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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Application of standard photogeologic techniques to LANDSAT imagery for mineral exploration in the basin and range province of Utah and Nevada

The author has identified the following significant results. Standard photogeologic techniques were applied to LANDSAT imagery of the basin and range province of Utah and Nevada to relate linear, tonal, textural, drainage, and geomorphic features to known mineralized areas in an attempt to develop criteria for the location of mineral deposits. No consistent correlation was found between lineaments, mapped according to specified criteria, and locations of mines, mining districts, or intrusive outcrops. Tonal and textural patterns were more closely related to geologic outcrop patterns than to mineralization. A statistical study of drainage azimuths of various length classes as measured on LANDSAT showed significant correlation with mineralized districts in the length class of 3-6 km. Alignments of outcrops of basalt, a rock type highly visible on LANDSAT imagery, appear to be colinear with acidic and intermediate intrusive centers in some areas and may assist on the recognition of regional fracture systems for mineral exploration.

Lattman, L. H.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Nonpropulsive applications of ion beams

This paper describes the results of an investigation of the nonpropulsive applications of electric propulsion technology. Eight centimeter ion beam sources utilizing xenon and argon have been developed that operate over a wide range of beam energies and currents. Three types of processes have been studied - sputter deposition, ion beam machining, and ion beam surface texturing. The broad range of source operating conditions allows optimum sputter deposition of various materials. An ion beam source has also been used to ion mill laser reflection holograms using photoresist patterns on silicon. Ion beam texturing has been tried with many materials and has a multitude of potential applications.

Hudson, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Potential biomedical applications of ion beam technology

Electron bombardment ion thrusters used as ion sources have demonstrated a unique capability to vary the surface morphology of surgical implant materials. The microscopically rough surface texture produced by ion beam sputtering of these materials may result in improvements in the biological response and/or performance of implanted devices. Control of surface roughness may result in improved attachment of the implant to soft tissue, hard tissue, bone cement, or components deposited from blood. Potential biomedical applications of ion beam texturing discussed include: vascular prostheses, artificial heart pump diaphragms, pacemaker fixation, percutaneous connectors, orthopedic prosthesis fixation, and dental implants.

Banks, B. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Mineralogy of the Ibitira eucrite and comparison with other eucrites and lunar samples

The mineralogy of the Ibitira meteorite is studied using single-crystal X-ray and energy-dispersive electron-probe techniques. It is shown that this strongly metamorphosed unbrecciated vesicular eucrite has a primary variolitic and secondary hornfelsic texture dominated by equant grains of pale-brown pyroxene (60%) set in an irregular matrix of plagioclase (30%). Minor phases are detected which indicate igneous crystallization, a prolonged metamorphic history, and vapor deposition. The following sequence of events is suggested as the simplest explanation for the mineralogical features observed: (1) crystallization of the meteorite in a lava flow; (2) prolonged annealing, reduction of primary spinel, and vapor deposition; (3) strong shock sufficient to modify the texture of the plagioclase grains; and (4) sufficient annealing to allow crystallization of the plagioclase as a subparallel mosaic and partial conversion to the low structural state. Evidence for this sequence is examined in detail, particularly in relation to the general features of eucrites, howardites, and mesosiderites

Steele, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Mare basalts - Crystal chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology

The paper attempts a synthesis of the major-element chemistry, petrography, mineral chemistry, and crystal chemistry of the mare basalts returned by Apollo and Luna missions. A classification of the mare basalts based on major-element chemistry is given, and textural sequences within each major-element group are identified. The mineral chemistry and crystal chemistry of each mineral group are considered within the framework of the major-element groups and the textural sequences. The various classes of models for the origin of the mare basalts and the nature of their source regions are discussed in the context of the major- and trace-element chemistries and experimental investigations.

Papike, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Crystallization history of lunar picritic basalt sample 12002 - Phase-equilibria and cooling-rate studies

Experimental crystallization of a lunar picrite composition (sample 12002) at controlled linear cooling rates produces systematic changes in the temperature at which crystalline phases appear, in the texture, and in crystal morphology as a function of cooling rate. Phases crystallize in the order olivine, chromium spinel, pyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite during equilibrium crystallization, but ilmenite and plagioclase reverse their order of appearance and silica crystallizes in the groundmass during controlled cooling experiments. The partition of iron and magnesium between olivine and liquid is independent of cooling rate, temperature, and pressure. Comparison of the olivine nucleation densities in the lunar sample and in the experiments indicates that the sample began cooling at about 1 deg C/hr. Pyroxene size, chemistry, and growth instability spacings, as well as groundmass coarseness, all suggest that the cooling rate subsequently decreased by as much as a factor of 10 or more. The porphyritic texture of this sample, then, is produced at a decreasing, rather than a discontinuously increasing, cooling rate.

