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At least 559 records · Page 31

Current instrument status of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

An upgraded version of AVIRIS, an airborne imaging spectrometer based on a whiskbroom-type scanner coupled via optical fibers to four dispersive spectrometers, that has been in operation since 1987 is described. Emphasis is placed on specific AVIRIS subsystems including foreoptics, fiber optics, and an in-flight reference source; spectrometers and detector dewars; a scan drive mechanism; a signal chain; digital electronics; a tape recorder; calibration systems; and ground support requirements.

Eastwood, Michael L.↗

JPSS-2 VIIRS Day-Night Band Pre-launch Radiometric Calibration and Performance

The first two flight models of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument continue to operate onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) and NOAA-20 spacecrafts. The third flight model is set to be launched as one of a complement of instruments onboard the Joint Polar–orbiting Satellite System-2 (JPSS-2) satellite. In addition to its 14 reflective solar bands and 7 thermal emissive bands, VIIRS has a unique Day-Night Band (DNB). The DNB is a panchromatic imager based on CCD detectors, covering a spectral range of about 500 – 900 nm. The DNB is made up of three gain stages, allowing the sensor to operate over a large dynamic range (3×10(−9) - 0.02 W⁄cm(2)/sr). As part of VIIRS pre-launch ground testing, the DNB has been characterized to determine its functionality and performance under a space-like environment. The results are compared against the design specification and to previous VIIRS flight models when applicable. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the VIIRS DNB prelaunch testing and the results of radiometric and spectral assessments. The expected impact to on-orbit operations and calibrated data products are also discussed.

Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)↗

In-Flight Calibration of ESA Hera’s Hyperscout-H Imager

ESA’s Hera space mission is on its way to the mission target, the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos. HyperScout-H, one of the instruments onboard Hera, is a hyperspectral imager operating in the visible and near-infrared regions between 0.65 and 0.95 μm. HyperScout-H will enable a detailed assessment of the composition of both objects, Didymos and its satellite Dimorphos, the characterization of space weathering effects, and the possible presence of exogenous material on their surfaces. To monitor instrument functionality, calibration exposures are acquired regularly. This article describes the in-flight calibrations carried out for HyperScout-H during the commissioning and cruise phases. Bias and dark exposures, as well as stellar field observations, were acquired several times after launch. We update the calibration data and monitor instrument performance in the space environment. In addition, images of Earth and Moon were acquired from distances of 1.5 × 10 6 to 2.0 × 10 6 km, and Mars and its satellite were imaged during the flyby. In five images, the surface of Mars fills the entire field of view, enabling cross-validation of HyperScout-H results with those reported by other Mars missions. We characterize the detector under in-flight operational conditions. The calibration data indicate that the bias pattern is stable, the dark current remains negligible for short exposures, and the detector response is highly linear. We quantify the field-of-view alignment and geometric distortion, and evaluate the point spread function based on the stellar field observations. Stellar observations and Mars swing-by data provide updated radiometric calibration constants, suggesting that in-flight conditions have slightly modified the detector’s spectral response. In-flight calibrations are essential to ensure data quality and reliability.

Image Processing↗

Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) Instrument Response

The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), a large coded aperture instrument with a wide field-of-view (FOV), provides the gamma-ray burst triggers and locations for the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer. In addition to providing this imaging information, BAT will perform a 15 keV - 150 keV all-sky hard x-ray survey based on the serendipitous pointings resulting from the study of gamma-ray bursts and will also monitor the sky for transient hard x-ray sources. For BAT to provide spectral and photometric information for the gamma-ray bursts, the transient sources and the all-sky survey, the BAT instrument response must be determined to an increasingly greater accuracy. In this talk, we describe the BAT instrument response as determined to an accuracy suitable for gamma-ray burst studies. We will also discuss the public data analysis tools developed to calculate the BAT response to sources at different energies and locations in the FOV. The level of accuracy required for the BAT instrument response used for the hard x-ray survey is significantly higher because this response must be used in the iterative clean algorithm for finding fainter sources. Because the bright sources add a lot of coding noise to the BAT sky image, fainter sources can be seen only after the counts due to the bright sources are removed. The better we know the BAT response, the lower the noise in the cleaned spectrum and thus the more sensitive the survey. Since the BAT detector plane consists of 32768 individual, 4 mm square CZT gamma-ray detectors, the most accurate BAT response would include 32768 individual detector response functions to separate mask modulation effects from differences in detector efficiencies! We describe OUT continuing work to improve the accuracy of the BAT instrument response and will present the current results of Monte Carlo simulations as well as BAT ground calibration data.

