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DOE OSTI2018

Cyclist exposure to black carbon, ultrafine particles and heavy metals: An experimental study along two commuting routes near Antwerp, Belgium

Highlights: • Wearable UFP and BC instrumentation was carried along whilst cycling 2 different commuting routes. • HR-ICP-MS provided elemental information on railway- and roadside-exposed routes. • Heart rate was tracked simultaneously to estimate the personal inhaled pollutant dose. • The bicycle highway route exhibited 300% lower BC and 20% lower UFP concentrations. • Elemental differences are observed between the considered commuting routes. Urban environments typically exhibit large atmospheric pollution variation, in both space and time. In contrast to traditional monitoring networks suffering from a limited spatial coverage, mobile platforms enable personalized high-resolution monitoring, providing valuable insights into personal atmospheric pollution exposure, and the identification of potential pollution hotspots. This study evaluated personal cyclist exposure to UFPs, BC and heavy metals whilst commuting near Antwerp, Belgium, by performing mobile measurements with wearable black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particle (UFP) instruments. Loaded micro-aethalometer filterstrips were chemically analysed and the inhaled pollutant dose determined from the exhibited heart rate. Considerable spatial pollutant variation was observed along the travelled routes, with distinct contributions from spatial factors (e.g. traffic intersections, urban park and market) and temporary events. On average 300% higher BC, 20% higher UFP and changing elemental concentrations are observed along the road traffic route (RT), when compared to the bicycle highway route (BH). Although the overall background pollution determines a large portion of the experienced personal exposure (in this case 53% for BC and 40% for UFP), cyclists can influence their personal atmospheric pollution exposure, by selecting less exposed commuting routes. Our results, hereby, strengthen the body of evidence in favour of further policy investments in isolated bicycle infrastructure.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Assessing the cumulative health effect following short term exposure to multiple pollutants: An evaluation of methodological approaches using simulations and real data

Highlights: • Correlated exposures’ cumulative effect is a challenging methodological issue. • Simulations indicated the use of exposure score as the least biased approach. • The main effects approach presented the poorest performance. • The adaptive LASSO performed well when correlation was low or moderate. Assessment of the cumulative effect of correlated exposures is an open methodological issue in environmental epidemiology. Most previous studies have applied regression models with interaction terms or dimension reduction methods. The combined effect of pollutants has been also evaluated through the use of exposure scores that incorporate weights based on the strength of the component-specific associations with health outcomes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Association between noise exposure and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Highlights: • Noise exposure could be associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). • 17% increase in risk of DM observed per 5 dB increase in aircraft noise exposure. • 5 dB increase in road traffic noise was associated with 7% increase DM risk. • No association was observed for rail traffic and occupational noise exposure. The prevalence of diabetes is on rise worldwide and environmental factors are being increasingly recognized to be involved in this rise. An emerging body of evidence has evaluated the impact of long-term exposure to noise on diabetes mellitus, highlighting the need to synthesize this evidence.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Factors affecting the exposure of passengers, service staff and train drivers inside trains to airborne particles

Highlights: • The effect of tunnel environment on train air quality differs for different train cabins. • Interior ventilation has a significant effect on the particles inside the train. • The closed train door in the driver cabin acts as a filter for coarse particles. • Commuters experience the highest particle exposure, but service staff receive the highest daily deposition dose. This study investigated train air conditioning filters, interior ventilation systems, tunnel environments and platform air quality as factors affecting the concentrations of airborne particles inside trains and provides information on the exposure of passengers, train drivers and service staff to particles. Particle sampling was done inside the passenger cabin, the driver cabin and the service staff cabin during on-board measurement campaigns in 2016 and 2017. The results show that interior ventilation plays a key role in maintaining cleaner in-train air. Noticeable increases in PM{sub 10} and PM{sub 2.5} levels were observed for all of the measured cabins when the train was running in the newly opened tunnel. The increases occurred when the doors of the passenger cabin and the service staff cabin were open at underground stations. The door to the driver cabin, which remained closed for the entire measurement period, acted as a filter for coarse particles (PM{sub 2.5–10}). The highest particle exposure occurred in the passenger cabin, followed by the service staff cabin, while the driver had the lowest exposure. The highest deposition dose occurs for the service staff and the lowest for commuters.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Prenatal pesticide exposure associated with glycated haemoglobin and markers of metabolic dysfunction in adolescents

