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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

The heating of a thermally conducting stratified medium. II - A simple plane model of an atmosphere

Exact solutions of the following theoretical problem are presented: A plane atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium with a uniform gravity. The ideal gas law is assumed. Heat is generated everywhere at a rate proportional to the local density. The atmosphere is maintained in a steady state through cooling by thermal conduction and radiation. This problem is reducible to quadratures for a thermal conductivity which is an arbitrary, but prescribed, function of the temperature, and for a radiative loss which is expressible as the product of the density and an arbitrary, but prescribed, function of the pressure. The analysis is carried out for the case of power law thermal conductivity, and a radiative loss proportional to the square of the density and to the first power of the temperature. The radiative cooling function adopted here has the basic mathematical form for an optically thin medium. The solutions reproduce the macroscopic ordering of a hot 'corona' separated from a 'photosphere' by a layer of temperature minimum. The analytic solutions allow direct illustration of the interplay between steady energy transport and the requirements of hydrostatic equilibrium.

Lerche, I.↗
NASA NTRS1978

On the origin of Hawking mini black-holes and the cold early universe

A simple argument is outlined leading to the result that the mass of mini black holes exploding today is 10 to the 15th power g. A mathematical model is discussed which indicates that the equation of state is greatly softened in the high-density regime and a phase transition may exist, such that any length (particularly very small sizes) will grow with time irrespective of its relation to the size of the particle horizon. It is shown that the effect of spin-2 mesons with respect to the equation of state is to soften the pressure and make it negative. An analytical expression is given for the probability that any particular region in a hot early universe will evolve into a black hole.

Canuto, V.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Dielectric and permeability

Using the unabridged Maxwell equations (including vectors D, E and H) new effects in collisionless plasmas are uncovered. In a steady state, it is found that spatially varying energy density of the electric field (E perpendicular) orthogonal to B produces electric current leading, under certain conditions, to the relationship P perpendicular+B(2)/8 pi-epsilon E perpendicular(2)/8 pi = constant, where epsilon is the dielectric constant of the plasma for fields orthogonal to B. In steady state quasi-two-dimensional flows in plasmas, a general relationship between the components of electric field parallel and perpendicular to B is found. These effects are significant in goephysical and astrophysical plasmas. The general conditions for a steady state in collisionless plasma are deduced. With time variations in a plasma, slow compared to ion-gyroperiod, there is a general current, (j*), which includes the well-known polarisation current, given by J*=d/dt (ExM)+(PxB)xB B(-2) where M and P are the magnetization and polarization vectors respectively.

Cole, K. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Dielectric and permeability effects in collisionless plasmas

Using the unabridged Maxwell equations (including vectors D, E and H) new effects in collisionless plasmas are uncovered. In a steady state, it is found that spatially varying energy density of the electric field (E perpendicular) orthogonal to B produces electric current leading, under certain conditions, to the relationship P perpendicular + B(2)/8 pi-epsilon E perpendicular(2)/8 pi = constant, where epsilon is the dielectric constant of the plasma for fields orthogonal to B. In steady state quasi-two-dimensional flows in plasmas, a general relationship between the components of electric field parallel and perpendicular to B is found. These effects are significant in geophysical and astrophysical plasmas. The general conditions for a steady state in collisionless plasma are deduced. With time variations in a plasma, slow compared to ion-gyroperiod, there is a general current, (j-asterisk), which includes the well-known polarization current, given by J-asterisk = d/dt (E x M) + (P x B) x B B(-2) where M and P are the magnetization and polarization vectors respectively.

Cole, K. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

An equation of state for oxygen and nitrogen

Recent measurements of the thermodynamic properties of oxygen and nitrogen have been used to develop a single equation of state for both fluids; with appropriate coefficients, the equation describes the pressure-density-temperature surface for each fluid within the estimated experimental uncertainty of the data. The formulation uses least squares curve fitting of the equation of state to the available experimental data (including pressure-density-temperature data, saturation data, and measured isochoric heat capacities). New vapor pressure equations and equations for the ideal gas heat capacities of oxygen and nitrogen are included for use in calculation of derived thermodynamic properties.

Jacobsen, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Neutron stars.

Current theories of stellar evolution are examined, giving attention to neutrino emission processes and stellar collapse. Neutrinos can transfer energy produced in the collapsing core to the outer parts of the star. If the remaining core does not exceed a certain mass, it can remain in this highly condensed state to form a neutron star. The properties of neutron matter are discussed, taking into account the superfluid state, the crystallization of matter at subnuclear densities, aspects of rotation, and the magnetic field.

Chiu, H. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares

Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.

Phillips, K. J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of Electrochemical Nitrogen/hydrogen Gas Separator

An electrochemical nitrogen-hydrogen separator subsystem was investigated for use following catalytic dissociation of ammonia or hydrazine in a storage system being considered for long-duration manned space flight. An experimental cell with concentric tubular Pd-25Ag alloy hydrogen diffusion electrodes and hermetically sealed aqueous caustic electrolyte was developed.It was found that this cell operated satisfactorily at 210 C to 245 C and produced dry nitrogen and dry hydrogen with either or both gases at pressures up to 6.8 atmospheres (100 psia) or higher for storage. The final cell developed was operated satisfactorily for 176 days (4200 hours) with no evidence of deterioration of current-voltage performance. The best experimental performance was obtained at 245 C at currents up to 4 amperes (180 ma/sq cm and 360 ma/sq cm anode and cathode current densities, respectively) with a maximum steady-state cell voltage of 0.125 volt for an anode feed of pure hydrogen.