Parsons, A.↗

Toward Large FOV High-Resolution X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer: Microwave Multiplexed Readout of 32 TES Microcalorimeters

We performed a small-scale demonstration at GSFC of high-resolution x-ray TES microcalorimeters read out using a microwave SQUID multiplexer. This work is part of our effort to develop detector and readout technologies for future space based x-ray instruments such as the microcalorimeter spectrometer envisaged for Lynx, a large mission concept under development for the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey. In this paper we describe our experiment, including details of a recently designed, microwave-optimized low-temperature setup that is thermally anchored to the 50 mK stage of our laboratory ADR. Using a ROACH2 FPGA at room temperature, we simultaneously read out 32 pixels of a GSFC-built detector array via a NIST-built multiplexer chip with Nb coplanar waveguide resonators coupled to RF SQUIDs. The resonators are spaced 6 MHz apart (at approx. 5.9 GHz) and have quality factors of approximately 15,000. Using flux-ramp modulation frequencies of 160 kHz we have achieved spectral resolutions of 3 eV FWHM on each pixel at 6 keV. We will present the measured system-level noise and maximum slew rates, and briefly describe the implications for future detector and readout design.

Yoon, Wonsik↗

Neutrino event selection in the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber using Wire-Cell 3D imaging, clustering, and charge-light matching

An accurate and efficient event reconstruction is required to realize the full scientific capability of liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The current and future neutrino experiments that rely on massive LArTPCs create a need for new ideas and reconstruction approaches. Wire-Cell, proposed in recent years, is a novel tomographic event reconstruction method for LArTPCs. The Wire-Cell 3D imaging approach capitalizes on charge, sparsity, time, and geometry information to reconstruct a topology-agnostic 3D image of the ionization electrons prior to pattern recognition. A second novel method, the many-to-many charge-light matching, then pairs the TPC charge activity to the detected scintillation light signal, thus enabling a powerful rejection of cosmic-ray muons in the MicroBooNE detector. A robust processing of the scintillation light signal and an appropriate clustering of the reconstructed 3D image are fundamental to this technique. In this paper, we describe the principles and algorithms of these techniques and their successful application in the MicroBooNE experiment. A quantitative evaluation of the performance of these techniques is presented. Using these techniques, a 95% efficient pre-selection of neutrino charged-current events is achieved with a 30-fold reduction of non-beam-coincident cosmic-ray muons, and about 80% of the selected neutrino charged-current events are reconstructed with at least 70% completeness and 80% purity.

3D imaging↗

Geometric error analysis for shuttle imaging spectrometer experiment

The demand of more powerful tools for remote sensing and management of earth resources steadily increased over the last decade. With the recent advancement of area array detectors, high resolution multichannel imaging spectrometers can be realistically constructed. The error analysis study for the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experiment system is documented for the purpose of providing information for design, tradeoff, and performance prediction. Error sources including the Shuttle attitude determination and control system, instrument pointing and misalignment, disturbances, ephemeris, Earth rotation, etc., were investigated. Geometric error mapping functions were developed, characterized, and illustrated extensively with tables and charts. Selected ground patterns and the corresponding image distortions were generated for direct visual inspection of how the various error sources affect the appearance of the ground object images.

Wang, S. J.↗

The line-emitting gas in active galaxies - A probe of the nuclear engine

This paper reviews some of the basic questions regarding the structure of the engine powering active galactic nuclei (AGN), the nature of the interaction between the AGN and the host galaxy, and the origin and evolution of AGN. The study of the dynamics and physical characteristics of the line-emitting gas in these objects has proven fruitful in addressing many of these issues. Recent advances in optical and infrared detector technology combined with the development of superior ground-based instruments have produced efficient new tools for the study of the line-emitting gas on nuclear and Galactic scales. Programs which take advantage of two of these new techniques, Fabry-Perot imaging spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, are described in this paper. The origin of nuclear activity in galaxies is also addressed in a third project which aims at determining the nature of luminous infrared galaxies.

Veilleux, Sylvain↗

JWST and Exoplanets

The James Webb Space Telescope is on track for a launch in 2013. The author reviews the status and progress on the key hardware. The first primary mirror segments are already at MSFC for cryogenic tests, the mid IR instrument (MIRI) has already had successful tests of the engineering model, and the detectors are showing excellent performance. The author also describes the scientific objectives of the mission, with emphasis on the predicted capabilities for observing planets by the transit technique and through direct imaging. Recent direct observations of planets by HST and by adaptive optics from the ground have shown that, under favorable circumstances, much can be learned.