Highlights: • Prenatal pesticide exposure was associated with higher HbA1c in adolescents. • After stratification for sex, the association remained significant for girls. • The association was significant if the child or the mother had the PON1 192R-allele. • Prenatally pesticide exposed children had higher leptin-to-adiponectin ratio. Pesticide exposure has been associated with increased risk of diabetes mellitus in adults, but potential effects of prenatal exposure on glucose regulation have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate if maternal occupational pesticide exposure in pregnancy was associated with glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in adolescents and whether an association was modified by sex and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) Q192R polymorphism.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

PM10 exposure is associated with increased hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among infants in Lombardy, Italy

Highlights: • Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis (RSV-B) might be influenced by air pollution. • PM10 was associated with RSV-B hospitalizations among infants in Lombardy, Italy. • The most relevant exposure windows were the 2 weeks preceding hospitalization. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children, bronchiolitis in particular. Airborne particulate matter (PM) may influence the children's immune system and foster the spread of RSV infection. We aimed to verify whether PM10 exposure is associated with hospitalization due to RSV bronchiolitis. We selected hospital discharge records (HRD) with ICD-9-CM code 466.11 of infants < 1 year of age, occurring in the epidemic seasons of two years (2012–2013) in Lombardy, Italy. Cases were assigned daily PM10 and apparent temperature levels of the capital city of their residential province. Different exposure windows were considered: single days preceding hospitalization (lag 0 to 30), their average estimates (lag 0–1 to 0–30), and the four weeks preceding hospitalization (week 1 to 4). Negative binomial regression models adjusted for apparent temperature and season were applied to the daily counts of hospitalizations in each province. Results were expressed as incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) per 10 µg/m{sup 3} increase in PM10 concentration. Random effects meta-analyses of province-specific IRR were performed to obtain regional estimates. 2814 HRD met our inclusion criteria; males represented about 55% of the cases. A 6% increased risk of hospitalization (95%CI: 1.03–1.10) was found at lag 0 and an almost overlapping 7% increase at lag 1. IRR ranged from 1.03 to 1.05 between lags 2 and 11. No increased risk was observed from lag 12. When considering averaged daily lags, risk estimates gradually increased in the two weeks preceding hospitalization from 1.08 (1.04–1.12) at lag 0–1 to 1.15 (1.08–1.23) between lags 0–11 and 0–13. Analyses on weekly lags showed a risk increase of 6% (1.01–1.12) during week 1 and of 7% (1.02–1.13) during week 2. Our study found a clear association between short- and medium-term PM10 exposures and increased risk of hospitalization due to RSV bronchiolitis among infants.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Dose Fractionation During Puberty Is More Detrimental to Mammary Gland Development Than an Equivalent Acute Dose of Radiation Exposure

Computed tomographic (CT) scans in adolescents have increased dramatically in recent years. However, the effects of cumulative low-dose exposures on the development of radiation sensitive organs, such as the mammary gland, is unknown. The purpose of this work was to define the effects of dose rate on mammary organ formation during puberty, an especially sensitive window in mammary development. We used a fractionated low-dose x-ray exposure to mimic multiple higher dose CT scans, and we hypothesized that fractionated exposure would have less of an effect on the number of mammary gland defects compared with an acute exposure.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Alteration in micro-mechanical characteristics of wellbore cement fracture surfaces due to fluid exposure

The stiffness of wellbore cement fracture surfaces was measured after exposing to the advective flow of nitrogen, silicone oil, and medium sweet dead crude oil for different exposure periods. The test specimens were extracted from fractured cement cylinders, where the cement fracture surfaces were exposed to the different fluids up to 15 weeks. A nanoindenter with a Berkovich indenter tip was used to measure load-indentation depth data, which was used to extract the elastic modulus (E) and nano-hardness (H) of the cement fracture surfaces. A reduction in the elastic modulus compared with an unexposed specimen were observed in all the specimens. Both elastic modulus and nano-hardness for the specimens exposed to silicone oil were lower than specimens exposed to nitrogen gas and varied with the period of exposure. The elastic modulus and nano-hardness of the specimens exposed to crude oil were the lowest with a significant decrement with the exposure period. The frequency distribution of the nanoindentation measurements shows that the volume-fraction ratio of the two types of cement hydrated nanocomposites for both the unexposed and test specimens is about 70:30%. Phase transformation beneath the indenter is observed for all of the specimens, with more obvious plastic deformation in specimens exposed to crude oil. Analytical measurements (SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD) on exposed cement fracture surfaces reveal different levels of physical and chemical alteration that are consistent with the reduction in stiffness measured by nanoindentation. Furthermore, the study suggests that cement stiffness will decrease due to crude oil exposure, and the fracture will be sensitive to stress and pore pressure with time.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Human electromagnetic field exposure in wearable communications systems: A review