Clifford, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Low-perigee aerodynamic heating during orbital flight of an atmosphere Explorer

An extensive, low-perigee orbital aerodynamic heating study was undertaken in support of the Atmosphere Explorer-C Temperature Alarm. State of the art of low-density, high-speed flows, some models of the earth's atmosphere, external flow-field definition, thermodynamic and transport properties of atmospheric gases, the accommodation coefficient orbital thermal environment, and correlation of theory and measurements are discussed. Aerodynamic heating rates are determined for eight selected orbits by means of a reduced, analytical model verified by both ground test and flight data. These heating rates are compared with classical free-molecule and first-order collision regime values.

Caruso, P. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Interstellar molecular hydrogen toward zeta Puppis

This paper reports the measurement of some 136 interstellar H2 absorption lines found in a continuous scan of the far-ultraviolet spectrum of zeta Pup at 0.05-A resolution with the Copernicus telescope. Absorptions from only the rotational levels 0 to 5 of the lowest vibrational state of the ground electronic state were observed. The total H2 column density is 2.8 by 10 to the 14th power molecules/sq cm; the ratio of H nuclei in H2 to the number in H I plus molecules is 6 by 10 to the -6th power; the population of the rotational levels can be represented by a single excitation temperature of 1120 (plus or minus 80) K. The radial velocities of all rotational levels were the same within 7 km/s and differed from most atoms and first ions by no more than 4.5 km/s on the average. The tables also list the best available data on wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and radiative damping constants for all the H2 lines with zero vibrational level likely to be observed in the interstellar gas.

Morton, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Comparison of large crater and multiringed basin populations on Mars, Mercury, and the moon

The maximum regional areal densities of large impact craters on Mars, Mercury, and the moon appear to be inversely proportional to the surface areas of the planets. This would not be expected if the objects impacting the planetary surfaces came from common sources and were moving with high velocities relative to the planets; rather, a uniform areal density would be anticipated. Another way of stating the observation is that each planet was bombarded by the same number of objects. Two speculative explanations for the observation are that: (1) all planets underwent a uniform bombardment but were resurfaced by processes proportional to planetary surface area, or (2) equally populated families of objects, moving about the sun in orbits similar to those of the planets, were independently depopulated by the respective planets.

Malin, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids

Computer program subroutine FLUID calculates thermodynamic and transport properties of pure fluids in liquid, gas, or two-phase (liquid/gas) conditions. Program determines thermodynamic state from assigned values for temperature and density, pressure and density, temperature and pressure, pressure and entropy, or pressure and enthalpy.

Fessler, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1979

WETAIR: A computer code for calculating thermodynamic and transport properties of air-water mixtures

A computer program subroutine, WETAIR, was developed to calculate the thermodynamic and transport properties of air water mixtures. It determines the thermodynamic state from assigned values of temperature and density, pressure and density, temperature and pressure, pressure and entropy, or pressure and enthalpy. The WETAIR calculates the properties of dry air and water (steam) by interpolating to obtain values from property tables. Then it uses simple mixing laws to calculate the properties of air water mixtures. Properties of mixtures with water contents below 40 percent (by mass) can be calculated at temperatures from 273.2 to 1497 K and pressures to 450 MN/sq m. Dry air properties can be calculated at temperatures as low as 150 K. Water properties can be calculated at temperatures to 1747 K and pressures to 100 MN/sq m. The WETAIR is available in both SFTRAN and FORTRAN.

Fessler, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Alkaline regenerative fuel cell systems for energy storage

A description is presented of the results of a preliminary design study of a regenerative fuel cell energy storage system for application to future low-earth orbit space missions. The high energy density storage system is based on state-of-the-art alkaline electrolyte cell technology and incorporates dedicated fuel cell and electrolysis cell modules. In addition to providing energy storage, the system can provide hydrogen and oxygen for attitude control of the satellite and for life support. During the daylight portion of the orbit the electrolysis module uses power provided by the solar array to generate H2 and O2 from the product water produced by the fuel cell module. The fuel cell module supplies electrical power during the dark period of the orbit.

Schubert, F. H.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Neutron star models

The current state of neutron star structure calculations is reviewed. Uncertainties in the equation of state for matter at and above nuclear density remain. The role of the delta resonance, pion condensates, and quark matter is reviewed. It is found that recent models yield stable neutron star masses which are consistent with observational estimates.

Canuto, V.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Impact mechanics of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction bolide

An examination of the mechanics of asteroidal, cometary, and meteor swarm impact on the earth determined if the enrichment of projectile material in the K-T layer is consistent with melts and impact breccias on the earth and moon, the size of the impacters, the distribution of the kinetic energy, and the sequence of impacts that could give rise to observed extinction phenomena. Flows resulting from spherical projectile impacts onto layers of air, water, and silicates were modeled and Eulerian finite difference algorithms were employed to solve conservation equations and equations of state. A range of speeds and impacter densities were considered, along with sizes from 0.17 km, which would be consumed in the atmosphere, to a 10 km object, which would have had a diameter greater than a reference 7.1 km atmosphere depth. It is concluded that an impact of the K-T bolide could result in global biotic extinction and worldwide material deposition.

Okeefe, J. D.↗