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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Recent progress in low energy neutrino scattering physics and its implications for the standard and beyond the standard model physics

Neutrinos continue to provide a testing ground for the structure of the standard model of particle physics as well as hints towards the physics beyond the standard model. Neutrinos of energies spanning over several orders of magnitude, originating in many terrestrial and astrophysical processes, have been detected via various decay and interaction mechanisms. At MeV scales, there has been one elusive process, until a few years ago, known as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) that was theoretically predicted over five decades ago but was never observed experimentally. The recent experimental observation of the CEvNS process by the COHERENT collaboration at a stopped pion neutrino source has inspired physicists across many subfields. This has vital implications for nuclear physics, high-energy physics, astrophysics, and beyond. CEvNS, being a low-energy process, provides a natural window to study light, weakly-coupled, new physics in the neutrino sector. In this review, we intend to provide the current status of low energy neutrino scattering physics and its implications for the standard and beyond the standard model physics. We discuss the general formalism of calculating the tree-level CEvNS cross section and present estimated theoretical uncertainties on the CEvNS cross section stemming from different sources. We also discuss the inelastic scattering of tens of MeV neutrinos that have implications for supernova detection in future neutrino experiments. We discuss how the CEvNS experiments can be used as a testing ground for the Standard Model (SM) weak physics as well as in searching for the Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics signals. Any deviation from the SM predicted event rate either with a change in the total event rate or with a change in the shape of the recoil spectrum, could indicate new contributions to the interaction cross-section. The SM implications include the study of weak nuclear form factor and weak mixing angle. The BSM studies include non-standard interactions, neutrino electromagnetic properties, and sterile neutrino searches. In conclusion, stopped pion facilities are also a copious source of neutral and changed mesons that allow study of several dark sector physics scenarios such as vector portal models, leptophobic dark matter as well as axion-like particle searches.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Nanocavity-Enhanced Giant Stimulated Raman Scattering in Si Nanowires in the Visible Light Region

Silicon photonics has been a very active area of research especially in the past two decades in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for more computational power and faster device speeds and their natural compatibility with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. In order to develop Si as a useful photonics material, essential photonic components such as light sources, waveguides, wavelength convertors, modulators, and detectors need to be developed and integrated. However, due to the indirect electronic bandgap of Si, conventional light emission devices such as light-emitting diodes and lasers cannot be built. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing Si-based Raman lasers, which are nonlinear devices and require large stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in an optical cavity. However, due to the low quantum yield of SRS in Si, Raman lasers have very large device footprints and high lasing threshold, making them unsuitable for faster, smaller, and energy-efficient devices. Here in this paper, we report strong SRS and extremely high Raman gain in Si nanowire optical cavities in the visible region with measured SRS threshold as low as 30 kW/cm 2 . At cavity mode resonance, light is confined into a low mode volume and high intensity electromagnetic mode inside the Si nanowire due to its high refractive index, which leads to strong SRS at low pump intensities. Electromagnetic calculations reveal greater than 6 orders of magnitude increase in Raman gain coefficient at 532 nm pump wavelength, compared to the gain value at 1.55 μm wavelength reported in literature, despite the 10 8 higher losses at 532 nm. Because of the high gain in such small structures, we believe that this is a significant first step in realizing a monolithically integrable nanoscale low-powered Si Raman laser.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

TRANSMISSION AND EMISSION OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN SEMI-TRANSPARENT SHOCKS

While major solar energetic particle (SEP) events are associated with coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shocks in solar wind, accurate SEP measurements reveal that more than one component of energetic ions exist in the beginning of the events. Solar electromagnetic emissions, including nuclear gamma-rays, suggest that high-energy ions could also be accelerated by coronal shocks, and some of those particles could contribute to SEPs in interplanetary space. However, the CME-driven shock in solar wind is thought to shield any particle source beneath the shock because of the strong scattering required for the diffusive shock acceleration. In this Letter, we consider a shock model that allows energetic particles from the possible behind-shock source to appear in front of the shock simultaneously with SEPs accelerated by the shock itself. We model the energetic particle transport in directions parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field in a spherical shock expanding through the highly turbulent magnetic sector with an embedded quiet magnetic tube, which makes the shock semi-transparent for energetic particles. The model energy spectra and time profiles of energetic ions escaping far upstream of the shock are similar to the profiles observed during the first hour of some gradual SEP events.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

