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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30

High Performance Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) for Space Energy Storage Systems

Regenerative fuel cells provide a pathway to energy storage system development that are game changers for NASA missions. The fuel cell/ electrolysis MEA performance requirements 0.92 V/ 1.44 V at 200 mA/cm2 can be met. Fuel Cell MEAs have been incorporated into advanced NFT stacks. Electrolyzer stack development in progress. Fuel Cell MEA performance is a strong function of membrane selection, membrane selection will be driven by durability requirements. Electrolyzer MEA performance is catalysts driven, catalyst selection will be driven by durability requirements. Round Trip Efficiency, based on a cell performance, is approximately 65%.

Plastic Encapsulated Microelectronics (PEM)↗

Technical and economic feasibility of molten chloride salt thermal energy storage systems

A techno-economic study is performed to assess the feasibility of molten chloride salt thermal energy storage (TES) systems for next generation concentrating solar power. Refractory liners internally insulate tanks to allow tank shells to be constructed from carbon steel. The liner must not be wetted by salt to maintain predictable thermal properties and manageable heat loss out of the tank. The commercial scale tank liner is an anchored brick and mortar design with expansion joints to accommodate thermal expansion. Furthermore, finite element analysis is performed to optimize the thermal and mechanical profile of the tank. Equalizing the shell temperature between the water-cooled foundation and the shell wall is necessary to minimize differential thermomechanical stress and lower overall stress values below industrial allowable limits. The cost of the TES system is estimated to be $60/kWhth, which is four times greater than Department of Energy targets. Solutions to reduce system cost and overall risk are proposed.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Stability and Performance of 3d Transition Metal Carbo‐Sulfides: A Density Functional Theory Exploration for Li‐Ion Battery Anodes

As the demand for high-performance and reliable energy storage devices continues to rise, identifying new anode materials is crucial for advancing Li-ion battery (LIB) technology. Inspired by recent experimental breakthroughs in synthesizing two-dimensional transition metal carbo-chalcogenides (2D-TMCCs), density functional theory calculations are performed to systematically explore their sulfide variants (TM 2 S 2 C) spanning all 3d transition metals in three possible phases. Through comprehensive evaluations of thermodynamic, dynamic, mechanical, and thermal stabilities, seven stable 2D-TMCC candidates are identified, four of which exhibit superior battery performance. Notably, V-based 2D-TMCCs across all three phases deliver moderate open-circuit voltages (OCV), efficient Li diffusion, and substantial capacities, making them promising candidates for industrial applications without requiring specific phase controls. A Cr-based 2D-TMCC (with sulfur atoms above carbon atoms) offers the highest capacity of 515.40 mAh g −1 , the lowest Li diffusion barrier, and an optimal OCV, highlighting its appealing potential as an anode material for LIBs. Furthermore, significant Li–Li spacing and pronounced electron delocalization in these four 2D-TMCCs suggest a reduced risk of dendrite formation. This work expands the 2D-TMCC family and identifies up-and-coming candidates for next-generation LIB anodes.

anode materials↗

Characterization of Viscoelastic Properties of Polymeric Materials Through Nanoindentation

Nanoindentation is used to determine the dynamic viscoelastic properties of six polymer materials. It is shown that varying the harmonic frequency of the nanoindentation does not have any significant effect on the measured storage and loss moduli of the polymers. Agreement is found between these results and data from DMA testing of the same materials. Varying the harmonic amplitude of the nanoindentation does not have a significant effect on the measured properties of the high performance resins, however, the storage modulus of the polyethylene decreases as the harmonic amplitude increases. Measured storage and loss moduli are also shown to depend on the density of the polyethylene.