Walker, D.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A chemical model for lunar non-mare rocks

Nearly all rocks returned from the moon are readily divided into three broad categories on the basis of their chemical compositions: (1) mare basalts, (2) non-mare rocks of basaltic composition (KREEP, VHA), and (3) anorthositic rocks. Only mare basalts may unambiguously be considered to have original igneous textures and are widely understood to have an igneous origin. Nearly all other lunar rocks have lost their original textures during metamorphic and impact processes. For these rocks one must work primarily with chemical data in order to recognize and define rock groups and their possible modes of origin. Non-mare rocks of basaltic composition have chemical compositions consistent with an origin by partial melting of the lunar interior. The simplest origin for rocks of anorthositic chemical composition is the crystallization and removal of ferromagnesian minerals. It is proposed that the rock groups of anorthositic and non-mare basaltic chemical composition could have been generated from a single series of original, but not necessarily primitive, lunar materials.

Hubbard, N. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Electron irradiation of modern solar cells

A number of modern solar cell types representing 1976 technology (as well as some older types) were irradiated with 1 MeV electrons (and a limited number with 2 MeV electrons and 10 MeV protons). After irradiation, the cells were annealed, with I-V curves measured under AMO at 30 C. The purpose was to provide data to be incorporated in the revision of the solar cell radiation handbook. Cell resistivities ranged from 2 to 20 ohm-cm, and cell thickness from 0.05 to 0.46 mm. Cell types examined were conventional, shallow junction, back surface field (BSF), textured, and textured with BSF.

Anspaugh, B. E.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Dielectric constants of soils at microwave frequencies-2

The dielectric constants of several soil samples were measured at frequencies of 5 and 19 GHz using the infinite transmission line method. The results of these measurements are presented and discussed with respect to soil types and texture structures. A comparison is made with other measurements at 1.4 GHz. At all three frequencies, the dependence of dielectric constant on soil moisture can be approximated by two straight lines. At low moisture, the slope is less than at high moisture level. The intersection of the two lines is believed to be a function of soil texture.

Wang, J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Array automated assembly, phase 2

An analysis was made of cost tradeoffs for shaping modified square wafers from cylindrical crystals. Tests were conducted of the effectiveness of texture etching for removal of surface damage on sawed wafers. A single step texturing etch appeared adequate for removal of surface damage on wafers cut with multiple blade reciprocating slurry saws.

Taylor, W. E.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Emittance of TD-NiCr after simulated reentry

The effects of simulated reentry heating on the emittance of TD-NiCr were investigated. Groups of specimens with three different preconditioning treatments were exposed to 6, 24, and 30 half-hour simulated reentry exposure cycles in a supersonic arc tunnel at each of three conditions intended to produce surface temperatures of 1255, 1365, and 1475 K. Emittance was determined at 1300 K on specimens which were preconditioned only and specimens after completion of reentry simulation exposure. Oxide morphology and chemistry were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. A consistent relationship was established between oxide morphology and total normal emittance. Specimens with coarser textured oxides tended to have lower emittances than specimens with finer textured oxides.

Clark, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Laboratory duplication of comb layering in the Rhum pluton

A description is provided of the texture of harrisite comb layers, taking into account the results of crystallization experiments at controlled cooling rates, which have reproduced the textural change from 'cumulate' to comb-layered harrisite. Melted samples of harrisite were used in the dynamic crystallization experiments considered. The differentiation of a cooling rate run with respect to olivine grain size and shape is shown and three possible origins of hopper olivine in differentiated crystallization runs are considered. It is found that olivine nucleation occurred throughout cooling, except for the incubation period during early cooling. The elongate combed olivines in harrisite apparently grew as the magma locally supercooled to at least 30 C. It is suggested that the branching crystals in most comb layers, including comb-layered harrisite, probably grew along thermal gradients.

Donaldson, C. H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The petrology of the Apollo 12 ilmenite basalt suite

Mineral chemistry data and petrographic interpretations as well as fractionation modeling determined independently indicate that the bulk chemical variations in the ilmenite suite can be reconciled with differentiation within a single cooling unit. Olivine porphyritic basalts, medium-grained basalts with evolved compositions, and coarse-grained olivine cumulates are found in the suite. It is suggested that most of the chemical variation within the suite could result from fractionation of olivine equivalent to the composition of phenocrysts in vitrophyre 12008 which serves well as a parental magma for the other textural-chemical variants. The relative cooling rate sequence within all three textural-chemical subgroups was determined, and systematic correlations between the degree of olivine addition or subtraction and the relative cooling rate is indicated.

