Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Dy”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy2Si3Ni by Materials Project

Dy2NiSi3 is hexagonal omega structure-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Amm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded to three equivalent Ni and nine Si atoms to form a mixture of edge and face-sharing DySi9Ni3 cuboctahedra. There are one shorter (2.99 Å) and two longer (3.00 Å) Dy–Ni bond lengths. There are a spread of Dy–Si bond distances ranging from 2.99–3.12 Å. Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent Si atoms. All Ni–Si bond lengths are 2.32 Å. There are three inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent Si atoms. There are one shorter (2.31 Å) and two longer (2.33 Å) Si–Si bond lengths. In the second Si site, Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent Ni atoms. In the third Si site, Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent Si atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy2Cu(SO6)2 by Materials Project

Dy2Cu(SO6)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.53 Å. Cu is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O atoms. There is two shorter (1.81 Å) and two longer (1.85 Å) Cu–O bond length. S is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.44–1.54 Å. There are six inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent Dy and one Cu atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent Dy and one Cu atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Dy and one S atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Dy and one S atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy and one S atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on DyNiGe3 by Materials Project

DyNiGe3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ni and ten Ge atoms. All Dy–Ni bond lengths are 3.17 Å. There are a spread of Dy–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.21 Å. Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.35 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy, one Ni, and two equivalent Ge atoms. Both Ge–Ge bond lengths are 2.52 Å. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy, two equivalent Ni, and five Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.48 Å) and four longer (2.90 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy, two equivalent Ni, and five Ge atoms. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.48 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy7BP2O17 by Materials Project

Dy7BP2O17 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are seven inequivalent Dy3+ sites. In the first Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted DyO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with three PO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one DyO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.45 Å. In the second Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.77 Å. In the third Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.54 Å. In the fourth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.68 Å. In the fifth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.82 Å. In the sixth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted DyO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one DyO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.49 Å. In the seventh Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.65 Å. B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.37–1.42 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent DyO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.57 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three DyO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.57 Å. There are seventeen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Dy3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Dy3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Dy3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on GdDy by Materials Project

Gd(Dy) is Magnesium-derived structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded to six equivalent Dy and six equivalent Gd atoms to form DyGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent DyGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent DyGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent GdGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent DyGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent GdGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra. All Dy–Dy bond lengths are 3.58 Å. All Dy–Gd bond lengths are 3.53 Å. Gd is bonded to six equivalent Dy and six equivalent Gd atoms to form GdGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent GdGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent GdGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent DyGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent GdGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent DyGd6Dy6 cuboctahedra. All Gd–Gd bond lengths are 3.58 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on DyMoO5 by Materials Project

DyMoO5 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.43 Å. Mo is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to five O atoms. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–2.72 Å. There are five inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy, one Mo, and one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.52 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Dy and one Mo atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Dy and one Mo atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Dy and one Mo atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Dy and one Mo atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaDy by Materials Project

La(Dy) crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded to six equivalent Dy and six equivalent La atoms to form DyLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent DyLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent DyLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent LaLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent DyLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent LaLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra. All Dy–Dy bond lengths are 3.66 Å. All Dy–La bond lengths are 3.66 Å. La is bonded to six equivalent Dy and six equivalent La atoms to form LaLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent LaLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent LaLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent DyLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent LaLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent DyLa6Dy6 cuboctahedra. All La–La bond lengths are 3.66 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on DyMn2SiGe by Materials Project

DyMn2GeSi crystallizes in the tetragonal I4mm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Mn, four equivalent Ge, and four equivalent Si atoms. There are four shorter (3.23 Å) and four longer (3.34 Å) Dy–Mn bond lengths. All Dy–Ge bond lengths are 3.04 Å. All Dy–Si bond lengths are 3.05 Å. Mn is bonded to four equivalent Dy, two equivalent Ge, and two equivalent Si atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing MnDy4Si2Ge2 tetrahedra. Both Mn–Ge bond lengths are 2.44 Å. Both Mn–Si bond lengths are 2.35 Å. Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy, four equivalent Mn, and one Si atom. The Ge–Si bond length is 2.53 Å. Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy, four equivalent Mn, and one Ge atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy3(In2Co)2 by Materials Project

Dy3(CoIn2)2 crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Co and eight In atoms. There are two shorter (2.81 Å) and one longer (3.14 Å) Dy–Co bond lengths. There are a spread of Dy–In bond distances ranging from 3.15–3.42 Å. There are two inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Dy and six equivalent In atoms. All Co–In bond lengths are 2.69 Å. In the second Co site, Co is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent In atoms. All Co–In bond lengths are 3.00 Å. There are two inequivalent In sites. In the first In site, In is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy, three Co, and one In atom. The In–In bond length is 2.98 Å. In the second In site, In is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Dy and three equivalent In atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on DyMg3 by Materials Project

