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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

On Control Schemes for Grid-Forming Inverters

Grid-forming inverters can collaboratively regulate the voltage and frequency of a microgrid. These inverters are expected to be seen more in the future microgrid, undertaking the roles of the conventional power generators. Like conventional power generators, they must balance supply and demand, contribute to power-sharing between inverters and other power generators, and restore the voltage and frequency after any power changes. These technical challenges are typically achieved through different primary and secondary controllers. This article reviews some state-of-the-art primary and secondary control schemes for the emerging technology of grid-forming inverters. First, the typical control schemes for grid-following inverters are briefly presented for the continuity of the discussion on the roles of the grid-forming inverters in future power-grid, followed by two basic control schemes for the grid-forming inverters. Then, two decentralized power-sharing techniques, i.e., droop, and virtual inertia, are analyzed. The technical challenges for inverter synchronization and some control methods are discussed afterward. Finally, several secondary control methods for the voltage and frequency restoration in grid-forming inverters are reviewed.

Sadeque, Fahmid↗
DOE OSTI2019

Robustness of trait connections across environmental gradients and growth forms

Abstract Aim Plant trait databases often contain traits that are correlated, but for whom direct (undirected statistical dependency) and indirect (mediated by other traits) connections may be confounded. The confounding of correlation and connection hinders our understanding of plant strategies, and how these vary among growth forms and climate zones. We identified the direct and indirect connections across plant traits relevant to competition, resource acquisition and reproductive strategies using a global database and explored whether connections within and between traits from different tissue types vary across climates and growth forms. Location Global. Major taxa studied Plants. Time period Present. Methods We used probabilistic graphical models and a database of 10 plant traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, mass‐ and area‐based leaf nitrogen and phosphorous content, leaf life span, plant height, stem specific density and seed mass) with 16,281 records to describe direct and indirect connections across woody and non‐woody plants across tropical, temperate, arid, cold and polar regions. Results Trait networks based on direct connections are sparser than those based on correlations. Land plants had high connectivity across traits within and between tissue types; leaf life span and stem specific density shared direct connections with all other traits. For both growth forms, two groups of traits form modules of more highly connected traits; one related to resource acquisition, the other to plant architecture and reproduction. Woody species had higher trait network modularity in polar compared to temperate and tropical climates, while non‐woody species did not show significant differences in modularity across climate regions. Main conclusions Plant traits are highly connected both within and across tissue types, yet traits segregate into persistent modules of traits. Variation in the modularity of trait networks suggests that trait connectivity is shaped by prevailing environmental conditions and demonstrates that plants of different growth forms use alternative strategies to cope with local conditions.

Flores‐Moreno, Habacuc↗
DOE OSTI2012

Solution-Derived, Chloride-Containing Minerals as a Waste Form for Alkali Chlorides

Sodalite [Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2] and cancrinite [(Na,K)6Ca2Al6Si6O24Cl4] are environmentally stable, chloride-containing minerals and are a logical waste form option for the mixed alkali chloride salt waste stream that is generated from a proposed electrochemical separations process during nuclear fuel reprocessing. Due to the volatility of chloride salts at moderate temperatures, the ideal processing route for these salts is a low-temperature approach such as the sol-gel process. The sodalite structure can be easily synthesized by the sol-gel process; however, it is produced in the form of a fine powder with particle sizes on the order of 1–10 µm. Due to the small particle size, these powders require additional treatment to form a monolith. In this study, the sol-gel powders were pressed into pellets and fired to achieve > 90% of theoretical density. The cancrinite structure, identified as the best candidate mineral form in terms of waste loading capacity, was only produced on a limited basis following the sol-gel process and converted to sodalite upon firing. Here we discuss the sol-gel process specifics, chemical durability of select waste forms, and the steps taken to maximize chloride-containing phases, decrease chloride loss during pellet firing, and increase pellet densities.

cancrinite↗
DOE OSTI2016

A new form of the calibration curve in radiochromic dosimetry. Properties and results