Odegard, G. M.↗

Current status and future directions of multivalent metal-ion batteries

Batteries based on multivalent metals have the potential to meet the future needs of large-scale energy storage, due to the relatively high abundance of elements such as magnesium, calcium, aluminium and zinc in the Earth’s crust. However, the com- plexity of multivalent metal-ion chemistries has led to rampant confusions, technical challenges, and eventually doubts and uncertainties about the future of these technologies. In this Review, we clarify the key strengths as well as common misconceptions of multivalent metal-based batteries. We then examine the growth behaviour of metal anodes, which is crucial for their safety promises but hitherto unestablished. We further discuss scrutiny of anode efficiency and cathode storage mechanism pertaining to complications arising from electrolyte solutions. Lastly, we critically review existing cathode materials and discuss design strategies to enable genuine multivalent metal-ion-based energy storage materials with competitive performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Economic Comparison Between Battery and Supercapacitor for Hourly Dispatching Wave Energy Converter Power

This paper demonstrates a dispatching scheme of slider-crank wave energy converter (WEC) power generation using two different kinds of energy storage components, namely, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery and Supercapacitors (SC). The performance of the two energy storage components has been compared in order to develop the most economical energy storage system for WEC hourly dispatching scheme. The cost optimization of the energy storage system considering both cycling and calendar aging expenses is made based on its usage of depth of discharge. In this study, extensive simulation is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink platform, and it is found that SC is a better solution than Li-ion battery in terms of economic assessment for hourly dispatching WEC power.

50 EE - Wind and Water Power Program - Water (EE-4↗

Manufacturing and testing of a magnetically suspended composite flywheel energy storage system

This paper presents the work performed to develop a multiring composite material flywheel and improvements of a magnetically suspended energy storage system. The flywheel is constructed of filament would graphite/epoxy and is interference assembled for better stress distribution to obtain higher speeds. The stationary stack in the center of the disk supports the flywheel with two magnetic bearings and provides power transfer to the flywheel with a motor/generator. The system operates under a 10(exp -4) torr environment and has been demonstrated to 20,000 rpm with a total stored energy of 15.9 Wh. When this flywheel cycles between its design speeds (45,000 to 90,000 rpm), it will deliver 242 Wh and have a usable specific energy density of 42.6 Wh/kg.

Wells, Stephen↗

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center In-Space Cryogenic Propulsion Capabilities and Applications to Human Exploration

The current focus on lunar exploration and future human missions to Mars is driving in-space propulsion system requirements toward higher performance cryogenic systems with long-duration storage and operational capabilities. Not only do these systems offer higher performance than storable propellant options, but they also enable the potential for in-situ propellant production. Future Mars transit systems are envisioned to utilize either high-thrust nuclear thermal propulsion (with liquid hydrogen propellant), or hybrid systems with both cryogenic chemical systems (likely LOX/CH4) for high acceleration maneuvers and nuclear electric systems for long duration high Isp maneuvers. Exploration architectures based on either of these options require the use of high-performance cryogenic propellants with long-duration storage capabilities for both in-space transportation as well as planetary descent and ascent functions. Current efforts focusing on lunar exploration also rely on cryogenic propellants (either LOX/LCH4 or LOX/LH2) for lunar transit and descent/ascent transportation functions. In-space cryogenic propulsion systems pose numerous technology challenges with respect to long-duration propellant storage and usage, including advanced insulation, tank stratification and pressure management, cryogenic refrigeration to reduce propellant loss through boil off, low leakage cryogenic valves, low temperature liquid acquisition, and cryogenic propellant transfer. NASA has invested in technology development efforts, demonstrating individual technologies and systems-level operations. NASA Marshal Space Flight Center has also invested in multiple test facilities and modular test rigs that allow ground demonstration of numerous integrated technologies and systems concepts of operations. Additional investments have been made to mature analytical capabilities and design tools. These capabilities, both test/demonstration & engineering design/analysis, are available to support internal efforts and industrial partners in the development of exploration and science mission systems. With this increased interest, it is critical to understand the current state of in-space cryogenic propulsion technology, determine risks to its successful application to human exploration, and prepare the engineering, test, and evaluation capabilities to support the ambitious plans for future systems. This paper provides a survey of recent developments in in-space cryogenic propulsion and cryogenic propellant management technologies, as well as facilities and engineering/analytical capabilities ready to support current and future exploration efforts.