Mg3Dy is beta Cu3Ti-like structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded to eight Mg and four equivalent Dy atoms to form MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, corners with fourteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, and faces with sixteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mg–Mg bond distances ranging from 3.21–3.39 Å. There are two shorter (3.25 Å) and two longer (3.33 Å) Mg–Dy bond lengths. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded to eight Mg and four equivalent Dy atoms to form MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, corners with fourteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, and faces with sixteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra. Both Mg–Mg bond lengths are 3.21 Å. There are two shorter (3.25 Å) and two longer (3.33 Å) Mg–Dy bond lengths. In the third Mg site, Mg is bonded to eight Mg and four equivalent Dy atoms to form MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, corners with fourteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, and faces with sixteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra. There are two shorter (3.25 Å) and two longer (3.33 Å) Mg–Dy bond lengths. Dy is bonded to twelve Mg atoms to form DyMg12 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, corners with twelve MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent DyMg12 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve MgDy4Mg8 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy2Al3Fe14 by Materials Project

Dy2Fe14Al3 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to sixteen Fe and three equivalent Al atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Fe bond distances ranging from 3.01–3.25 Å. All Dy–Al bond lengths are 3.29 Å. There are three inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy, eight Fe, and two equivalent Al atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Fe bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.75 Å. Both Fe–Al bond lengths are 2.45 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to three equivalent Dy, seven Fe, and two equivalent Al atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing FeDy3Al2Fe7 cuboctahedra. There are two shorter (2.43 Å) and one longer (2.68 Å) Fe–Fe bond lengths. Both Fe–Al bond lengths are 2.46 Å. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Dy, ten Fe, and three equivalent Al atoms. The Fe–Fe bond length is 2.31 Å. All Fe–Al bond lengths are 2.62 Å. Al is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy and ten Fe atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy4BClO7 by Materials Project

Dy4BO7Cl crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Dy3+ sites. In the first Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.37 Å. In the second Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.39 Å. The Dy–Cl bond length is 2.98 Å. In the third Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.25–2.77 Å. The Dy–Cl bond length is 3.26 Å. In the fourth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.36 Å. The Dy–Cl bond length is 2.90 Å. B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.38 Å) and one longer (1.39 Å) B–O bond length. There are seven inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Dy3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing ODy4 tetrahedra. Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on DyMn2(Cr2Ge3)2 by Materials Project

DyMn2(Cr2Ge3)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded to four equivalent Mn and eight Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and edge-sharing DyMn4Ge8 hexagonal bipyramids. All Dy–Mn bond lengths are 3.31 Å. There are two shorter (2.87 Å) and six longer (2.97 Å) Dy–Ge bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Cr sites. In the first Cr site, Cr is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Mn and six Ge atoms. All Cr–Mn bond lengths are 2.57 Å. There are a spread of Cr–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.53–2.69 Å. In the second Cr site, Cr is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Cr–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.69 Å. In the third Cr site, Cr is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Cr–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.69 Å. Mn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Dy, two equivalent Cr, two equivalent Mn, and six Ge atoms. Both Mn–Mn bond lengths are 2.57 Å. There are four shorter (2.54 Å) and two longer (2.69 Å) Mn–Ge bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Cr and two equivalent Mn atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Dy, four Cr, and two equivalent Mn atoms. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Dy, two equivalent Cr, four equivalent Mn, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.55 Å. In the fourth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Dy, six Cr, and one Ge atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Unlocking Dysprosium Constraints for China’s 1.5 °C Climate Target

Some key low-carbon technologies, ranging from wind turbines to electric vehicles, are underpinned by the strong rare-earth-based permanent magnets of the Nd, Pr (Dy)–Fe–Nb type (NdFeB). These NdFeB magnets, which are sensitive to demagnetization with temperature elevation (the Curie point), require the addition of variable amounts of dysprosium (Dy), where an elevation of the Curie point is needed to meet operational conditions. Given that China is the world’s largest REE supplier with abundant REE reserves, the impact of an ambitious 1.5 °C climate target on China’s Dy supply chain has sparked widespread concern. Here, we explore future trends and innovation strategies associated with the linkage between Dy and NdFeBs under various climate scenarios in China. We find China alone is expected to exhaust the global present Dy reserve within the next 2–3 decades to facilitate the 1.5 °C climate target. By implementing global available innovation strategies, such as material substitution, reduction, and recycling, it is possible to avoid 48%–68% of China’s cumulative demand for Dy. Nevertheless, ongoing efforts in REE exploration and production are still required to meet China’s growing Dy demand, which will face competition from the United States, European Union, and other countries with ambitious climate targets. Here our analysis urges China and those nations to form wider cooperation in REE supply chains as well as in NdFeB innovation for the realization of a global climate-safe future.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Separation and Recovery of High-Purity Dysprosium from Electric Vehicle Scrap Permanent Magnets Using Cyanex 572, a Cationic Extractant in a Membrane Solvent Extraction Process