Purpose: This work describes a new form of the calibration curve for radiochromic dosimetry that depends on one fit parameter. Some results are reported to show that the new curve performs as well as those previously used and, more importantly, significantly reduces the dependence on the lot of films, the film orientation on the scanner, and the time after exposure. Methods: The form of the response curve makes use of the net optical densities ratio against the dose and has been studied by means of the Beer–Lambert law and a simple modeling of the film. The new calibration curve has been applied to EBT3 films exposed at 6 and 15 MV energy beams of linear accelerators and read-out in transmission mode by means of a flatbed color scanner. Its performance has been compared to that of two established forms of the calibration curve, which use the optical density and the net optical density against the dose. Four series of measurements with four lots of EBT3 films were used to evaluate the precision, accuracy, and dependence on the time after exposure, orientation on the scanner and lot of films. Results: The new calibration curve is roughly subject to the same dose uncertainty, about 2% (1 standard deviation), and has the same accuracy, about 1.5% (dose values between 50 and 450 cGy), as the other calibration curves when films of the same lot are used. Moreover, the new calibration curve, albeit obtained from only one lot of film, shows a good agreement with experimental data from all other lots of EBT3 films used, with an accuracy of about 2% and a relative dose precision of 2.4% (1 standard deviation). The agreement also holds for changes of the film orientation and of the time after exposure. Conclusions: The dose accuracy of this new form of the calibration curve is always equal to or better than those obtained from the two types of curves previously used. The use of the net optical densities ratio considerably reduces the dependence on the lot of films, the landscape/portrait orientation, and the time after exposure. This form of the calibration curve could become even more useful with new optical digital devices using monochromatic light.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Overexpression of RuBisCO form I and II genes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 augments polyhydroxyalkanoate production heterotrophically and autotrophically

ABSTRACT With the rising demand for sustainable renewable resources, microorganisms capable of producing bioproducts such as bioplastics are attractive. While many bioproduction systems are well-studied in model organisms, investigating non-model organisms is essential to expand the field and utilize metabolically versatile strains. This investigation centers on Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1, a purple non-sulfur bacterium capable of producing bioplastics. To increase bioplastic production, genes encoding the putative regulatory protein PhaR and the depolymerase PhaZ of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis pathway were deleted. Genes associated with pathways that might compete with PHA production, specifically those linked to glycogen production and nitrogen fixation, were deleted. Additionally, RuBisCO form I and II genes were integrated into TIE-1’s genome by a phage integration system, developed in this study. Our results show that deletion of phaR increases PHA production when TIE-1 is grown photoheterotrophically with butyrate and ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl). Mutants unable to produce glycogen or fix nitrogen show increased PHA production under photoautotrophic growth with hydrogen and NH 4 Cl. The most significant increase in PHA production was observed when RuBisCO form I and form I & II genes were overexpressed, five times under photoheterotrophy with butyrate, two times with hydrogen and NH 4 Cl, and two times under photoelectrotrophic growth with N 2 . In summary, inserting copies of RuBisCO genes into the TIE-1 genome is a more effective strategy than deleting competing pathways to increase PHA production in TIE-1. The successful use of the phage integration system opens numerous opportunities for synthetic biology in TIE-1. IMPORTANCE Our planet has been burdened by pollution resulting from the extensive use of petroleum-derived plastics for the last few decades. Since the discovery of biodegradable plastic alternatives, concerted efforts have been made to enhance their bioproduction. The versatile microorganism Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 (TIE-1) stands out as a promising candidate for bioplastic synthesis, owing to its ability to use multiple electron sources, fix the greenhouse gas CO 2 , and use light as an energy source. Two categories of strains were meticulously designed from the TIE-1 wild-type to augment the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), one such bioplastic produced. The first group includes mutants carrying a deletion of the phaR or phaZ genes in the PHA pathway, and those lacking potential competitive carbon and energy sinks to the PHA pathway (namely, glycogen biosynthesis and nitrogen fixation). The second group comprises TIE-1 strains that overexpress RuBisCO form I or form I & II genes inserted via a phage integration system. By studying numerous metabolic mutants and overexpression strains, we conclude that genetic modifications in the environmental microbe TIE-1 can improve PHA production. When combined with other approaches (such as reactor design, use of microbial consortia, and different feedstocks), genetic and metabolic manipulations of purple nonsulfur bacteria like TIE-1 are essential for replacing petroleum-derived plastics with biodegradable plastics like PHA.

