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At least 559 records · Page 31

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NASA NTRS1982

Dilution jet mixing

Schematics are given for test section configurations, orifice configurations, and the dilution jet mixing test rig used to collect a data base on mixing a single sided and a two sided row of jets with a confined cross flow. Parameters investigated include momentum ratio; nonuniform cross stream temperature and velocity profiles; cold/hot injection, and cross stream flow area convergence. Graphs show measured theta momentum distributions for: (1) in line and staggered orifice configurations; and (2) the profiled mainstream; and (3) flow area convergence.

Srinivasan, S.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Vortex modeling of single and multiple dilution jet mixing in a crossflow

An analytical model for the behavior of normally injected jets in a crossflow is developed and applied to fluids of differing densities. Central to the model are the dynamics of the vortex pair structure associated with the local jet cross-section and the entrainment of crossflow by jet fluid. Two specific cases are modeled: one involving a single dilution jet in a crossflow, in which trajectories are found to scale primarily with jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio, and the other involving a series of spanwise jets injected into a crossflow, which indicates scaling with momentum ratio and with the spacing-to-orifice-diameter ratio. In the case of multiple jet penetration, however, merging of the jets into an approximately two-dimensional jet downstream of injection is observed for low spacing-to-diameter ratios.

Karagozian, A. R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Dilution jet mixing program, phase 3

The main objectives for the NASA Jet Mixing Phase 3 program were: extension of the data base on the mixing of single sided rows of jets in a confined cross flow to discrete slots, including streamlined, bluff, and angled injections; quantification of the effects of geometrical and flow parameters on penetration and mixing of multiple rows of jets into a confined flow; investigation of in-line, staggered, and dissimilar hole configurations; and development of empirical correlations for predicting temperature distributions for discrete slots and multiple rows of dilution holes.

Srinivasan, R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Dynamics of Bridgman-Stockbarger growth of non-dilute binary alloys

The coupling between heat and mass transfer in the Bridgman-Stockbarger growth of nondilute crystals induces growth rate transients that are longer than those caused by heat transfer alone. The dynamics of the diffusion-controlled growth for thermophysical properties representative of Pb(1-x)Sn(x)Te and Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te are computed from a one-dimensional solidification model which includes melt-crystal phase behavior. Results show that the growth rate response to a step change in pull rate for both systems differs from the exponential decay observed for dilute alloys and that growth rates cannot be inferred from axial segregation data in nondilute systems due to the dependence of the segregation coefficient on composition.

Bourret, E. D.↗

NASA NTRS1984

NASA dilution jet mixing, phase 3

Many of the gas turbine combustors in operation use multiple rows of dilution jets, and some have geometries that are different from circular holes. The data base available in literature is generally applicable to a single row of circular holes. Tests were performed with uniform mainstream conditions for several orifice plate configurations. Temperature and pressure measurements were made in the test section at 4 axial and 11 transverse stations. These measurements were made with a 60-element rake probe. Test results for some of these cases are discussed.

Srinivasan, R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Experiments and modeling of dilution jet flow fields

Experimental and analytical results of the mixing of single, double, and opposed rows of jets with an isothermal or variable-temperature main stream in a straight duct are presented. This study was performed to investigate flow and geometric variations typical of the complex, three-dimensional flow field in the dilution zone of gas-turbine-engine combustion chambers. The principal results, shown experimentally and analytically, were the following: (1) variations in orifice size and spacing can have a significant effect on the temperature profiles; (2) similar distributions can be obtained, independent of orifice diameter, if momentum-flux ratio and orifice spacing are coupled; (3) a first-order approximation of the mixing of jets with a variable-temperature main stream can be obtained by superimposing the main-stream and jets-in-an-isothermal-crossflow profiles; (4) the penetration of jets issuing mixing is slower and is asymmetric with respect to the jet centerplanes, which shift laterally with increasing downstream distance; (5) double rows of jets give temperature distributions similar to those from a single row of equally spaced, equal-area circular holes; (6) for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines in line, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is one-half the optimum value for single-side injection at the same momentum-flux ratiol and (7) for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines staggered, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is twice the optimum value for single-side injection at the same momentum-flux ratio.

Holdeman, James D.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Transmission of order in some unusual dilute systems

As a system is diluted, the critical temperature T may fall to zero at a concentration X sub c greater than the percolation concentration, because mere connectivity does not guarantee the transmission of order even at T = 0. Detailed results, including bounds on X sub c, are presented for the three-state Potts antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice and for quadrupolar models of (o-H2)x(p-H2)1-x mixtures on fcc and triangular lattices.