While wearable technologies have taken essential parts of our daily lives, concerns on human health are often overseen. Mainly due to extreme proximity or direct physical contact to human skin, wearable communications devices are prone to cause higher levels of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure at human skin surface than any other type of wireless technologies. Nevertheless, while focusing on theoretical aspects of human EMF exposure in wearable communications, prior work paid little to no attention on exact exposure levels generated by commercial wearable devices that are already widely used by public consumers. In this context, this paper provides an extensive review of SAR from various commercial wearable devices that are currently sold in the market, as well as the analytical framework and the current measurement methodologies for standard compliance tests. To extend the discussion to general wearable communications, this paper presents simulation results adopting representative antenna patterns, which leads to suggestion of separation distances to keep the current safety guidelines. In particular, considering the increasing interest in millimeter wave (mmW), this paper sheds light on EMF exposure evaluated at 60 GHz and compares to results from 2.4 GHz.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evaluating Exposures of Bay Mussels (Mytilus trossulus) to Contaminants of Emerging Concern through Environmental Sampling and Hydrodynamic Modeling.

Bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) were transplanted to 18 locations representing a range of potential exposures throughout Puget Sound, WA. Tissues were analyzed for over 200 organic contaminants. Results indicated the widespread exposure of marine organisms to trace levels of organic contaminants including the synthetic opioid oxycodone, present at three urban sites, and the chemotherapy drug melphalan, present at nine locations, at levels that may be of biological concern. Land-use and wastewater outfalls were evaluated as potential sources of CECs to the nearshore. Exposure to alkylphenol ethoxylates was associated with increased impervious surfaces in upland watersheds. A hydrodynamic simulation was performed using the Salish Sea Model to integrate inputs from 99 wastewater sources to Puget Sound. Predictions were consistent with concentrations of several wastewater-associated contaminants and d15N enrichment. These results support the notion that Puget Sound nearshore biota suffer chronic exposures to a suite of contaminants from multiple sources and provide critical to focus future monitoring and management.

toxic contamination, Salish Sea, Sish Sea Model, m↗

DOE OSTI2011

Exposure to low mercury concentration in vivo impairs myocardial contractile function

Increased cardiovascular risk after mercury exposure has been described but cardiac effects resulting from controlled chronic treatment are not yet well explored. We analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to low mercury concentrations on hemodynamic and ventricular function of isolated hearts. Wistar rats were treated with HgCl{sub 2} (1st dose 4.6 {mu}g/kg, subsequent dose 0.07 {mu}g/kg/day, im, 30 days) or vehicle. Mercury treatment did not affect blood pressure (BP) nor produced cardiac hypertrophy or changes of myocyte morphometry and collagen content. This treatment: 1) in vivo increased left ventricle end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) without changing left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and heart rate; 2) in isolated hearts reduced LV isovolumic systolic pressure and time derivatives, and {beta}-adrenergic response; 3) increased myosin ATPase activity; 4) reduced Na{sup +}-K{sup +} ATPase (NKA) activity; 5) reduced protein expression of SERCA and phosphorylated phospholamban on serine 16 while phospholamban expression increased; as a consequence SERCA/phospholamban ratio reduced; 6) reduced sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) protein expression and {alpha}-1 isoform of NKA, whereas {alpha}-2 isoform of NKA did not change. Chronic exposure for 30 days to low concentrations of mercury does not change BP, heart rate or LVSP but produces small but significant increase of LVEDP. However, in isolated hearts mercury treatment promoted contractility dysfunction as a result of the decreased NKA activity, reduction of NCX and SERCA and increased PLB protein expression. These findings offer further evidence that mercury chronic exposure, even at small concentrations, is an environmental risk factor affecting heart function. - Highlights: > Unchanges blood pressure, heart rate, systolic pressure. > Increases end diastolic pressure. > Promotes cardiac contractility dysfunction. > Decreases NKA activity, NCX and SERCA, increases PLB protein expression. > Small concentrations constitutes environmental cardiovascular risk factor.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2013

Oxidative DNA damage of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, selectively induced by chronic arsenic exposure, is associated with extent of arsenic-related skin lesions