The HPS Experiment: Searching for Dark Photons at Jefferson Lab

Recently, there has been much interest in new physics models with hidden sectors with massive U(1) gauge bosons, called heavy photons or dark photons. Heavy photons are expected on general theoretical grounds, and astrophysical evidence suggesting they might mediate dark matter annihilations and/or interactions with ordinary matter has motivated the search for a heavy photon in the mass range mA'- 20 to 1000 MeV/c2. Heavy photons couple to ordinary photons through kinetic mixing, which induces their weak coupling to electrons, so they are radiated in electron scattering and can subsequently decay into narrow e+e- resonances which can be observed above the QED background. The Heavy Photon Search (HPS) experiment at Jefferson Lab will search for the e+e- or u+u- heavy photon decay products using a forward spectrometer that includes silicon microstrip detectors for vertexing and tracking, a PbWO4 electromagnetic calorimeter for fast triggering and electron identification, and a muon detector for muon identification. HPS will explore a large, unexplored domain in the mass/coupling plane with great sensitivity. This talk will review the experiment, with results from the recent test run and plans for future construction and data taking.

Phillips, Sarah↗
DOE OSTI2016

Nonlinear terahertz devices utilizing semiconducting plasmonic metamaterials

The development of responsive metamaterials has enabled the realization of compact tunable photonic devices capable of manipulating the amplitude, polarization, wave vector and frequency of light. Integration of semiconductors into the active regions of metallic resonators is a proven approach for creating nonlinear metamaterials through optoelectronic control of the semiconductor carrier density. Metal-free subwavelength resonant semiconductor structures offer an alternative approach to create dynamic metamaterials. We present InAs plasmonic disk arrays as a viable resonant metamaterial at terahertz frequencies. Importantly, InAs plasmonic disks exhibit a strong nonlinear response arising from electric field-induced intervalley scattering, resulting in a reduced carrier mobility thereby damping the plasmonic response. here, we demonstrate nonlinear perfect absorbers configured as either optical limiters or saturable absorbers, including flexible nonlinear absorbers achieved by transferring the disks to polyimide films. Nonlinear plasmonic metamaterials show potential for use in ultrafast terahertz (THz) optics and for passive protection of sensitive electromagnetic devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Unified model of nucleon elastic form factors and implications for neutrino-oscillation experiments

Precise knowledge of the nucleon’s axial-current form factors is crucial for modeling GeV-scale neutrino-nucleus interactions. Unfortunately, the axial form factor remains insufficiently constrained to meet the precision requirements of upcoming long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiments. This work studies the nucleon’s axial and vector form factors using the light-front approach to build a quark-diquark model of the nucleon with an explicit pion cloud. The light-front wave functions in both the quark and pion-baryon Fock spaces are first calibrated to existing experimental information on the nucleon’s electromagnetic form factors and then used to predict the axial form factor. The resulting squared charge radius of the axial pseudovector form factor is predicted to be $r$$^{2}_{A}$ = 0.29 ± 0.03 fm 2 , where the small error accounts for the model’s parametric uncertainty. We use our form factor results to explore the (quasi)elastic scattering of neutrinos by (nuclei)nucleons, with the result that the widely implemented dipole ansatz is an inadequate approximation of the full form factor for modeling both processes. Here, the approximation leads to a 5%–10% overestimation of the total cross section, depending on the (anti)neutrino energy. We project overestimations of similar size in the flux-averaged cross sections for the upcoming DUNE long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Theory of two-meson photo- and electroproduction off the nucleon

Using the reaction γN → ππN as the paradigmatic topological framework, a field-theoretical description of the electromagnetic production of two pseudoscalar mesons off the nucleon is derived and applied to photo- and electroproduction processes, assuming only one-photon exchange for the latter. The dynamics of all explicit three-point interaction mechanisms of the ππN system is accounted for by the Faddeev-type ordering structure of the Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas equations. The modifications necessary for incorporating n-meson vertices for n ≥ 4 are discussed. The formulation is valid for hadronic two-point and three-point functions dressed by arbitrary (even nonlinear) internal mechanisms provided all associated electromagnetic currents are constructed to satisfy their respective (generalized) Ward-Takahashi identities. Coupling the photon to the Faddeev structure of the underlying hadronic two-pion production mechanisms results in a natural expansion of the full two-pion photoproduction current $M$$^{μ}_{ππ}$ in terms of multiple dressed loops involving two-body subsystem scattering amplitudes of the ππN system that preserves gauge invariance as a matter of course order by order in the number of (dressed) loops. A closed-form expression is presented for the entire gauge-invariant current $M$$^{μ}_{ππ}$ with complete three-body dynamics. Individually gauge-invariant truncations of the full dynamics most relevant for practical applications at the no-loop, one-loop, and two-loop levels are discussed in detail. An approximation scheme to the full two-meson amplitude for calculational purposes is also presented. It approximates, systematically, the full amplitude to any desired order of expansion in the underlying hadronic two-body amplitude. Furthermore, it allows for the approximate incorporation of all neglected higher-order mechanisms in terms of a locally gauge-invariant phenomenological remainder current.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Transport of hot carriers in plasmonic nanostructures