Cryogenic propulsion, cryogenic fluid management, ↗

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center In-Space Cryogenic Propulsion Capabilities and Applications to Human Exploration

The current focus on lunar exploration and future human missions to Mars is driving in-space propulsion system requirements toward higher performance cryogenic systems with long-duration storage and operational capabilities. Not only do these systems offer higher performance than storable propellant options, but they also enable the potential for in-situ propellant production. Future Mars transit systems are envisioned to utilize either high-thrust nuclear thermal propulsion (with liquid hydrogen propellant), or hybrid systems with both cryogenic chemical systems (likely LOX/CH 4 ) for high acceleration manoeuvres and nuclear electric systems for long duration high Isp manoeuvres. Exploration architectures based on either of these options require the use of high-performance cryogenic propellants with long-duration storage capabilities for both in-space transportation as well as planetary descent and ascent functions. Current efforts focusing on lunar exploration also rely on cryogenic propellants (either LOX/LCH 4 or LOX/LH 2 ) for lunar transit and descent/ascent transportation functions. In-space cryogenic propulsion systems pose numerous technology challenges with respect to long-duration propellant storage and usage, including advanced insulation, tank stratification and pressure management, cryogenic refrigeration to reduce propellant loss through boil off, low leakage cryogenic valves, low temperature liquid acquisition, and cryogenic propellant transfer. NASA has invested in technology development efforts, demonstrating individual technologies and systems-level operations. NASA Marshal Space Flight Center has also invested in multiple test facilities and modular test rigs that allow ground demonstration of numerous integrated technologies and systems concepts of operations. Additional investments have been made to mature analytical capabilities and design tools. These capabilities (both test/demonstration & engineering design/analysis) are available to support both internal efforts and industrial partners in the development of exploration and science mission systems. With this increased interest, it is critical to understand the current state of in-space cryogenic propulsion technology, determine risks to its successful application to human exploration, and prepare the engineering, test, and evaluation capabilities to support the ambitious plans for future systems. This paper provides a survey of recent developments in in-space cryogenic propulsion and cryogenic propellant management technologies, as well as facilities and engineering/analytical capabilities ready to support current and future exploration efforts.

Cryogenic propulsion↗

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center In-Space Cryogenic Propulsion Capabilities and Applications to Human Exploration

The current focus on lunar exploration and future human missions to Mars is driving in-space propulsion system requirements toward higher performance cryogenic systems with long-duration storage and operational capabilities. Not only do these systems offer higher performance than storable propellant options, but they also enable the potential for in-situ propellant production. Future Mars transit systems are envisioned to utilize either high-thrust nuclear thermal propulsion (with liquid hydrogen propellant), or hybrid systems with both cryogenic chemical systems (likely LOX/CH4) for high acceleration maneuvers and nuclear electric systems for long duration high Isp maneuvers. Exploration architectures based on either of these options require the use of high-performance cryogenic propellants with long-duration storage capabilities for both in-space transportation as well as planetary descent and ascent functions. Current efforts focusing on lunar exploration also rely on cryogenic propellants (either LOX/LCH4 or LOX/LH2) for lunar transit and descent/ascent transportation functions. In-space cryogenic propulsion systems pose numerous technology challenges with respect to long-duration propellant storage and usage, including advanced insulation, tank stratification and pressure management, cryogenic refrigeration to reduce propellant loss through boil off, low leakage cryogenic valves, low temperature liquid acquisition, and cryogenic propellant transfer. NASA has invested in technology development efforts, demonstrating individual technologies and systems-level operations. NASA Marshal Space Flight Center has also invested in multiple test facilities and modular test rigs that allow ground demonstration of numerous integrated technologies and systems concepts of operations. Additional investments have been made to mature analytical capabilities and design tools. These capabilities, both test/demonstration & engineering design/analysis, are available to support internal efforts and industrial partners in the development of exploration and science mission systems. With this increased interest, it is critical to understand the current state of in-space cryogenic propulsion technology, determine risks to its successful application to human exploration, and prepare the engineering, test, and evaluation capabilities to support the ambitious plans for future systems. This paper provides a survey of recent developments in in-space cryogenic propulsion and cryogenic propellant management technologies, as well as facilities and engineering/analytical capabilities ready to support current and future exploration efforts.