Ranaivoarisoa, Tahina Onina↗
DOE OSTI2016

Study of the formation, stability, and X-ray emission of the Z-pinch formed during implosion of fiber arrays at the Angara-5-1 facility

Results from experimental studies on the implosion of arrays made of kapron fibers coated with different metals (Al, In, Sn, and Bi) are presented. It is shown that the power, total energy, and spectrum of radiation emitted by the imploding array depend on the number of metallized fibers and the mass of the metal layer deposited on them but are independent of the metal characteristics (density, atomic number, etc.). Analysis of frame X-ray images shows that the Z-pinches formed in the implosion of metallized kapron fiber arrays are more stable than those formed in wire arrays and that MHD perturbations in them develop at a slower growth rate. Due to the lower rate of plasma production from kapron fibers, the plasma formed at the periphery of the array forms a layer that plays the role of a hohlraum wall partially trapping soft X-ray emission of the Z-pinch formed in the implosion of the material of the deposited metal layer. The closure of the anode aperture doubles the energy of radiation emitted in the radial direction.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Statistical Theory on the Functional Form of Cloud Particle Size Distributions

Abstract Several functional forms of cloud particle size distributions (PSDs) have been used in numerical modeling and remote sensing retrieval studies of clouds and precipitation, including exponential, gamma, lognormal, and Weibull distributions. However, there is no satisfying theoretical explanation as to why certain distribution forms preferentially occur instead of others. Intuitively, the analytical form of a PSD can be derived by directly solving the general dynamic equation, but no analytical solutions have been found yet. Instead of a process-level approach, the use of the principle of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) for determining the theoretical form of PSDs from the perspective of system is examined here. MaxEnt theory states that the probability density function with the largest information entropy among a group satisfying the given properties of the variable should be chosen. Here, the issue of variability under coordinate transformations that arises using the Gibbs–Shannon definition of entropy is identified, and the use of the concept of relative entropy to avoid these problems is discussed. Focusing on cloud physics, the four-parameter generalized gamma distribution is proposed as the analytical form of a PSD using the principle of maximum (relative) entropy with assumptions on power-law relations among state variables, scale invariance, and a further constraint on the expectation of one state variable (e.g., bulk water mass). The four-parameter generalized gamma distribution is very flexible to accommodate various type of constraints that could be assumed for cloud PSDs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

CUDO: closed-form universal dwell-time optimization for computer-controlled optical surfacing

Precision optical figuring demands fast and accurate dwell time optimization to reach nanometer- and sub-nanometer-level accuracy in next-generation optical systems. We introduce CUDO (closed-form universal dwell-time optimization), the first, to the best of our knowledge, unified closed-form analytical framework that supports both function-form and matrix-form dwell time models in computer-controlled optical surfacing (CCOS). In contrast to traditional methods, which rely on iterative optimization and hyperparameter tuning, our framework derives direct analytical solutions with no adjustable parameters. This approach unifies the solution principles of existing methods within a single mathematical model, delivering three key advantages: (1) accuracy on par with, or superior to, iterative solvers, (2) substantial reduction in computation time, and (3) numerical robustness. Comparative studies with prior art confirm that closed-form solutions achieve equivalent residual error while removing runtime bottlenecks. By simplifying the implementation and enabling real-time, scalable deployment, CUDO establishes a practical foundation for future deterministic fabrication of large-aperture and high-performance optics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Duality and form factors in the thermally deformed two-dimensional tricritical Ising model