Plasmonic hot carrier devices extract excited carriers from metal nanostructures before equilibration and have the potential to surpass semiconductor light absorbers. However their efficiencies have so far remained well below theoretical limits, which necessitates quantitative prediction of carrier transport and energy loss in plasmonic structures to identify and overcome bottlenecks in carrier harvesting. Here, we present a theoretical and computational framework, nonequilibrium scattering in space and energy (NESSE), to predict the spatial evolution of carrier energy distributions that combines the best features of phase-space (Boltzmann) and particle-based (Monte Carlo) methods. Within the NESSE framework, we bridge first-principles electronic structure predictions of plasmon decay and carrier collision integrals at the atomic scale, with electromagnetic field simulations at the nano- to mesoscale. Finally, we apply NESSE to predict spatially-resolved energy distributions of photoexcited carriers that impact the surface of experimentally realizable plasmonic nanostructures at length scales ranging from tens to several hundreds of nanometers, enabling first-principles design of hot carrier devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electromagnetic waves in a polydisperse dusty plasma

The properties of low-frequency electromagnetic waves in a polydisperse dusty plasma are studied. The dispersion relation for the waves propagating at an arbitrary angle to the external magnetic field is derived, with the coefficients explicitly determined by the dust-size distribution function. The dependence of wave dispersion on properties of the dust-size distribution function is analysed. It is shown that the cutoff for an oblique propagation in plasma with a wide scatter of dust sizes takes place at a much lower frequency than in a plasma with monosized dust particles. It is found that dispersion properties of a transversal magnetosonic wave mode around dust–cyclotron frequencies considerably differ from those in a plasma with monosized dust. In a plasma with low mass fraction of dust particles, the dispersion is smooth without the cutoff and the resonance intrinsic for a plasma with monosized dust. Increase of the dust fraction results in splitting of the dispersion curve on to two branches. Further increase of the dust fraction leads to emergence of the third branch located between the cutoffs and restricted from the lower and higher frequencies by two resonances. The dependence of the frequencies of cutoffs and resonances on the width of the dust-size distribution, its slope and the dust mass fraction are analysed. It is shown that the transparency frequency windows in a plasma with polydisperse dust are wider for transversal elecromagnetic waves, but narrower for longitudinal or oblique waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Observation of inclined EeV air showers with the radio detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

With the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we have observed the radio emission from 561 extensive air showers with zenith angles between 60o and 84o. In contrast to air showers with more vertical incidence, these inclined air showers illuminate large ground areas of several km2 with radio signals detectable in the 30 to 80 MHz band. A comparison of the measured radio-signal amplitudes with Monte Carlo simulations of a subset of 50 events for which we reconstruct the energy using the Auger surface detector shows agreement within the uncertainties of the current analysis. As expected for forward-beamed radio emission undergoing no significant absorption or scattering in the atmosphere, the area illuminated by radio signals grows with the zenith angle of the air shower. Inclined air showers with EeV energies are thus measurable with sparse radio-antenna arrays with grid sizes of a km or more. This is particularly attractive as radio detection provides direct access to the energy in the electromagnetic cascade of an air shower, which in case of inclined air showers is not accessible by arrays of particle detectors on the ground.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electron scattering on A = 3 nuclei from quantum Monte Carlo based approaches