Cryogenic propulsion, cryogenic fluid management, ↗

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center In-Space Cryogenic Propulsion Capabilities and Applications to Human Exploration

The current focus on lunar exploration and future human missions to Mars is driving in-space propulsion system requirements toward higher performance cryogenic systems with long-duration storage and operational capabilities. Not only do these systems offer higher performance than storable propellant options, but they also enable the potential for in-situ propellant production. Future Mars transit systems are envisioned to utilize either high-thrust nuclear thermal propulsion (with liquid hydrogen propellant), or hybrid systems with both cryogenic chemical systems (likely LOX/CH 4 ) for high acceleration manoeuvres and nuclear electric systems for long duration high Isp manoeuvres. Exploration architectures based on either of these options require the use of high-performance cryogenic propellants with long-duration storage capabilities for both in-space transportation as well as planetary descent and ascent functions. Current efforts focusing on lunar exploration also rely on cryogenic propellants (either LOX/LCH 4 or LOX/LH 2 ) for lunar transit and descent/ascent transportation functions. In-space cryogenic propulsion systems pose numerous technology challenges with respect to long-duration propellant storage and usage, including advanced insulation, tank stratification and pressure management, cryogenic refrigeration to reduce propellant loss through boil off, low leakage cryogenic valves, low temperature liquid acquisition, and cryogenic propellant transfer. NASA has invested in technology development efforts, demonstrating individual technologies and systems-level operations. NASA Marshal Space Flight Center has also invested in multiple test facilities and modular test rigs that allow ground demonstration of numerous integrated technologies and systems concepts of operations. Additional investments have been made to mature analytical capabilities and design tools. These capabilities (both test/demonstration & engineering design/analysis) are available to support both internal efforts and industrial partners in the development of exploration and science mission systems. With this increased interest, it is critical to understand the current state of in-space cryogenic propulsion technology, determine risks to its successful application to human exploration, and prepare the engineering, test, and evaluation capabilities to support the ambitious plans for future systems. This paper provides a survey of recent developments in in-space cryogenic propulsion and cryogenic propellant management technologies, as well as facilities and engineering/analytical capabilities ready to support current and future exploration efforts.

Cryogenic propulsion↗

Review of SERI Solar Pond Work

Development of models of pond thermal performance; analysis of solar pond use for building space heat and hot water production; use of low-temperature pond-produced heat for industrial processes, desalination, and electricity production; development of direct-contact heat exchanger to reduce conversion equipment cost; determination of effects of extracted heat and mass from the storage layer on pond performance; and investigation of factors which determine gradient layer stability and the stability of this interface between this level and the upper and lower convecting layers were described.

Zangrando, F.↗

The Bess Investigation of the Origin of Cosmic-ray Antiprotons and Search for Cosmological Antimatter

The Balloon-borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer (BESS) collaboration has made precise measurements of the spectra of cosmic ray antiprotons and light nuclei and conducted a sensitive search for antinuclei. Ten BESS high-latitude flights, eight from Canada and two from Antarctica, span more than a Solar cycle between 1993 and 2007/2008. BESS measurements of low-energy antiprotons constrain candidate models for dark matter including the possible signature of primordial black hole evaporation. The stringent BESS measurements of antiprotons and the elemental and isotopic spectra of H and He provide strong constraints on models of cosmic-ray transport in the Galaxy and Solar System. BESS has also reported the first antideuterium upper limit. BESS employs a superconducting magnetic-rigity spectrometer with time-of-flight and aerogel Cherenkov detectors to identify incident particles by charge, charge sign, mass, and energy. The BESS-Polar long-duration instrument has reduced lower energy limit of 100 MeV (top of the atmosphere) to increase its sensitivity to possible primary antiproton sources. BESS-Polar II was rebuilt with extended magnet lifetime, improved detector and electronic performance, and greater data storage capacity. It was flown fro Antarctica December 2007-January 2008, recording about 4.6 bission events during 24.5 days at float altitude with the magnet on. During the flight the influence of a high-speed stream in the Solar wind was observed. Details of the BESS-Polar II instrument and flight performance are reported elsewhere at this conference. The successful BESS-Polar II flight at Solar minimum is especially important. Most cosmic-ray antiprotons are secondary products of nuclear interactions of primary cosmic-ray nuclei with the interstellar gas, giving a spectrum that peaks at about 2 GeV and falls rapidly to higher and lower energies. However, BESS data taken in the previous Solar minimum show a small excess over secondary expectations at low energies, possibly suggesting the presence of an additional component that may be masked at higher levels of Solar modulation. The high-statistics Solar minimum data obtained by BESS-Polar II will provide a difinitive test of this component. We will review the BESS program and report the latest results including the antiproton and proton spectra measured in the BESS-Polar I flight, the search for cosmic antinuclei, and the status of the BESS-Polar II analysis.