Rare earth elements (REEs), especially heavy rare earth elements such as dysprosium (Dy), have gained immense attention globally due to their widespread use in many state-of-the-art technologies. Consequently, demand for REEs is increasing rapidly in comparison to their supply. Recycling of REEs from end-of-life (EoL) electronic waste (e-waste) can help to mitigate the increasing gap between the demand and supply of REEs. This study reports the separation and recovery of high-purity Dy from various feedstocks such as scrap permanent magnets (SPMs), electric vehicle (EV) magnets, and mixed rare earth oxides (REOs) using an economically viable and scalable membrane solvent extraction (MSX) process. First, the optimized conditions (organic phase composition and feed solution acid concentration) for the separation of Dy from light REEs such as neodymium (Nd) and praseodymium (Pr) were evaluated using liquid–liquid extraction. Thereafter, a multistage MSX process was developed to separate high purity (>99.5 wt %) Dy from Nd and Pr using Cyanex 572, a cationic extractant. Using feedstocks with varying initial compositions, the MSX process obtained 100% pure Dy with 63–96% Dy recovery in three to six stages with a maximum extraction rate of 2.9 g m–2 h –1 . Purity of the recovered Dy was confirmed via additional characterization such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. This novel MSX process holds immense potential for industry deployment for the separation of heavy and light rare REEs from a wide range of e-waste.

electrical vehicle magnets↗
DOE OSTI2022

Illuminating the Photophysics of Oxygen Atom Transfer in Rare Earth Metal-Organic Complexes

Industrial separations of rare earth metals are reliant on selectivity based on ionic radii, which are time, energy, and resource consuming.1 The unique and discontinuous manifold of energy states associated with the f-electron configurations of the rare earth ions2 offer an opportunity to overcome some of these limitations by incorporating light into the separation process. Here, we use transient absorption spectroscopy to understand the differences in mechanism of light-initiated oxygen atom transfer (OAT) in yttrium (Y) and dysprosium (Dy) rare earth complexes. These metal-organic complexes are functionalized with hexfluoroacetyl-acetonate (hfac) and 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO). After light absorption in the presence of triphenyl phosphine (TPP), the NMMO in the Y-NMMO complex is replaced by the TPPO OAT reaction product. Because the Dy f-electron manifold is accessible to the ligand excited states, while there are no accessible states associated with f-electrons for Y, there are significant differences in reactivity. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) was used to monitor changes after 340 nm photoexcitation of Dy/Y-NMMO or the product complex Dy/Y-TPPO. TAS is a pump-probe technique where a white light probe pulse is delayed relative to a visible pump pulse, which photoexcites a sample. Differences between the ground and excited states are monitored over time. With TAS, we access time scales from 100 fs-400 us to determine the photophysics of the complexes of interest. Photoexcitation of Y-NMMO (Fig. 1A) creates a broad photoinduced absorption (PIA) that evolves into a sharp positive feature over 4.2 ps centered at 450 nm. A secondary feature centered at 550 nm grows in with a 200 ps time constant and remains through the 5 ns time window of our experiment. Control experiments for Y-TPPO reveal that the feature at 450 nm is due to internal dynamics of the hfac ligand, while the 550 nm shoulder is due to the presence of the NMMO. Comparing kinetics at 550 nm for Y-NMMO and Dy-NMMO (Fig. 1B) shows that while Y exhibits a distinct growth in the NMMO feature, the Dy decays almost completely within 5 ns. Control experiments with Dy-TPPO prove that the ligand excited states centered on the hfac ligand are deactivated via energy transfer to the Dy manifold within 200 ps. This deactivation leads to significant differences in OAT reactivity between Y and Dy.

CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enhancing Nitrogen Activation in Electrochemical Reduction: The Role of Rare Earth Oxide Surface Configurations

The pursuit of sustainable ammonia synthesis has prompted the exploration of ambient electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (e-NRR) as an alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process. Here, this study conducted a theoretical investigation into the use of rare earth oxide materials, specifically dysprosium oxide (Dy 2 O 3 ), as potential electrocatalysts for NRR. Utilizing spin-polarized density functional theory calculations, we explored the interaction between Dy 2 O 3 surfaces and nitrogen (N 2 ) molecules, examining the capability of Dy 2 O 3 to adsorb and activate N 2 under ambient conditions. The results indicate that Dy 2 O 3 surfaces exhibit diverse configurations and bonding environments, providing a variety of reactive sites that display different behaviors in N 2 adsorption and activation. The distinctive electronic structure and surface chemistry of a particular Dy 2 O 3 surface configuration were found to significantly enhance the activation of N 2 by promoting charge transfer, which facilitates the NRR process. This research provides deep insights into the mechanistic pathways of N 2 reduction over Dy 2 O 3 , highlighting the surface properties as pivotal in catalysis. These theoretical insights serve as a foundation for the development of novel rare earth-based electrocatalytic materials for efficient ambient e-NRR, potentially transforming ammonia production into a greener and more energy-efficient process.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on DyBO3 by Materials Project

DyBO3 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Dy3+ sites. In the first Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.70 Å. In the second Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.49 Å. In the third Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.50 Å. In the fourth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.50 Å. In the fifth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.53 Å. In the sixth Dy3+ site, Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.27–2.58 Å. There are six inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.44–1.55 Å. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.37 Å) and one longer (1.42 Å) B–O bond length. In the third B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.38 Å) and one longer (1.41 Å) B–O bond length. In the fourth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.56 Å. In the fifth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.55 Å. In the sixth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.43–1.55 Å. There are eighteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Dy3+ and one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