {gamma}{kappa}} = 0) then only a restricted class of coordinate systems (including harmonic ones) are allowed by the theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

PULSE PROFILES FROM THERMALLY EMITTING NEUTRON STARS

The problem of computing the pulse profiles from thermally emitting spots on the surface of a neutron star in general relativity is reconsidered. We show that it is possible to extend Beloborodov's approach to include (multiple) spots of finite size in different positions on the star surface. The results for the pulse profiles are expressed by comparatively simple analytical formulae which involve only elementary functions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

MTV-G experiment: Probing non-standard strong gravitational field at nuclear scale using geodetic precession

A new experiment named MTV-G, probing a large electron spin-precession due to a possible strong gravitational field, which predicted by large extra dimension model, is started at TRIUMF from 2011. In an electron-nuclear scattering experiment, a strong gravitational field is tested as a large spin precession effect caused by geodetic precession predicted by general relativity theory as a result of a warped space-time around nuclei. Experimental design using spin polarized electron source and Mott-spin analyzer, commissioning experiment and the preliminary results are described.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Scale-dependent halo bias from scale-dependent growth

We derive a general expression for the large-scale halo bias, in theories with a scale-dependent linear growth, using the excursion set formalism. Such theories include modified-gravity models, and models in which the dark energy clustering is non-negligible. A scale dependence is imprinted in both the formation and evolved biases by the scale-dependent growth. Mergers are accounted for in our derivation, which thus extends earlier work which focused on passive evolution. There is a simple analytic form for the bias for those theories in which the nonlinear collapse of perturbations is approximately the same as in general relativity. As an illustration, we apply our results to a simple Yukawa modification of gravity, and use Sloan Digital Sky Survey measurements of the clustering of luminous red galaxies to constrain the theory's parameters.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Delta-Gravity (Physics of Particles and Nuclei, v. 44(2))

We present a model of the gravitational field based on two symmetric tensors. The equations of motion of test particles are derived: Massive particles do not follow a geodesic but massless particles trajectories are null geodesics of an effective metric. Outside matter, the predictions of the model coincide exactly with General Relativity, so all classical tests are satisfied. In Cosmology, we get accelerated expansion without a cosmological constant. Additionally, we study the quantization of the model. The main result being that the Effective Action is finite and receives one loop corrections only.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