Mitchell, John↗

System Analysis Support of Consent-Based Siting Efforts - 23400

To better enable informed decision-making regarding the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, the Integrated Waste Management (IWM) program within the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) has been sponsoring the development and application of system analysis tools capable of analyzing various system options for the management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste. With these tools, integrated waste management system (IWMS) architecture analyses are being conducted to support the future deployment of a comprehensive nuclear waste management system that considers all major back-end aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle (i.e., transportation, storage, and disposal). System analyses and assessments typically use these modeling and simulation tools to investigate things like the implications of changes in various assumptions and parameters such as acceptance rates, receipt logic, facility capacities and capabilities, use of standardized canisters, and different assumed system operation start dates. Some example system analysis results have been published previously. With the passage of the consolidated appropriations acts for fiscal years 2021 and 2022, Congress provided funding and direction for the DOE to move forward with interim storage to support near-term action in managing the nation’s SNF as an important component of an IWMS. Consent-based siting is a phased, adaptive, and collaborative approach to siting facilities that focuses on the needs and concerns of people and communities. Communities participate in the siting process by working carefully through a series of phases and steps with the DOE (as the implementing organization). Each step and phase helps a community determine whether and how hosting a facility to manage SNF is aligned to the community’s goals. By its nature, a consent-based siting process must be transparent, flexible, adaptive, and responsive to community concerns. Thus, the phases and steps are intended to serve as a guide, not a prescriptive set of instructions. System analysis research analysts interface with DOE’s consent-based siting for a federal interim storage program and can perform preliminary system analyses as requested to support various aspects of the consent-based siting team’s work. This paper provides an overview of IWM program’s system analysis activities that support the ongoing consent-based siting process. The questions that decision-makers, planners, communities, and stakeholders might have during the consent-based siting process are similar to questions that have been explored by system analysts previously. Specifically, this paper discusses work that will inform consent-based siting efforts in the areas of community impacts, cost estimates, various SNF acceptance rates by potential facilities, potential consolidated interim storage facility (CISF) capacities and configurations, and the implications of a CISF on the overall waste management system. It is expected that system analysis will continue to be performed to support the consent-based siting process in the future.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Performance Evaluation of the ISS Water Processor Multifiltration Beds

The ISS Water Processor Assembly (WPA) produces potable water from a waste stream containing humidity condensate and urine distillate. The primary treatment process is achieved in the Multifiltration Bed, which includes adsorbent media and ion exchange resin for the removal of dissolved organic and inorganic contaminants. The first Multifiltration Bed was replaced on ISS in July 2010 after initial indication of inorganic breakthrough. This bed was returned to ground in July 2011 for an engineering investigation. The water resident in the bed was analyzed for various parameters to evaluate adsorbent loading, performance of the ion exchange resin, microbial activity, and generation of leachates from the ion exchange resin. Portions of the adsorbent media and ion exchange resin were sampled and subsequently desorbed to identify the primary contaminants removed at various points in the bed. In addition, an unused Multifiltration Bed was evaluated after two years in storage to assess the generation of leachates during storage. This assessment was performed to evaluate the possibility that these leachates are impacting performance of the Catalytic Reactor located downstream of the Multifiltration Bed. The results of these investigations and implications to the operation of the WPA on ISS are documented in this paper.