There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is an important risk factor for arsenic-related diseases. Peripheral blood leukocytes constitute an important defense against microorganisms or pathogens, while the research on the impact of chronic arsenic exposure on peripheral blood leukocytes is much more limited, especially at low level arsenic exposure. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether chronic arsenic exposure affects oxidative stress of peripheral blood leukocytes and possible linkages between oxidative stress and arsenic-induced skin lesions. 75 male inhabitants recruited from an As-endemic region of China were investigated in the present study. The classification of arsenicosis was based on the degree of skin lesions. Arsenic levels were measured in drinking water and urine by Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 8-OHdG of peripheral blood leukocytes was evaluated using immunocytochemical staining. 8-OHdG-positive reactions were only present in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), but not in monocytes (MNs). The 8-OHdG staining of PMN cytoplasm was observed in all investigated populations, while the 8-OHdG staining of PMN nuclei was frequently found along with the elevated amounts of cell debris in individuals with skin lesion. Urinary arsenic levels were increased in the severe skin lesion group compared with the normal group. No relationship was observed between drinking water arsenic or urine 8-OHdG and the degree of skin lesions. These findings indicated that the target and persistent oxidative stress in peripheral blood PMNs may be employed as a sensitive biomarker directly to assess adverse health effects caused by chronic exposure to lower levels of arsenic. -- Highlights: ► Male inhabitants were investigated from an As-endemic region of China. ► 8-OHdG-positive reactions were only present in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). ► 8-OHdG staining of PMN nuclei was paralleled by increased debris of cells. ► Oxidative DNA damage of PMNs is associated with arsenic-related skin lesions.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2013

Biodiesel versus diesel exposure: Enhanced pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and differential morphological changes in the mouse lung

The use of biodiesel (BD) or its blends with petroleum diesel (D) is considered to be a viable approach to reduce occupational and environmental exposures to particulate matter (PM). Due to its lower particulate mass emissions compared to D, use of BD is thought to alleviate adverse health effects. Considering BD fuel is mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, we hypothesize that BD exhaust particles could induce pronounced adverse outcomes, due to their ability to readily oxidize. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of particles generated by engine fueled with neat BD and neat petroleum-based D. Biomarkers of tissue damage and inflammation were significantly elevated in lungs of mice exposed to BD particulates. Additionally, BD particulates caused a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins and an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal. The up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors was higher in lungs upon BD particulate exposure. Histological evaluation of lung sections indicated presence of lymphocytic infiltrate and impaired clearance with prolonged retention of BD particulate in pigment laden macrophages. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that BD exhaust particles could exert more toxic effects compared to D. - Highlights: • Exposure of mice to BDPM caused higher pulmonary toxicity compared to DPM. • Oxidative stress and inflammation were higher in BD vs to D exposed mice. • Inflammatory lymphocyte infiltrates were seen only in lungs of mice exposed to BD. • Ineffective clearance, prolonged PM retention was present only after BD exposure.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

Urinary microRNAs as potential biomarkers of pesticide exposure

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that silence messenger RNAs. Because miRNAs are stable at room temperature and long-lived, they have been proposed as molecular biomarkers to monitor disease and exposure status. While urinary miRNAs have been used clinically as potential diagnostic markers for kidney and bladder cancers and other diseases, their utility in non-clinical settings has yet to be fully developed. Our goal was to investigate the potential for urinary miRNAs to act as biomarkers of pesticide exposure and early biological response by identifying the miRNAs present in urine from 27 parent/child, farmworker/non-farmworker pairs (16FW/11NFW) collected during two agricultural seasons (thinning and post-harvest) and characterizing the between- and within-individual variability of these miRNA epigenetic regulators. MiRNAs were isolated from archived urine samples and identified using PCR arrays. Comparisons were made between age, households, season, and occupation. Of 384 miRNAs investigated, 297 (77%) were detectable in at least one sample. Seven miRNAs were detected in at least 50% of the samples, and one miRNA was present in 96% of the samples. Principal components and hierarchical clustering analyses indicate significant differences in miRNA profiles between farmworker and non-farmworker adults as well as between seasons. Six miRNAs were observed to be positively associated with farmworkers status during the post-harvest season. Expression of five of these miRNA trended towards a positive dose response relationship with organophosphate pesticide metabolites in farmworkers. These results suggest that miRNAs may be novel biomarkers of pesticide exposure and early biological response. - Highlights: • A novel method to identify microRNA biomarkers in urinary samples is proposed. • Six miRNAs have been identified as associated with occupational farm work and pesticide exposure. • An observed seasonal difference suggests transient characteristics of urinary miRNAs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Occupational exposure in the fluorescent lamp recycling sector in France