Adler, Joan↗

NASA NTRS1987

A Numerical Study of the Effects of Curvature and Convergence on Dilution Jet Mixing

An analytical program was conducted to assemble and assess a three-dimensional turbulent viscous flow computer code capable of analyzing the flow field in the transition liners of small gas turbine engines. This code is of the TEACH type with hybrid numerics, and uses the power law and SIMPLER algorithms, an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, and an algebraic Reynolds stress turbulence model. The assessments performed in this study, consistent with results in the literature, showed that in its present form this code is capable of predicting trends and qualitative results. The assembled code was used to perform a numerical experiment to investigate the effects of curvature and convergence in the transition liner on the mixing of single and opposed rows of cool dilution jets injected into a hot mainstream flow.

Holdeman, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1987

The details of the convective evaporation of dense and dilute clusters of drops

A global model describing the convective evaporation of dense and dilute clusters of drops has been formulated starting from first principles. The volume of the cluster and the number of drops in a given cluster are fixed, and the drops do not move with respect to each other. The model has been tested for three different drag models and shows less than 10-percent sensitivity in the prediction of the droplet lifetime. The initial relative velocity between drops and gases is a weak control parameter in the 40-1000-cm/s regime.

Bellan, J.↗

NASA NTRS1987

A numerical study of the effects of curvature and convergence on dilution jet mixing

Holdeman, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Preparation of dilute magnetic semiconductor films by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

A method for preparation of a dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) film is provided, in which a Group II metal source, a Group VI metal source and a transition metal magnetic ion source are pyrolyzed in the reactor of a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system by contact with a heated substrate. As an example, the preparation of films of Cd(sub 1-x)Mn(sub x)Te, in which 0 is less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.7, on suitable substrates (e.g., GaAs) is described. As a source of manganese, tricarbonyl (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese (TCPMn) is employed. To prevent TCPMn condensation during its introduction into the reactor, the gas lines, valves and reactor tubes are heated. A thin-film solar cell of n-i-p structure, in which the i-type layer comprises a DMS, is also described; the i-type layer is suitably prepared by MOCVD.

Nouhi, Akbar↗

NASA NTRS1989

Stress in dilute suspensions

Generally, two types of theory are used to describe the field equations for suspensions. The so-called postulated equations are based on the kinetic theory of mixtures, which logically should give reasonable equations for solutions. The basis for the use of such theory for suspensions is tenuous, though it at least gives a logical path for mathematical arguments. It has the disadvantage that it leads to a system of equations which is underdetermined, in a sense that can be made precise. On the other hand, the so-called averaging theory starts with a determined system, but the very process of averaging renders the resulting system underdetermined. A third type of theory is proposed in which the kinetic theory of gases is used to motivate continuum equations for the suspended particles. This entails an interpretation of the stress in the particles that is different from the usual one. Classical theory is used to describe the motion of the suspending medium. The result is a determined system for a dilute suspension. Extension of the theory to more concentrated systems is discussed.

Passman, Stephen L.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Theory of droplet. Part 1: Renormalized laws of droplet vaporization in non-dilute sprays

The vaporization of a droplet, interacting with its neighbors in a non-dilute spray environment is examined as well as a vaporization scaling law established on the basis of a recently developed theory of renormalized droplet. The interacting droplet consists of a centrally located droplet and its vapor bubble which is surrounded by a cloud of droplets. The distribution of the droplets and the size of the cloud are characterized by a pair-distribution function. The vaporization of a droplet is retarded by the collective thermal quenching, the vapor concentration accumulated in the outer sphere, and by the limited percolative passages for mass, momentum and energy fluxes. The retardation is scaled by the local collective interaction parameters (group combustion number of renormalized droplet, droplet spacing, renormalization number and local ambient conditions). The numerical results of a selected case study reveal that the vaporization correction factor falls from unity monotonically as the group combustion number increases, and saturation is likely to occur when the group combustion number reaches 35 to 40 with interdroplet spacing of 7.5 diameters and an environment temperature of 500 K. The scaling law suggests that dense sprays can be classified into: (1) a diffusively dense cloud characterized by uniform thermal quenching in the cloud; (2) a stratified dense cloud characterized by a radial stratification in temperature by the differential thermal quenching of the cloud; or (3) a sharply dense cloud marked by fine structure in the quasi-droplet cloud and the corresponding variation in the correction factor due to the variation in the topological structure of the cloud characterized by a pair-distribution function of quasi-droplets.