Mather, John C.↗

GaAs QWIP Array Containing More Than a Million Pixels

A 1,024 x 1,024-pixel array of quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) has been built on a 1.8 x 1.8- cm GaAs chip. In tests, the array was found to perform well in detecting images at wavelengths from 8 to 9 m in operation at temperatures between 60 and 70 K. The largest-format QWIP prior array that performed successfully in tests contained 512 x 640 pixels. There is continuing development effort directed toward satisfying actual and anticipated demands to increase numbers of pixels and pixel sizes in order to increase the imaging resolution of infrared photodetector arrays. A 1,024 x 1,024-pixel and even larger formats have been achieved in the InSb and HgCdTe material systems, but photodetector arrays in these material systems are very expensive and manufactured by fewer than half a dozen large companies. In contrast, GaAs-photodetector-array technology is very mature, and photodetectors in the GaAs material system can be readily manufactured by a wide range of industrial technologists, by universities, and government laboratories. There is much similarity between processing in the GaAs industry and processing in the pervasive silicon industry. With respect to yield and cost, the performance of GaAs technology substantially exceeds that of InSb and HgCdTe technologies. In addition, GaAs detectors can be designed to respond to any portion of the wavelength range from 3 to about 16 micrometers - a feature that is very desirable for infrared imaging. GaAs QWIP arrays, like the present one, have potential for use as imaging sensors in infrared measuring instruments, infrared medical imaging systems, and infrared cameras.

Jhabvala, Murzy↗

Science Opportunities with the Near-IR Camera (NIRCam) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

The Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) offers revolutionary gains in sensitivity throughout the 1-5 micrometer region. NIRCam will enable great advances in all areas of astrophysics, from the composition of objects in our own Kuiper Belt and the physical properties of planets orbiting nearby stars to the formation of stars and the detection of the youngest galaxies in the Universe. NIRCam also plays an important role in initial alignment of JWST and the long term maintenance of its image quality. NIRCam is presently undergoing instrument Integration and Test in preparation for delivery to the JWST project. Key near-term milestones include the completion of cryogenic testing of the entire instrument; demonstration of scientific and wavefront sensing performance requirements; testing of replacement H2RG detectors arrays; and an analysis of coronagraphic performance in light of measured telescope wavefront characteristics. This paper summarizes the performance of NIRCam, the scientific and education/outreach goals of the science team, and some results of the on-going testing program.

solar system↗

Solar flare gamma-ray and hard x ray imaging with the GRID-on-a-balloon

A primary scientific objective for solar flare research during the rapidly approaching maximum in solar activity is the imaging of gamma-ray and hard x ray sources of solar flare emissions. These goals will be pursued by the Gamma Ray Imaging Device (GRID) instrument, one of three instruments recently selected for NASA's Max '91 Solar Balloon Program. The GRID instrument is based on the technique of Fourier transform imaging and utilizes scanning modulation grid collimator optics to provide full-Sun imaging with 1.9-arcsecond resolution over the energy range from 20 to 700 keV at time resolutions from 0.1 to 2 s. The GRID telescope will employ 32 subcollimators, each composed of a matched pair of high-Z collimator grids separated by 5.2 meters and a phoswich scintillation spectrometer detector having no spatial resolution. The subcollimators and integrally-mounted fine aspect system are contained within a telescope canister which will be pointed to 0.1 degree accuracy and cyclically scanned to produce source modulation. The 32 subcollimators provide a uniform distribution of grid slit orientations and a logarithmic distribution of slit spacings corresponding to angular dimensions of 1.9 arcseconds to several arcminutes. The instrument is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than the HXIS instrument on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) and nearly 10 times more sensitive than any similar instrument scheduled to fly during the next solar maximum. The payload, designed for long-duration high-altitude balloon capability, is scheduled for its first science flight (8 to 14 days duration) from the Antarctic in January of 1992.

Orwig, Larry E.↗

MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands Calibration Improvements for Collection 7

The MODIS thermal emissive bands (TEB) radiometric calibration uses a quadratic function for the instrument response, and the calibration coefficients look-up tables (LUTs) are updated using the response of an on-board blackbody (BB). After more than 21 and 19 years on-orbit, the TEB performances for Terra and Aqua MODIS have been generally stable. However, contamination from electronic crosstalk, a known issue since prelaunch, has affected the L1B image quality and measurement accuracy. In addition to the photovoltaic (PV) longwave infrared (LWIR) bands crosstalk correction included in Terra MODIS Collection 6.1 (C6.1), a crosstalk correction for select detectors in the Terra and Aqua mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and Aqua PV LWIR bands are applied in C7. The mission-long crosstalk coefficients for the selected detectors are derived and populated in the form of LUTs. The crosstalk correction is applied to both on-orbit calibration and the algorithm used to generate Earth-view L1B products. Among these detectors, the Aqua MODIS band 24 detector 1 crosstalk has the largest impact on image quality, with striping observed over cold scenes for both Terra and Aqua MODIS. The images of C7 L1B and C6.1 are compared to assess the impact of the correction. Additional assessments using Earthview measurements and inter-comparison also revealed the need for improvement of calibration stability and consistence for select bands. Additional improvements for long-term stability and mirror side consistence were developed using quasideep convective clouds (qDCC), Dome-C, ocean, desert, and inter-comparison with other instruments.