We perform first-principle calculations of electron-nucleus scattering on 3 He and 3 H using the Green's function Monte Carlo method and two approaches based on the factorization of the final hadronic state: the spectral-function formalism and the short-time approximation. These three methods are benchmarked among each other and compared to the experimental data for the longitudinal and transverse electromagnetic response functions of 3 He, and the inclusive cross sections of both 3 He and 3 H. Since these three approaches are based on the same description of nuclear dynamics of the initial target state, comparing their results enables a precise quantification of the uncertainties inherent to factorization schemes. At sufficiently large values of the momentum transfer, we find an excellent agreement of the Green's function Monte Carlo calculation with experimental data and with both the spectral-function formalism and the short-time approximation. Here, we also analyze the relevance of relativistic effects, whose inclusion becomes crucial to explain data at high momentum and energy transfer.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Neutrino electromagnetic properties and the weak mixing angle at the LHC Forward Physics Facility

The LHC produces an intense beam of highly energetic neutrinos of all three flavors in the forward direction, and the Forward Physics Facility (FPF) has been proposed to house a suite of experiments taking advantage of this opportunity. In this study, we investigate the FPF’s potential to probe the neutrino electromagnetic properties, including neutrino millicharge, magnetic moment, and charge radius. We find that, due to the large flux of tau neutrinos at the LHC, the FPF detectors will be able to provide more sensitive constraints on the tau neutrino magnetic moment and millicharge than previous measurements at DONUT, by searching for excess in low recoil energy electron scattering events. We also find that, by precisely measuring the rate of neutral current deep inelastic scattering events, the FPF detectors have the potential to obtain the strongest experimental bounds on the neutrino charge radius for the electron neutrino, and one of the leading bounds for the muon neutrino flavor. The same signature could also be used to measure the weak mixing angle, and we estimate that sin 2 θ W could be measured to about 3% precision at a scale Q ∼ 10 GeV , shedding new light on the longstanding NuTeV anomaly. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Abraham, Roshan Mammen (ORCID:0000000346783808)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electromagnetic Response of Superconducting RF Cavities

Recently reported anomalies in frequency shift of order δƒ ~ 0.1–10 kHz for Niobium SRF cavities in a narrow temperature region near T c ≃ 9 K are sensitive to the surface preparation and Nitrogen doping. We developed methods for calculating the surface current response of Nb SRF cavities, as well as the resonant frequency shift and quality factor, as functions of temperature, frequency and disorder based on the Keldysh formulation of the theory for nonequilibrium superconductivity coupled with Maxwell’s theory and boundary conditions for the response functions and electromagnetic field. We show that the anomaly is sensitive to impurity disorder. Our results for the anomaly in the frequency shift are in good agreement with experimental results for Nb with an anisotropic gap on the Fermi surface and inhomogeneous non-magnetic disorder. We also show that the quality factor as a function of the impurity scattering rate is maximum for in SRF cavities with intermediate disorder, ℏ/τΔ~O(1) with the maximum $Q$ decreasing with increasing frequency.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electron scattering on ${\mathbf{A=3}}$ nuclei from quantum Monte Carlo based approaches

We perform first-principle calculations of electron-nucleus scattering on $^3$He and $^3$H using the Green's function Monte Carlo method and two approaches based on the factorization of the final hadronic state: the spectral-function formalism and the short-time approximation. These three methods are benchmarked among each other and compared to the experimental data for the longitudinal and transverse electromagnetic response functions of $^3$He, and the inclusive cross sections of both $^3$He and $^3$H. Since these three approaches are based on the same description of nuclear dynamics of the initial target state, comparing their results enables a precise quantification of the uncertainties inherent to factorization schemes. At sufficiently large values of the momentum transfer, we find an excellent agreement of the Green's function Monte Carlo calculation with experimental data and with both the spectral-function formalism and the short-time approximation. We also analyze the relevance of relativistic effects, whose inclusion becomes crucial to explain data at high momentum and energy transfer.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Model Sensitivities in the Extraction of Qw(p) from PVES Data

As the Qweak collaboration prepares to unblind our final result, studies have been performed to quantify the sensitivities of the fit used to extract the proton's weak charge Qw(p) from the body of existing parity-violating electron scattering (PVES) data. The results of these sensitivity studies will be used to freeze choices associated with the fitting procedure before unblinding. Under study are the effects of including PVES data on D2 and He targets in the fit, and restrictions on the angular and Q2 range of the data in the fit. The impact of different electromagnetic form factor (EM FF) fits, and the separate impact of the uncertainties associated with the EM FF fits themselves on the fit used to extract Qw(p) from the body of (mostly) e? p data have been studied. The impact of recent lattice QCD calculations of charge symmetry effects on our fit result will be assessed. A comparison will be made using recent lattice calculations of ?s and ?s in our Qw(p) determination, or floating these parameters in our fit. The dipole mass sensitivity in the strange and axial FFs will be assessed. The impact of floating the isoscalar and/or isovector axial FFs to theory or floating them freely in the fit will also be studied.