Highlights: • Chemical risks were assessed in the five fluorescent lamp recycling facilities. • The main hazardous agents are mercury vapors and dust containing lead and yttrium. • Exposure and pollutant levels were correlated with steps and processes. • All the stages and processes are concerned by worrying levels of pollutants. • We suggest recommendations to reduce chemical risk. - Abstract: The fluorescent lamp recycling sector is growing considerably in Europe due to increasingly strict regulations aimed at inciting the consumption of low energy light bulbs and their end-of-life management. Chemical risks were assessed in fluorescent lamp recycling facilities by field measurement surveys in France, highlighting that occupational exposure and pollutant levels in the working environment were correlated with the main recycling steps and processes. The mean levels of worker exposure are 4.4 mg/m{sup 3}, 15.4 μg/m{sup 3}, 14.0 μg/m{sup 3}, 247.6 μg/m{sup 3}, respectively, for total inhalable dust, mercury, lead and yttrium. The mean levels of airborne pollutants are 3.1 mg/m{sup 3}, 9.0 μg/m{sup 3}, 9.0 μg/m{sup 3}, 219.2 μg/m{sup 3}, respectively, for total inhalable dust, mercury, lead and yttrium. The ranges are very wide. Surface samples from employees’ skin and granulometric analysis were also carried out. The overview shows that all the stages and processes involved in lamp recycling are concerned by the risk of hazardous substances penetrating into the bodies of employees, although exposure of the latter varies depending on the processes and tasks they perform. The conclusion of this study strongly recommends the development of a new generation of processes in parallel with more information sharing and regulatory measures.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2025

Developing and Demonstrating a Lab Method for Quantifying Hair Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke with a Forensic Perspective

Forensic science and chemistry curricula often lack hands-on experimental designs that effectively simulate the impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or other common elements found at crime scenes, such as marijuana, on trace forensic evidence. Hair, a critical form of trace evidence, offers unique advantages for assessing long-term exposure to environmental pollutants, including ETS. This study presents a novel, noninvasive forensic laboratory module designed to evaluate ETS exposure on various human hair types (untreated, dyed, and bleached). The experimental procedure involved controlled cigarette smoke exposure, followed by analysis using UV−visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. Thirteen students participated in the three-week lab module (three sessions per week). Pre- and postlab assessments were conducted to evaluate learning outcomes. The prelab assessment focused on baseline knowledge of forensic hair analysis, as well as student expectations and confidence. The postlab assessment evaluated knowledge gained, technical insights, application of techniques, self-reflection, conceptual understanding, and practical skill development. This design helped students comprehend the effects of chemical treatments that significantly influence hair’s capacity to adsorb ETS residues by altering its physical and chemical properties. Integration of this experiment into the forensic chemistry curriculum led to measurable gains in student understanding, technical competency, and appreciation for realworld forensic applications. This method offers a valuable teaching and investigative tool for assessing individual ETS exposure in forensic contexts.

FTIR↗

DOE OSTI2013

Risk assessment and management of radiofrequency radiation exposure

Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) industry managers, occupational physicians, security department, and other practitioners must be advised on the basic of biophysics and the health effects of RF electromagnetic fields so as to guide the management of exposure. Information on biophysics of RFR and biological/heath effects is derived from standard texts, literature and clinical experiences. Emergency treatment and ongoing care is outlined, with clinical approach integrating the circumstances of exposure and the patient's symptoms. Experimental risk assessment model in RFR chronic exposure is proposed. Planning for assessment and monitoring exposure, ongoing care, safety measures and work protection are outlining the proper management.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗

DOE OSTI2016

Occupational exposure assessment: Practices in Malaysian nuclear agency

Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) is the leading agency in introducing and promoting the application of nuclear science technology in Malaysia. The agency provides major nuclear facilities purposely for research and commercialisation such as reactor, irradiation plants and radioisotope production laboratory. When dealing with ionizing radiation, there is an obligatory requirement to monitor and assess the radiation exposure to the workers. The personal dose of radiation workers were monitored monthly by assessing their Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (TLD) dose reading. This paper will discuss the current practice in managing, assessing, record keeping and reporting of the occupational exposure in Nuclear Malaysia including the Health Physic Group roles and challenges. The statistics on occupational radiation exposure of monitored workers working in different fields in Nuclear Malaysia from 2011 - 2013 will also be presented. The results show that the null hypothesis (H{sub 0}) was accepted which the means of every populations are all equal or not differ significantly. This hypothesis states that the dose exposure received by the radiation workers in Nuclear Malaysia is similar and there were no significant changes from 2011 to 2013. The radiation monitoring programme correlate with the requirement of our national law, the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304)

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