The thermal deformation of the critical point action of the 2D tricritical Ising model gives rise to an exact scattering theory with seven massive excitations based on the exceptional E_7 E 7 Lie algebra. The high and low temperature phases of this model are related by duality. This duality guarantees that the leading and sub-leading magnetisation operators, \sigma(x) σ ( x ) and \sigma'(x) σ ′ ( x ) , in either phase are accompanied by associated disorder operators, \mu(x) μ ( x ) and \mu'(x) μ ′ ( x ) . Working specifically in the high temperature phase, we write down the sets of bootstrap equations for these four operators. For \sigma(x) σ ( x ) and \sigma'(x) σ ′ ( x ) , the equations are identical in form and are parameterised by the values of the one-particle form factors of the two lightest \mathbb{Z}_2 ℤ 2 odd particles. Similarly, the equations for \mu(x) μ ( x ) and \mu'(x) μ ′ ( x ) have identical form and are parameterised by two elementary form factors. Using the clustering property, we show that these four sets of solutions are eventually not independent; instead, the parameters of the solutions for \sigma(x)/\sigma'(x) σ ( x ) / σ ′ ( x ) are fixed in terms of those for \mu(x)/\mu'(x) μ ( x ) / μ ′ ( x ) . We use the truncated conformal space approach to confirm numerically the derived expressions of the matrix elements as well as the validity of the \Delta Δ -sum rule as applied to the off-critical correlators. We employ the derived form factors of the order and disorder operators to compute the exact dynamical structure factors of the theory, a set of quantities with a rich spectroscopy which may be directly tested in future inelastic neutron or Raman scattering experiments.

Cortes Cubero, Axel↗
DOE OSTI2019

Comments on one-form global symmetries and their gauging in 3d and 4d

We study 3d and 4d systems with a one-form global symmetry, explore their consequences, and analyze their gauging. For simplicity, we focus on \mathbb{Z}_N ℤ N one-form symmetries. A 3d topological quantum field theory (TQFT) \mathcal{T} 𝒯 with such a symmetry has N N special lines that generate it. The braiding of these lines and their spins are characterized by a single integer p p modulo 2N 2 N . Surprisingly, if \gcd(N,p)=1 gcd ( N , p ) = 1 the TQFT factorizes \mathcal{T}=\mathcal{T}'\otimes \mathcal{A}^{N,p} 𝒯 = 𝒯 ′ ⊗ 𝒜 N , p . Here \mathcal{T}' 𝒯 ′ is a decoupled TQFT, whose lines are neutral under the global symmetry and \mathcal{A}^{N,p} 𝒜 N , p is a minimal TQFT with the \mathbb{Z}_N ℤ N one-form symmetry of label p p . The parameter p p labels the obstruction to gauging the \mathbb{Z}_N ℤ N one-form symmetry; i.e. it characterizes the ’t Hooft anomaly of the global symmetry. When p=0 p = 0 mod 2N 2 N , the symmetry can be gauged. Otherwise, it cannot be gauged unless we couple the system to a 4d bulk with gauge fields extended to the bulk. This understanding allows us to consider SU(N) S U ( N ) and PSU(N) P S U ( N ) 4d gauge theories. Their dynamics is gapped and it is associated with confinement and oblique confinement – probe quarks are confined. In the PSU(N) P S U ( N ) theory the low-energy theory can include a discrete gauge theory. We will study the behavior of the theory with a space-dependent \theta θ -parameter, which leads to interfaces. Typically, the theory on the interface is not confining. Furthermore, the liberated probe quarks are anyons on the interface. The PSU(N) P S U ( N ) theory is obtained by gauging the \mathbb{Z}_N ℤ N one-form symmetry of the SU(N) S U ( N ) theory. Our understanding of the symmetries in 3d TQFTs allows us to describe the interface in the PSU(N) P S U ( N ) theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Superfluids as higher-form anomalies