Chiu, H. H.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Global impact of the Antarctic ozone hole - Dynamical dilution with a three-dimensional chemical transport model

The hypothesis that, once the Antarctic ozone hole is photochemically generated in the spring, the ozone deficit remains in the stratosphere throughout the year was investigated using a three-dimensional chemical transport model (CTM) for the stratosphere with linearized ozone chemistry. An Antarctic ozone hole was imposed on the basis of observations, and the dynamical dilution of the ozone-depleted air was followed for the next 12 months. The CTM calculations show that the transport of ozone-poor air from the Antarctic vortex results in measurable decreases to column ozone, extending to 30 deg S during the austral summer. By the end of the year, about 70 percent of the initially prescribed ozone deficit is replenished through stratospheric chemistry.

Prather, Michael↗

NASA NTRS1991

Simultaneous temperature and multi-species measurements in opposed jet flames of nitrogen-diluted hydrogen and air

A narrowband UV Raman scattering system is used to obtain measurement profiles of major and minor species concentrations, temperature, and mixture fraction in opposed jet diffusion flames. The measurement profiles can be compared to previously obtained temperature and concentration profiles (Pellett et al., 1989), obtained using CARS, and they can also be qualitatively compared to the predicted concentration and temperature profiles in pure hydrogen/air flames (Gutheil and Williams, 1990) and in diluted hydrogen/air flames (Dixon-Lewis and Missaghi, 1988; Ho and Isaac, 1991). The applied stress-rates for the two flame conditions studied are 240/s and 340/s, with respective hydrogen concentrations in the fuel jet of 0.67 and 0.83, on a mole fraction basis (0.13 and 0.26 hydrogen mass fractions, respectively).

Wehrmeyer, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Evaluation of an efficient statistical transport model for turbulent droplet dispersion in dilute combusting sprays

Evaluation of an efficient statistical transport model for turbulent droplet dispersion is made for a dilute spray of methanol droplets injected into a turbulent, axisymmnetric methane-fuelled diffusion flame burning in stagnant air. In the dispersion model, a computational parcel representing a group of physical particles (droplets) is considered to have a normal probability density function (pdf) in space. The mean is determined by Lagrangian tracking through a sequence of stochastically generated turbulent eddies and the variance is evaluated from a statistical formulation based on the linearized particle equations of motion. The basic validity of this model is established through comparison with available experimental data and with theoretical predictions using a conventional stochastic direct modeling approach. The conclusion of the evaluation is that the proposed dispersion model compares favorably with experimental data and provides a valid technique for simulating turbulent combusting sprays with significant computational savings over conventional methods.

Litchford, Ron J.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Numerical modeling for dilute and dense sprays

We have successfully implemented a numerical model for spray-combustion calculations. In this model, the governing gas-phase equations in Eulerian coordinate are solved by a time-marching multiple pressure correction procedure based on the operator-splitting technique. The droplet-phase equations in Lagrangian coordinate are solved by a stochastic discrete particle technique. In order to simplify the calculation procedure for the circulating droplets, the effective conductivity model is utilized. The k-epsilon models are utilized to characterize the time and length scales of the gas phase in conjunction with turbulent modulation by droplets and droplet dispersion by turbulence. This method entails random sampling of instantaneous gas flow properties and the stochastic process requires a large number of computational parcels to produce the satisfactory dispersion distributions even for rather dilute sprays. Two major improvements in spray combustion modelings were made. Firstly, we have developed a probability density function approach in multidimensional space to represent a specific computational particle. Secondly, we incorporate the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model for handling the dense spray effects. This breakup model is based on the reasonable assumption that atomization and drop breakup are indistinguishable processes within a dense spray near the nozzle exit. Accordingly, atomization is prescribed by injecting drops which have a characteristic size equal to the nozzle exit diameter. Example problems include the nearly homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbulent particle dispersion, and the non-evaporating, evaporating, and burning dense sprays. Comparison with experimental data will be discussed in detail.

Chen, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Development of a compact dilution refrigerator for zero gravity operation

A compact dilution refrigerator design based on internal charcoal adsorption is being tested for operation in zero gravity. This refrigerator is self-contained with no external pumps or gas handling system and provides reliable operation since it has no moving parts. All operations are performed with heaters and are completely computer controlled. The refrigerator is capable of providing many hours of operation at very low temperature before the charcoal pumps must be recycled.

Roach, Pat R.↗