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At least 559 records · Page 31

Temperature and dose rate effects on dislocation loop formation and decoration in self-ion irradiated high-purity Fe-Cr model alloys

Body-centered cubic (BCC) Fe-based alloys are promising candidate materials for advanced nuclear reactors. A widespread perception is that the addition of Cr favors the formation of ½ <111> dislocation loops. However, the Cr effects on dislocation loop formation/evolution remain unclear due to the limited experimental studies. In this study, we irradiate ultra-high purity bulk BCC Fe-xCr (x = 3, 5, and 8 wt%) with 6.7-8 MeV Fe ions over a wide range of temperatures (Tirr = 250-500 °C) and dose rates (10⁻⁵ to 10⁻³ dpa/s) to two midrange doses (0.35 and 3.5 dpa). The major irradiation-induced microstructures are loop decoration along non-screw dislocation lines at low temperatures and high dose rates as well as self-assembled loops at elevated temperatures. Post-irradiation Burgers vector analysis via g•b method on loops and electron tomography reveals that <001> preponderance is observable in all irradiated Fe-Cr samples at elevated temperature, resulting from stronger elastic energy originating from <001> edge.

Li, Yao [University of Tennessee (UT)]↗

Semiempirical modeling of thermospheric magnetic storms

An improved formulation for empirical modeling of magnetic storm effects in neutral thermospheric composition and temperature is utilized in a study of two disturbed periods. The formulation, which incorporates the prior history of the heat input rather than a single phase delay, is based on a Fourier integral representation of an existing theoretical model. This results in an improved representation of the detailed time variations and a better carry-over of model parameters from one storm to the other and provides a basis for theoretical interpretation.

Hedin, A. E.↗

Single and Multi-Node Modeling of Direct, Submerged, and Self-Pressurization of A Cryogenic Propellant Tank Using Nodal Tools

The pressurization of cryogenic propellant tanks will always be an important process so long as cryogenic liquids are being considered as fuel sources or used for other in-space applications. Pressure control of the tank ullage is necessary for managing propellant flowrates to an engine or a receiver tank, and modeling of the process is used to predict the pressurant requirements and the amount of propellant boiloff. Direct ullage pressurization is the more traditional approach to tank pressurization, as the physics are straight-forward, and ample test (flight) data have been collected and analyzed over the past several decades. Submerged injection pressurization is an alternate method for tank pressurization and has been shown to reduce pressurant requirements, subcool the propellant, and reduce the risk of ullage collapse. Additionally, the pressurant gas entering the ullage is usually much colder when using the submerged pressurization approach, resulting in reduced propellant boiloff. These benefits are at the expense of vaporizing a small percentage of the propellent. Both tank pressurization methods are viable options for current and future space missions, and it is important to have the capability of analyzing the tank ullage conditions for both approaches. Our previous work has demonstrated the development of a Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP) model, which contains a thermodynamic equilibrium heat and mass transfer subroutine capable of effectively analyzing both direct and submerged pressurization systems [1-2]. This subroutine has most recently been enhanced to include the non-equilibrium effect of pressurant dissolution into the propellant. To date the ullage has always been represented as a single node, and although the simulated single-node temperatures have good comparison with the volume-averaged ullage temperatures computed from test data, the physics of the thermal stratification in the ullage were never captured, and adjustment factors in the model were required. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the development of a multi-node ullage model using GFSSP and to discuss the improvements of the simulated ullage temperature distribution and its resulting effects on ullage heat transfer processes. Test data from the Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer Engineering Developmental Unit (CPST EDU) was used for model validation. For additional comparison, a Thermal Desktop (TD) model was also developed to analyze the CPST EDU direct ullage pressurization tests using both a single node and multi-node approach. The model includes the direct pressurant line, vent line, fill/drain line, and a TD FloCAD Compartment. The TD FloCAD Compartment is employed to represent the liquid and ullage as single volumes inside the tank, to include a liquid/vapor interface, and to generate network level objects such as lumps (analogous to nodes in GFSSP), paths, and ties between the fluid and thermal elements. An established heat load on the model tank was leveraged from a pre-existing higher-fidelity model correlated to CPST EDU test data.

pressurization↗

Regolith Properties of Asteroid 21 Lutetia Constrained by Combined Data Sets of the MIRO and VIRTIS Instruments During the Rosetta Spacecraft Flyby