We recast superfluid hydrodynamics as the hydrodynamic theory of a system with an emergent anomalous higher-form symmetry. The higher-form charge counts the winding planes of the superfluid - its constitutive relation replaces the Josephson relation of conventional superfluid hydrodynamics. This formulation puts all hydrodynamic equations on equal footing. The anomalous Ward identity can be used as an alternative starting point to prove the existence of a Goldstone boson, without reference to spontaneous symmetry breaking. This provides an alternative characterization of Landau phase transitions in terms of higher-form symmetries and their anomalies instead of how the symmetries are realized. This treatment is more general and, in particular, includes the case of BKT transitions. As an application of this formalism we construct the hydrodynamic theories of conventional (0-form) and 1-form superfluids.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Proton form factor ratio, μ p G E P /G M P from double spin asymmetry

The form factors are fundamental properties of the nucleon representing the effect of its structure on its response to electromagnetic probes such as electrons. They are functions of the four-momentum transfer squared Q 2 between the electron and the proton. This thesis reports the results of a new measurement of the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton up to Q 2 = 5.66 (GeV/c) 2 using the double spin asymmetry with a polarized beam and target. Experiment E07-003 (SANE, Spin Asymmetries of the Nucleon Experiment) was carried out in Hall C at Jefferson Lab in 2009 to study the proton spin structure functions with a dynamically polarized ammonia target and longitudinally polarized electron beam. By detecting elastically scattered protons in the High-Momentum Spectrometer (HMS) in coincidence with the electrons in the Big Electron Telescope Array (BETA), elastic measurements were carried out in parallel. The elastic double spin asymmetry allows one to extract the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio G p E /G p M at high-momentum transfer, Q 2 = 5.66 (GeV/c) 2 . In addition to the coincidence data, inclusively scattered electrons from the polarized ammonia target were detected by HMS, which allows to measure the beam-target asymmetry in the elastic region with the target spin nearly perpendicular to the momentum transfer, and to extract G p E /G p M at low Q 2 = 2.06 (GeV/c) 2 . This alternative measurement of G p E /G p M has verified and confirmed the dramatic discrepancy at high Q 2 between the Rosenbluth and the recoil-polarization-transfer iv method with a different measurement technique and systematic uncertainties uncorrelated to those of the recoil-polarization measurements. The measurement of the form factor ratio at Q 2 = 2.06 (GeV/c) 2 has been determined as {mu}{sub p}G p E /G p M = 0.605{+-}0.178 stat {+-}0.033 sys which is in agreement with an earlier measurement with the polarized target technique at similar kinematics. The measurement of the form factor ratio at Q 2 = 5.66 (GeV/c) 2 has been determined as μ p G p E /G p M = 0.672 {+-} 0.362 stat which represents the highest Q 2 reach with the double spin asymmetry to date.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Field-Scale Lysimeter Studies of Low-Activity Waste Form Degradation

Before vitrified and cementitious nuclear waste can be disposed of at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF), a performance assessment (PA) must be conducted. A field lysimeter is one method capable of confirming that laboratory experiments provide reasonable model parameter estimates for PA release models. Field lysimeters are also useful in demonstrating that release models can accurately predict material degradation in a field environment. This report describes the implementation plan for a study of LAW waste form degradation using the Field Lysimeter Test Facility (FLTF) on the Hanford Site. This facility provides an opportunity to study glass and cementitious waste forms that will be produced during Hanford cleanup activities in field-relevant conditions. Results from this study will: 1) provide field experimental data on degradation of various waste forms; 2) be used to refine process model descriptions of contaminant (source term) release from the waste forms; 3) reduce uncertainties about the representativeness of laboratory testing results for determining long-term waste form performance under field conditions; and 4) improve confidence in the IDF PA by providing data that verify parameters and assumptions used in the PA modeling. It is expected that this study will lead to improved stakeholder confidence in the safe disposal of LAW at the IDF and aid in the adoption of informed facility designs with the potential to reduce operational costs.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Novel Zoned Waste-forms for High-Priority Radionuclide Waste Streams