Bowman, Elizabeth M.↗

BatteryPro: A Python Toolkit for Battery Data Analysis and Machine Learning Predictions

Analyzing battery test data for research & development can be time-consuming since battery tests often run on the order of months to years, generating large volumes of data. BatteryPro is a comprehensive Python package and software designed to facilitate advanced analysis and performance predictions for battery test data. Developed for battery researchers, it supports data types from widely used battery testing instruments, including MACCOR and Biologic cycling systems. The software provides a variety of tools for extracting and plotting key battery parameters such as time, voltage, capacity, current, and pressure. In addition to its extensive data analysis capabilities, BatteryPro features a dedicated machine learning module that employs a Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to predict battery performance and degradation. Users can generate synthetic capacity fade data, calculate fade metrics, and leverage predictive models to forecast long-term battery behavior. The software's graphical user interface (GUI) enhances usability, allowing researchers to upload, merge, and analyze multiple data files with full customizability. The GUI also supports machine learning predictions, enabling users to fit models and make predictions based on selected data and parameters. BatteryPro is built using QtDesigner, scikit-learn, matplotlib, and pandas, ensuring a high level of customization, flexibility, and accuracy in battery data analysis. This tool aims to empower researchers with the ability to perform detailed battery analysis and make informed predictions, ultimately advancing the field of battery research.

25 - ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA Langley Research Center's distributed mass storage system

There is a trend in institutions with high performance computing and data management requirements to explore mass storage systems with peripherals directly attached to a high speed network. The Distributed Mass Storage System (DMSS) Project at NASA LaRC is building such a system and expects to put it into production use by the end of 1993. This paper presents the design of the DMSS, some experiences in its development and use, and a performance analysis of its capabilities. The special features of this system are: (1) workstation class file servers running UniTree software; (2) third party I/O; (3) HIPPI network; (4) HIPPI/IPI3 disk array systems; (5) Storage Technology Corporation (STK) ACS 4400 automatic cartridge system; (6) CRAY Research Incorporated (CRI) CRAY Y-MP and CRAY-2 clients; (7) file server redundancy provision; and (8) a transition mechanism from the existent mass storage system to the DMSS.

Pao, Juliet Z.↗

Geospatial Data Platform for All

Spatiotemporal data has evolved in scale due to augmented use in cross-domain applications. Simultaneously, there is substantial growth in the availability of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) along with other federal, state, county, or local agencies through open-data portals and public access APIs. However, data availability does not equate with accessibility. Large-scale analyses and applications require robust, performant data management with co-location of data storage and computing. The insufficiency of data management infrastructure compels researchers to adopt ad hoc project- specific GIS data storage solutions (e.g., copying data to High-Performance computer file systems). As an ad hoc storage strategy does not scale, it hampers cross-domain analyses causing difficulty in data reuse and utilizing existing code bases. Furthermore, GIS data is complex and requires expertise to analyze and manipulate due to its intricate data structures and data-specific projection transformations. Despite the challenges, we recognize that derived GIS data products, e.g., satellite or LIDAR-based images, can be used in downstream applications such as AI by domain, but non-GIS experts. To address the data needs and overcome the challenges, we are working towards a GIS Data Platform focused on efficient data storage, data discovery and access, and an API to enable common workflows. We propose a knowledge-graph (KG) approach for data discovery, whereby datasets are semantically linked to higher- level constructs such as projects and research areas. The semantic data links enable researchers to explore datasets in a top-down approach by specifying relevant and meaningful terms (assists in finding hidden data). An advantage is that the nodes and edges in a knowledge graph create built-in semantic documentation. Deeper spatiotemporal connections between data sources can be encoded via Graph Neural Networks (GNN) (Zhang et al., 2021). The KG approach can be extended to integrate the data itself in a Virtual KG (VKG). Our work will derive inspiration from large-scale VKG efforts that have been undertaken or are currently underway as part of the OpenStreetMap project (Ding et al., 2021). For DOE Data Days, we share the proposed geospatial data platform hybrid (cloud/on-prem) architecture, our work-to-date on storing, retrieving, and transforming LiDAR and raster data relevant to two important NREL use-cases, including the Renewable Energy Potential (reV) Model, and present our proposal for a KG based data discovery engine.

data platform↗