During the July 10, 2010 flyby of Asteroid 21 Lutetia by the Rosetta spacecraft, maps of surface and subsurface temperatures were derived from the VIRTIS and MIRO instruments respectively. Both data sets indicated a porous surface layer with an extremely low, lunar-like thermal inertia. However, comparisons of the VIRTIS-measured and MIRO-modelled surface temperatures revealed offsets of 10- 30 K, indicative of self-heating or "beaming" effects that were not taken into account in the MIRO thermal modeling. Inclusion of a model of hemispherical craters at all scales 1 cm and larger, covering 50% of the surface, removes most of the offsets in the VIRTIS, MIRO surface temperature determinations.

Rosetta spacecraft↗

First Detection of the [O(sub III)] 88 Micrometers Line at High Redshifts: Characterizing the Starburst and Narrow-Line Regions in Extreme Luminosity Systems

We have made the first detections of the 88 micrometers [O(sub III)] line from galaxies in the early universe, detecting the line from the lensed active galactic nucleus (AGN)/starburst composite systems APM 08279+5255 at z 3.911 and SMM J02399-0136 at z = 2.8076. The line is exceptionally bright from both systems, with apparent (lensed) luminosities approx.10(exp 11) Solar Luminosity, For APM 08279, the [O(sub III)] line flux can be modeled in a star formation paradigm, with the stellar radiation field dominated by stars with effective temperatures, T(sub eff) > 36,000 K, similar to the starburst found in M82. The model implies approx.35% of the total far-IR luminosity of the system is generated by the starburst, with the remainder arising from dust heated by the AGN. The 881,tm line can also be generated in the narrow-line region of the AGN if gas densities are around a few 1000 cu cm. For SMM J02399, the [O(sub III)] line likely arises from HII regions formed by hot (T(sub eff) > 40,000 K) young stars in a massive starburst that dominates the far-IR luminosity of the system. The present work demonstrates the utility of the [O(sub III)] line for characterizing starbursts and AGN within galaxies in the early universe. These are the first detections of this astrophysically important line from galaxies beyond a redshift of 0.05.s

Ferkinhoff, C.↗

Probing intermediate temperature heat release in autoignition of C3-C4 iso-alcohol/gasoline blends

In this work, we report an experimental and modeling study on the blending effects of C3–C4 iso-alcohols, namely iso-propanol and iso-butanol, on the characteristics of intermediate temperature heat release (ITHR) for a research-grade gasoline (FACE-F) in a rapid compression machine operating at diluted/stoichiometric fuel loading, compressed pressure of 43 bar, and compressed temperatures from 700 to 970 K. Changes in ITHR behavior are characterized through ITHR extent and evolution at 0 to 30 vol% iso-alcohol blending levels. Experimental observations reveal the strong promoting and decelerating effects on ITHR extent and evolution, respectively, within the low-temperature regime for both iso-alcohols, with stronger effects seen for iso-propanol; within the intermediate-temperature regime, the influence of both iso-alcohols diminishes greatly. Comprehensive chemical kinetic modeling is undertaken using a recently developed gasoline surrogate/alcohol model in conjunction with a five-component gasoline surrogate (FGF-LLNL), with good agreement obtained with the experiments for all the blends. Sensitivity, rate of production and flux analyses highlight the importance of chemical kinetic interactions via both fuel-specific and non-fuel-specific reactions. Disabling all the chemical kinetic interactions between iso-alcohol and FGF-LLNL in carbonated/non-fuel-specific species leads to somewhat extended ITHR duration and reduced ignition reactivity. Direct comparison between FGF-LLNL/iso-propanol and FGF-LLNL/iso-butanol blends is also made, where iso-propanol and iso-butanol are found to influence ITHR characteristics via significantly different chemical kinetic interactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Best-estimate Modeling of the High Temperature Test Facility with RELAP5-3D

Prismatic HTGRs are a concept of interest for near-term deployment. While plenty of validation data exist for standalone neutronics or multiphysics modeling, the availability of integral effects thermal hydraulics validation data is more limited. The High Temperature Test Facility provides such data and is used as the basis for the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Thermal Hydraulics Benchmark. This presentation presents results of best-estimate modeling of HTTF experiments PG-27 and PG-29 using the RELAP5-3D ring model developed at Idaho National Laboratory.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Effects of forced and free convections on structural temperatures of Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry flight