This report describes the potential of a novel class of materials—α-ZrW 2 O 8 , Zr 2 WP 2 O 12 , and related compounds that contract upon amorphization as possible radionuclide waste-forms. The proposed ceramic waste-forms would consist of zoned grains, or sintered ceramics with center- loaded radionuclides and barren shells. Radiation-induced amorphization would result in core shrinkage but would not fracture the shells or overgrowths, maintaining isolation of the radionuclide. In this report, we have described synthesis techniques to produce phase-pure forms of the materials, and how to fully densify those materials. Structural models for the materials were developed and validated using DFPT approaches, and radionuclide substitution was evaluated; U(IV), Pu(IV), Tc(IV) and Tc(VII) all readily substitute into the material structures. MD modeling indicated that strain associated with radiation-induced amorphization would not affect the integrity of surrounding crystalline materials, and these results were validated via ion beam experimental studies. Finally, we have evaluated the leach rates of the barren materials, as determined by batch and flow-through reactor experiments. ZrW 2 O 8 leaches rapidly, releasing tungstate while Zr is retained as a solid oxide or hydroxide. Tungsten release rates remain elevated over time and are highly sensitive to contact times, suggesting that this material will not be an effective waste-form. Conversely, tungsten releases rates from Zr 2 WP 2 O 12 rapidly drop, show little dependence on short-term changes in fluid contact time, and in over time, become tied to P release rates. The results presented here suggest that this material may be a viable waste-form for some hard-to-handle radionuclides such as Pu and Tc.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development and Characterization of Cementitious Waste Forms for Immobilization of Granular Activated Carbon, Silver Mordenite, and HEPA Filter Media Solid Secondary Waste

Solid secondary waste materials expected to be generated during Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) operations were characterized (using representative materials) with respect to their ability to retain technetium-99 (Tc), iodine-129 (I), and mercury (Hg) as input to future updates to the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) performance assessments (PAs). The waste materials included granular activated carbon (GAC), silver mordenite (AgM), and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter media; all are used for removal of contaminants and radionuclides from the gaseous effluent treatment systems within the WTP. It is expected that the GAC and AgM will be mixed into a cementitious waste form in which the GAC and AgM particles will be blended/stabilized into the cementitious material. It is also expected that the HEPA filter media will be compacted and placed in a container that is then backfilled with a grout to macroencapsulate the medium. Here we report Kds for all waste materials of interest, examine the physical properties of grout specimens containing the waste materials, and provide solid-state characterization information to further understand the interaction of the waste materials with the encapsulating grout. The Kds are used in PA calculations that estimate contaminant release from the disposal site. Monolithic test specimens were prepared with the GAC and AgM mixed in either a Cast Stone grout formulation (8 weight percent [wt%] ordinary Portland cement [OPC], 45 wt% fly ash [FA], 47 wt% blast furnace slag [BFS]) or a Hanford grout mix 5 (HGM-5) formulation (25 wt% OPC, 75 wt% FA). As the specimens were being prepared, the fluid grout mixes were characterized for processing properties including flowability, set time, and the presence of free liquids during curing. After curing, compressive strengths of the waste forms were measured; the compressive strengths were above 2000 psi, easily exceeding the 500 psi minimum requirement. The cured waste forms were also characterized for their density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and water characteristic curve—all properties needed in PA calculations of radionuclide release from the waste forms in the IDF. Finally, EPA Method 1315 leach tests were conducted on the GAC and AgM waste materials encapsulated in the Cast Stone and HGM-5 grouts to determine the rate of release of contaminants from the waste forms. Effective diffusivities are provided, which can be used in future PA analyses of the disposal of these solid secondary waste materials.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Closed-Form Solutions for the Equations of Motion of the Heavy Symmetrical Top with One Point Fixed