Smith, Gregory↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of the Neutron Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio at High Momentum Transfer

The inner structure of the nucleon (proton and neutron) remains a topic of great interest in nuclear and particle physics, after many decades of study. For example, understanding the quark-gluon dynamics inside the nucleon would shed light on how 99% of the nucleon mass is created. The neutron electromagnetic form factors, Gn E and Gn M , give important insights into the neutron structure. The Super BigBite Spectrometer (SBS) program at Jefferson Lab (JLab) seeks to extend the form factor measurements for both the proton and the neutron. The neutron electric form actor, Gn E , has been historically difficult to measure due to the short lifetime of the free neutron and the small value of Gn E . The GEn-II experiment is part of the SBS program and seeks to measure Gn E , significantly increasing the high momentum transfer coverage. A newly designed polarized 3He target increased the figure of merit by three times compared to previous measurements. The analysis of this data is especially challenging due to the unprecedented high-rate environment caused by the open nature of the spectrometer with a direct line of sight to the target. This required developing new Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) particle trackers which can cover large areas demanded by this setup and handle particle rates up to 500 kHz/cm2. Rates this high over a large area is unprecedented in particle tracking systems and came with a number of challenges. Data taken in the SBS program was critical to understanding hardware and software solutions that improved the track reconstruction efficiency to be >97% with a position resolution of 70 ?m. In previous experiments the proton electromagnetic form factors, Gp E and Gp M were measured up to Q2 = 8.5 GeV2 and Q2 = 30 GeV2, respectively, while Gn E has only been measured up to Q2 = 3.4 GeV2. The GEn-II experiment has measured the neutron form factor ratio, Gn E/Gn M, at Q2 values of 2.90, 6.50, and 9.47 GeV2 by scattering a polarized electron beam with a polarized 3He target, used here as an effective polarized neutron target, and measuring the double spin asymmetry of the cross section. Previous Gn E measurements do not extend above Q2 = 3.4 GeV2, and therefore this analysis has extended the world data by almost three times. The background correction is especially difficult at the higher Q2 settings leading to large systematic errors. As very exploratory results from this early analysis of the data, we find for Q2 = 2.90 GeV2, Gn E = 0.0157 ±stat 0.0016 ±sys 0.0011, for Q2 = 6.50 GeV2, Gn E = 0.0067 ±stat 0.0019 ±sys 0.0005, and for Q2 = 9.46 GeV2, Gn E = 0.0046 ±stat 0.0023 ±sys 0.0005. These results are compared to predictions from the Dyson-Schwinger Equations (DSE) model and a Relativistic Constituent Quark Model (RCQM).

Jeffas, Sean↗
DOE OSTI2021

Substrate-enhanced photothermal nano-imaging of surface polaritons in monolayer graphene

Surface polaritons comprise a wealth of light–matter interactions with deep sub-wavelength scale confinement of electromagnetic modes. However, their nanoscale localized dissipation and thermalization processes are not readily accessible experimentally. Here, we introduce photothermal force microscopy to image surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in monolayer graphene through their non-radiative SiO2 substrate dissipation. We demonstrate the real-space SPP imaging via photo-induced atomic force detection, and from comparison with scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy imaging attribute the force response to substrate dissipation-enhanced thermal expansion. This work illustrates that nano-optical tip–sample induced dissipative forces facilitate a direct mechanical detection of surface polariton interactions with monolayer sensitivity.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Image quality indicator and dechromator setup for static LANSCE proton radiography experiment

This document describes a static geometry consisting of a sphere of gold and Ti-6Al-4V alloy, along with an energy-loss matching dechromator composed of polycarbonate, to field with the X3 electromagnetic magnifying lens at LANSCE during the next beam cycle. This static configuration will allow us to: (1) characterize the system’s resolution at the material interface between the gold and titanium alloy, and test the image quality for fine features associated with the screws used to fasten the titanium alloy hemispheres; (2) tune our models of proton scattering and imaging for these materials; and (3) test a procedure to align the polycarbonate dechromator and the sphere within the proton beamline. The data will also be suitable for validation of the software options available for proton radiography simulations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