Structural performance and resizing (SPAR) finite-element thermal analysis computer program was used in the heat transfer analysis of the Space Shuttle Orbiter wing subjected to reentry aerodynamic heating. With sufficient external forced convective cooling near the end of the heating cycle, the calculated surface temperatures of the thermal protection system (TPS) agree favorably with the flight data for the entire flight profile. However, the effects of this external forced convective cooling on the structural temperatures were found to be negligible. Both free convection and forced convection elements were introduced to model the internal convection effect of the cool air entering the Shuttle interior. The introduction of the internal free convection effect decreased the calculated wing lower skin temperatures by 20 F at most, 1200 sec after touchdown. If the internal convection is treated as forced convection, the calculated wing lower skin temperatures after touchdown can be reduced to match the flight-measured data very closely. By reducing the TPS thicknesses to certain effective thickness to account for the TPs gap heating, the calculated wing lower skin temperatures prior to touchdown can be raised to agree with the flight data perfectly.

Ko, William L.↗

Effective permittivity of saline ice under thermal variation

A model for calculating the effective permittivity of saline ice under thermal variation is presented. The model includes multiphase inhomogeneities with multiple species characterized by orientation, size and shape distributions. The model is used to derive the effective permittivity as a function of temperature under the strong fluctuation theory which is extended to account for the complexity. The results calculated from the model are compared with experimental data at 4.8 GHz for saline ice grown at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL). The comparison between measured and calculated complex permittivities is good for the imaginary part, and the difference is within 10 percent for the real part.

Nghiem, S. V.↗

Summary report on effects at temperature, humidity, and fuel-air ratio on two air-cooled light aircraft engines

Five different engine models were tested to experimentally characterize emissions and to determine the effects of variation in fuel-air ratio and spark timing on emissions levels and other operating characteristics such as cooling, misfiring, roughness, power acceleration, etc. The results are given of two NASA reports covering the Avco Lycoming 0-320-D engine testing and the recently obtained results on the Teledyne Continental TSIO-360-C engine.

Kempke, E. E., Jr.↗

The effect of droplets in the air-sea transition zone on the sea brightness temperature

A model is presented which shows that, for a fully developed sea driven by the wind with speeds above 5 m/sec the air in the transition zone immediately above the air-sea interface is mixed with sea water droplets from bursting air bubbles. The absorptive droplet concentration in the zone is assumed to have a profile tapering off from the interface to zero at a certain height. The dielectric constant of the absorptive inhomogeneous droplet profile is thus both a function of the wind speed and the height above the interface. Both the inhomogeneity effect and the absorption-emission effect of the droplet concentration have been considered. Theoretical calculations show that the presence of the absorptive inhomogeneous droplet transition zone significantly increases the sea brightness temperature as wind speed rises. Combined effects of both the droplet areas and the foam areas on sea surface have also been considered.

Tang, C. C. H.↗

A Generalized Multi-Phase Framework for Modeling Cavitation in Cryogenic Fluids

A generalized multi-phase formulation for cavitation in fluids operating at temperatures elevated relative to their critical temperatures is presented. The thermal effects and the accompanying property variations due to phase change are modeled rigorously. Thermal equilibrium is assumed and fluid thermodynamic properties are specified along the saturation line using the NIST-12 databank. Fundamental changes in the physical characteristics of the cavity when thermal effects become pronounced are identified; the cavity becomes more porous, the interface less distinct, and has increased entrainment when temperature variations are present. Quantitative estimates of temperature and pressure depressions in both liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen were computed and compared with experimental data of Hord for hydrofoils. Excellent estimates of the leading edge temperature and pressure depression were obtained while the comparisons in the cavity closure region were reasonable. Liquid nitrogen cavities were consistently found to be in thermal equilibrium while liquid hydrogen cavities exhibited small, but distinct, non-equilibrium effects.

Dorney, Dan↗

Fastener load tests and retention systems tests for cryogenic wind-tunnel models

A-286 stainless steel screws were tested to determine the tensile load capability and failure mode of various screw sizes and types at both cryogenic and room temperature. Additionally, five fastener retention systems were tested by using A-286 screws with specimens made from the primary metallic alloys that are currently used for cryogenic models. The locking system effectiveness was examined by simple no-load cycling to cryogenic temperatures (-275 F) as well as by dynamic and static loading at cryogenic temperatures. In general, most systems were found to be effective retention devices. There are some differences between the various devices with respect to ease of application, cleanup, and reuse. Results of tests at -275 F imply that the cold temperatures act to improve screw retention. The improved retention is probably the result of differential thermal contraction and/or increased friction (thread-binding effects). The data provided are useful in selecting screw sizes, types, and locking devices for model systems to be tested in cryogenic wind tunnels.