Dungan, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Applications of dynamic crystallization studies - Lunar olivine-normative basalts

Dynamic crystallization studies were performed on two synthetic glasses similar in composition to the mare olivine-normative basalt samples 12009 and 15555. The effects of viscosity (primarily a function of FeO) and the initial temperature of cooling on mineral chemistry, texture, and temperature of appearance of phases were investigated. Olivine compositions seem to indicate that, for the two types of melt cooled at the same rate, there are no significant differences in the degree of undercooling at which olivine nucleates, but it is found that olivine-nucleated densities differ. The cooling rate of 15555 is estimated. Since the temperature at which cooling is initiated affects texture, mineral chemistry, and temperature of appearance of phases so greatly, caution is recommended in the application of experimental data to natural rock systems.

Bianco, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Petrology of crystalline matrix breccias from Apollo 17 rake samples

The petrology, mineralogy, and composition of 13 crystalline matrix breccias from the Apollo 17 rake samples are described. The breccias have matrices of uniform modal mineralogy (plagioclase, 50-54%; olivine and pyroxene, 41-46%) but diverse textures. Clast characteristics, including the proportion of plagioclase, the composition in comparison with matrix, and the textures of different clast types, are reported. The majority of bulk matrix compositions plot on or very near the plagioclase-olivine cotectic in the system olivine-anorthite-silica. If the matrix compositions represent impact total melts, the inferred cotectic control requires that the source material was itself an igneous differentiate with compositions along the plagioclase-olivine cotectic. Alternatively, the proximity of the matrix compositions to the plagioclase-olivine cotectic could be accounted for if the breccia matrices represent a suite of impact-generated partial melts.

Warner, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Lunar granites with unique ternary feldspars

An unusually high concentration of granitic fragments, with textures ranging from holocrystalline to glassy, occurs throughout Boulder 1, a complex breccia of highland rocks from Apollo 17, Station 2. Among the minerals included in the granites are enigmatic K-Ca-rich feldspars that fall in the forbidden region of the ternary diagram. The great variability in chemistry and texture is probably the result of impact degradation and melting of a granitic source-rock. Studies of the breccia matrix suggest that this original granitic source-rock may have contained more pyroxenes and phosphates than most of the present clasts contain. Petrographic observations on Apollo 15 KREEP basalts indicate that granitic liquids may be produced by differentiation without immiscibility, and the association of the granites with KREEP-rich fragments in the boulder suggests that the granites represent a residual liquid from the plutonic fractional crystallization of a KREEP-rich magma. Boulder 1 is unique among Apollo 17 samples in its silica-KREEP-rich composition. We conclude that the boulder represents a source-rock unlike the bedrock of South Massif.

Ryder, G.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Characteristics of metal particles in Apollo 16 rocks

It is pointed out that FeNi metal particles, composed predominantly of kamacite and ranging in size from less than 1 micron to more than 2 mm across, are ubiquitous in the lunar samples returned by the Apollo and Luna missions. The metal particles seldom exceed 1% of the volume of a lunar sample. However, their study has proven to be of considerable potential value in a number of aspects of lunar petrogenesis related to thermal history, equilibration temperatures, reduction processes and oxygen fugacities during magmatic crystallization and subsolidus reduction and oxidation, and the meteoritic component of lunar rocks based on Ni-Co contents of individual metal particles. Detailed studies have been conducted of the textures and compositions of the metal particles in 19 Apollo 16 rock samples representing material from the North Ray and the South Ray ejecta and/or fall-back blankets. It was found that the textures and compositions of the metal particles in the Apollo 16 rocks can be correlated with their host petrology.

Misra, K. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Experimental modeling of the cooling history of Apollo 12 olivine basalts

An analog of the Apollo 12 olivine vitrophyres has been crystallized in a 1-atm gas-mixing furnace at cooling rates ranging between 1250 and 0.7 C/hr and isothermally at degrees of supercooling ranging from 10 C to 325 C. Mineral chemistry, crystal shapes, grain sizes and textures are systematically related to cooling rate and degree of supercooling. At linear cooling rates not exceeding 40 C/hr the texture is porphyritic - large olivine crystals are set in a groundmass of finer-grained pyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite; a later generation of olivine never crystallizes. There are three shapes of olivine crystals in the Apollo 12 olivine vitrophyres: glomerocrysts of subhedral crystals, large subequant skeletons, and highly elongate skeletons. These result from three generations of nucleation and a two-stage cooling history - a slow preeruption stage and a rapid continuously increasing posteruption stage. It seems likely that the Apollo 12 olivine basalt magmas were erupted with olivine crystals in suspension. The nucleation temperature of olivine in cooling-rate experiments is dependent on the experimental technique, and hence results of cooling experiments should be applied with caution.

Donaldson, C. H.↗