The Equations of Motion (EOM) for the Heavy Symmetrical Top with One Point Fixed are highly non-linear. The literature describes the numerical methods that are used to resolve this Classical system including modern tools i.e. the Runge-Kutta Fourth Order method. It is more difficult to derivate closed-form solutions for the EOM and as mentioned in the literature it is not always possible to find the close-form solution for all the EOM. Fortunately, there are a few examples available that will serve as a guide to move further on in this topic. It is the purpose of this paper to find a methodology that will produce the solutions for a given subset of EOM that fulfill certain requisites. The report is organized as follows: it starts with a very short summary of the literature available on this topic and quickly follows into the derivation of the EOM using the Euler-Lagrange method. The Routhian will be used to reduce the size of the expression. It continues with the formulation of the Classical cubic function (f(u)) through a novel process. The roots of f(u) are of the outmost importance to be able to find the EOM closed-form solution, and once the final roots are selected the general method that will produce the closed-form solutions is presented. Two sets of examples are included to show the validity of the process and comparisons of the results from the closed-form solutions vs. the numerical results for these examples are shown.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Test Report for the Qualification Testing of the ORNL-SFC-W-1 Special Form Capsule

Three prototypes the ORNL-SFC-W-1 special form capsules (SFCs) of the same design were evaluated to determine if the requirements of Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 173.469, Tests for Special Form Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials, were met. The results of the special form tests are documented in this test report. This report describes the special form testing activities performed on the three ORNL-SFC-W-1 capsules. The test units were designated as TU-1, TU-2 and TU-3. TU-1 was subjected to leak testing, impact testing and percussion testing. TU-1 was leak tested using the leak rate test specified in 49 CFR 173.469(a)(4)(i). The impact test was conducted according to the requirements in 49 CFR 173.469 (b)(1). The percussion test that was carried out on TU-1 was conducted in accordance with 49 CFR 173.469 (b)(2). Both TU-2 and TU-3 were subjected to a leak rate test as specified in 173.469(a)(4)(i) and a heat test as specified in 49 CFR 173.469(b)(4). Each test unit was leak tested before and after these respective tests. The leak rate tests performed were helium back-pressure tests and bubble tests as specified in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) N14.5-2014.The measured leak rates were converted to standard condition leak rates as specified in American Society for Testing and Measurement (ASTM) E 493. The determined standardized leak rates obtained from the test and the calculations for all the test units met the requirements for special form certification. The testing was performed under the direction of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Package Testing Program (PTP).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development and Characterization of Cementitious Waste Forms for Immobilization of Granular Activated Carbon, Silver Mordenite, and HEPA Filter Media Solid Secondary Waste

At the Department of Energy’s Hanford site, over 53 million gallons of chemically complex and radioactive wastes have been stored in 177 underground tanks. The Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) is under construction and is designed to treat and immobilize these wastes. During operations of WTP, solid secondary wastes (SSWs) will be generated as a result of waste treatment, vitrification, off-gas management, and supporting process activities. SSW treatment processes and resulting disposal pathways for the final disposition form of the SSW are needed to support direct feed low activity waste (DFLAW) operations and facilitate continued operation of WTP. The SSWs produced through WTP operations are expected to include used process equipment, contaminated tools and instruments, decontamination wastes, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, carbon absorption beds (granular activated carbon, GAC), silver mordenite (AgM) and spent ion-exchange resins. These waste streams are planned to be immobilized in a cementitious waste form and disposed of either as stabilized/blended (non-debris) or encapsulated (debris) in a cementitious waste form. Accordingly, cementitious waste forms from these streams were included in the 2017 Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) Performance Assessment (PA). The input data used to represent these SSW forms in the 2017 IDF PA involved many assumptions and associated uncertainties. This data limitation was due to the lack of material- and site-specific data available for representative SSW materials in cementitious matrices. To verify the assumed values used in the IDF PA and fill this limitation in available data, Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC (WRPS), has initiated a program targeted toward gathering site specific data relevant to Hanford SSW disposal. The work within this report is a continuation of this ongoing program.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