Wallace, J. W.↗

Microwave solar limb brightening

Previous models of microwave limb brightening have omitted the alignment of spicules along supergranule boundaries, have neglected the high temperature sheath around spicules, and have assumed an interspicular medium which was averaged over chromospheric network and nonnetwork regions. A model is presented here which includes these factors. Constraining the model to conform to results from earlier UV and optical studies in effect leaves two free parameters: the temperature at the core of the spicules and (at solar minimum) the interspicular chromospheric network density model of the lower transition zone. The absence of limb brightening at the short millimeter wavelengths implies a temperature at the core of the spicules less than approximately 6000 K. Differences between the model and certain deconvolved observations near 9 mm are expected as a consequence of an extension of emission beyond the optical limb, predicted by the model, which affects the accuracy of the deconvolution technique. Unlike models which assume homogeneous spicules in a random distribution, the model presented here does not require an abnormally high spicule area.

Ahmad, I. A.↗

SPICE Modeling of Body Bias Effect in 4H-SiC Integrated Circuit Resistors

The DC electrical behavior of n-type 4H-SiC resistors used for realizing 500C durable integrated circuits (ICs) is studied as a function of substrate bias and temperature. Improved fidelity electrical simulation is described using SPICE NMOS model to simulate resistor substrate body bias effect that is absent from the SPICE semiconductor resistor model.

Neudeck, Philip G.↗

Spontaneous Raman Scattering Diagnostics for High-pressure Gaseous Flames

A high-pressure (up to 60 atm) gaseous burner facility with optical access that provides steady, reproducible flames with high precision, and the ability to use multiple fuel/oxidizer combinations has been developed. In addition, a high-performance spontaneous Raman scattering system for use in the above facility has also been developed. Together, the two systems will be used to acquire and establish a comprehensive Raman scattering spectral database for use as a quantitative high-pressure calibration of single-shot Raman scattering measurements in high-pressure combustion systems. Using these facilities, the Raman spectra of H2-Air flames were successfully measured at pressures up to 20 atm. The spectra demonstrated clear rotational and ro-vibrational Raman features of H2, N2, and H2O. theoretical Raman spectra of pure rotational H2, vibrational H2, and vibrational N2 were calculated using a classical harmonic-oscillator model with pressure broadening effects and fitted to the data. At a gas temperature of 1889 K for a phi = 1.34 H2-Air flame, the model and the data showed good agreement, confirming a ro-vibrational equilibrium temperature.

Kojima, Jun↗

Predicting Cement-Sheath Integrity with Consideration of Initial State of Stress and Thermoporoelastic Effects

In conventional wellbore-integrity analysis, the cement sheath’s initial state of stress and transient thermoporoelastic effects are often neglected. However, the initial state of stress is prerequisite information for accurately predicting the safe operating conditions that prevent a cemented well from being damaged. In addition, transient thermoporoelastic effects can have a profound effect on when damage will occur. Here in this paper, we propose a model that includes these effects to predict the safe operating pressures and temperatures that will prevent cement-sheath failure. For the initial state of stress, we proposed an empirical model using measurements. Subsequent stress changes are evaluated by a fully coupled transient thermoporoelastic model to analyze the mechanical behavior of the cement sheath. We predict the safe operating envelope (SOE) for shear, tensile, and debonding cement-sheath failures caused by pressure and temperature perturbations after the cement sets. Our model predicts that pore pressure is a key factor for cement failure, especially for rapid temperature changes. If the formation is low permeability, the transient pore pressures are amplified, causing the risk of damage to increase. Compared with conventional thermoelastic models, the thermoporoelastic model predicts a smaller SOE when heating the internal casing fluid and a larger envelope when cooling the internal casing fluid. Finally, the heating rate was considered with respect to field applications. The heating rate was also considered, and slower heating/cooling rates can prevent damage to the cement sheath. Finally, the thermoporoelastic model was applied to explain several laboratory and field experiments and achieved good matches.

02 PETROLEUM↗