MODIS↗

Three dimensional low-mode areal-density non-uniformities in indirect-drive implosions at the National Ignition Facility

To achieve hotspot ignition, an inertial confinement fusion implosion must achieve high hotspot pressure that is inertially confined by a dense shell of DT fuel. This requires a symmetric implosion having high in-flight shell velocity and high areal density at stagnation. The size of the driver and scale of the capsule required can be minimized by maintaining a high efficiency of energy coupling from the imploding shell to the hotspot. Significant 3D low mode asymmetries, however, are commonly observed in indirect-drive implosions and reduce the coupling of shell kinetic energy to the hotspot. To better quantify the magnitudes and impacts of shell density asymmetries, we have developed new analysis techniques and analytic models [Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 27(6), 062704 (2020)]. To build confidence in the underlying data, we have also developed an analytic neutron transport model to cross-compare two independent measurements of asymmetry, which shows excellent agreement across shots for mode-1 (ℓ = 1). This work also demonstrates that asymmetry can introduce potential sampling bias into down-scattered ratio measurements causing the solid-angle-average and uncertainty-weighted-average down-scattered ratios to differ significantly. Diagnosing asymmetries beyond mode-1 (ℓ > 1) presents significant challenges. Using new diagnostic instruments and analysis techniques, however, evidence of significant Legendre mode P2 (ℓ = 2, m = 0) and additional 3D asymmetries (ℓ > 1, m ≠ 0) are beginning to emerge from the high precision activation diagnostic data (real-time nuclear activation detectors) and down-scattered neutron imaging data.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Low power implementation of high frequency SiPM readout for Cherenkov and scintillation detectors in TOF-PET

State-of-the-art (SoA) electronic readout for silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based scintillation detectors that demonstrate experimental limits in achievable coincidence time resolution (CTR) leverage low noise, high frequency signal processing to facilitate a single photon time response that is near the limit of the SiPMs architecture. This readout strategy can optimally exploit fast luminescence and prompt photon populations, and promising measurements show detector concepts employing this readout can greatly advance PET detector CTR, relative to SoA in clinical systems. However, the technique employs power hungry components which make the electronics chain impractical for channel-dense time-of-flight (TOF)-PET detectors. We have developed and tested a low noise and high frequency readout circuit which is performant at low power and consists of discrete elements with small footprints, making it feasible for integration into TOF-PET detector prototypes. A 3 × 3 mm 2 Broadcom SiPM with this readout chain exhibited sub-100 ps single photon time resolution at 10 mW of power consumption, with a relatively minor performance degradation to 120 ± 2 ps FWHM at 5 mW. CTR measurements with 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 LYSO and fast LGSO scintillators demonstrated 127 ± 3 ps and 113 ± 2 ps FWHM at optimal power operation and 133 ± 2 ps and 121 ± 3 ps CTR at 5 mW. BGO crystals 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 in size show 271 ± 5 ps FWHM CTR (1174 ± 14 ps full-width-at-tenth-maximum (FWTM)) at optimal power dissipation and 289 ± 8 ps (1296 ± 33 ps FWTM) at 5 mW. The compact and low power readout topology that achieves this performance thereby offers a platform to greatly advance PET system CTR and also opportunities to provide high performance TOF-PET at reduced material cost.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

3D track reconstruction of low-energy electrons in the MIGDAL low pressure optical time projection chamber

Here, we demonstrate three-dimensional track reconstruction of electrons in a low pressure (50 Torr) optical TPC consisting of two glass GEMs with an ITO strip readout in CF 4 and CF 4 /Ar mixtures. The reconstructed tracks show a variety of event topologies, including short tracks from photoelectrons induced by 55 Fe 5.9 keV X-rays and long tracks from gamma ray interactions and beta decays. Algorithms for event identification and track ridge detection are discussed as well as multiple methods for integrating information from the camera image and ITO waveforms with the goal of full 3D reconstruction of the track.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NucD-25 Nuclear Diagnostics Development: NIS capability, Maximizing gamma ray dynamic range, (n,γ) measurements for carbon ρR [Slides]

The LANL Neutron Imaging team is preparing for NIS upgrades and novel capabilities with the advent of consistently higher yields at NIF. Novel scintillators, solid-state detectors, multiplexed imaging detectors, upgraded data acquisition systems, and camera testing are all areas in need of experimental study to further develop imaging capabilities and dynamic range at NIF.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