Integrated Uncertainty Quantification for Risk and Resource Management: Building Confidence in Design
No abstract available
Walker, Eric L.↗
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Broadening JPL’s Mission Formulation Paradigm with Human Centered Design
Within NASA’s highly competitive environment for funding, Human Centered Design (HCD) and cybernetics could provide advantages to proposers during the mission formulation phase. Opportunities are limited when it comes to funding new science missions. Proposers are challenged to make a compelling case about the scientific desirability, technical feasibility, and resource viability of their concepts. Organizations follow established processes for proposal development using teams that typically include scientists, engineers, and managers. These team members are highly experienced subject matter experts (SME) in their own disciplines, and can respond to requirements from the solicitation. However, they are typically not trained as designers and communicators. Their approach is rooted within NASA’s science and technology paradigm. How can we improve the proposal development process, refine workflow between team members, and deliver clear and appealing offerings to the stakeholders and evaluators? These questions have been addressed by today’s most innovative companies (e.g., Apple, Google, 3M, Dyson), where the design process is not limited simply to engineering and management, but involves an all-encompassing approach drawing from fields such as social sciences, design, and the arts. Like these commercial enterprises, NASA currently employs systems thinking and integrated design, but can benefit further by moving beyond its current practices, which are mostly driven by rigid engineering, technology, science, and project management considerations. At JPL’s Innovation Foundry and through the Solar System Mission Formulation Office, we broadened this paradigm by including HCD in the mission formulation workflow. Our goal was to create a proposal with improved clarity and appeal, thus helping our team to communicate its message and aid evaluators with their work. In this paper we provide examples and lessons learned from our recent proposal development effort using HCD. We discuss touch points where we infused non-linear designerly approaches and cybernetic circularity into the workflow. Implemented design topics include operational design for team building; process design throughout distinct phases of the proposal development and writing process; communication design for streamlined exchange of information within the team and to stakeholders; interaction design; graphic design; and creating boundary objects. While these approaches may feel new or foreign to SMEs and managers in the aerospace community, they produced significant benefits in this mission formulation effort. We will describe how such approaches can be used to broaden NASA’s technology-driven paradigm through design, thus creating an environment which fosters innovation, improved communication, and strategic advantage for proposers and their organizations.
Turner, Neal↗
Architectural design of the science complex at Elizabeth City State University
This paper gives an overall view of the architectural design process and elements in taking an idea from conception to execution. The project presented is an example for this process. Once the need for a new structure is established, an architect studies the requirements, opinions and limits in creating a structure that people will exist in, move through, and use. Elements in designing a building include factors such as volume and surface, light and form changes of scale and view, movement and stasis. Some of the other factors are functions and physical conditions of construction. Based on experience, intuition, and boundaries, an architect will utilize all elements in creating a new building. In general, the design process begins with studying the spatial needs which develop into an architectural program. A comprehensive and accurate architectural program is essential for having a successful building. The most attractive building which does not meet the functional needs of its users has failed at the primary reason for its existence. To have a good program an architect must have a full understanding of the daily functions that will take place in the building. The architectural program along with site characteristics are among a few of the important guidelines in studying the form, adjacencies, and circulation for the structure itself and also in relation to the adjacent structures. Conceptual studies are part of the schematic design, which is the first milestone in the design process. The other reference points are design development and construction documents. At each milestone, review and coordination with all the consultants is established, and the user is essential in refining the project. In design development phase, conceptual diagrams take shape, and architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical systems are developed. The final phase construction documents convey all the information required to construct the building. The design process and elements described were applied in the following project.
Jahromi, Soheila↗
Conformal Ablative Thermal Protection System for Small and Large Scale Missions: Approaching TRL 6 for Planetary and Human Exploration Missions and TRL 9 for Small Probe Missions
In 2011, NASAs Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) funded an effort to develop an ablative thermal protection system (TPS) material that would have improved properties when compared to Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA) and AVCOAT. Their goal was a conformal material, processed with a flexible reinforcement that would result in similar or better thermal characteristics and higher strain-to-failure characteristics that would allow for easier integration on flight aeroshells than then-current rigid ablative TPS materials. In 2012, NASAs Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) began funding the maturation of the best formulation of the game changing conformal ablator, C-PICA. Progress has been reported at IPPW over the past three years, describing C-PICA with a density and recession rates similar to PICA, but with a higher strain-to-failure which allows for direct bonding and no gap fillers, and even more important, with thermal characteristics resulting in half the temperature rise of PICA. Overall, C-PICA should be able to replace PICA with a thinner, lighter weight, less complicated design. These characteristics should be particularly attractive for use as backshell TPS on high energy planetary entry vehicles. At the end of this year, the material should be ready for missions to consider including in their design, in fact, NASAs Science Mission Directorate (SMD) is considering incentivizing the use of C-PICA in the next Discovery Proposal call. This year both scale up of the material to large (1-m) sized pieces and the design and build of small probe heatshields for flight tests will be completed. NASA, with an industry partner, will build a 1-m long manufacturing demonstration unit (MDU) with a shape based on a mid LD lifting body. In addition, in an effort to fly as you test and test as you fly, NASA, with a second industry partner, will build a small probe to test in the Interactive Heating Facility (IHF) arc jet and, using nearly the same design, build the aeroshell and TPS, with instrumentation, for a small probe flight test article, due to fly in 2017. At the end of the year, the C-PICA will be at TRL 5+, and with the flight data in 2017, it will be at TRL 9 for missions needs with C-PICA at a small scale (12 diameter). The scale-up and small probe efforts will be de-scribed in this presentation.
Conformal Ablative↗
An Organic, Direct Bonded Copper, Multi-Layered, Ultra-Low Inductance Package for High-Power UWBG MOSFETs
The most common metalized substrates used in high-power switching packages consist of a ceramic layer such as Aluminum Nitride (AlN) sandwiched between two copper layers. Ceramic substrates are used because it has the key characteristic of having high dielectric strength while being thermally conductive. A large drawback to ceramic substrates is that they do not allow for a multi-layered circuit design. By replacing the traditional ceramic substrate with organic direct bonded copper (ODBC) we can open a wide range of possibilities when it comes to power module layout such as multi-layered circuits and double-sided cooling. Both benefits are critical while packaging high-performance Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) MOSFETs. Because of Ga2O3's relatively poor thermal conductivity, a double-sided cooled package becomes necessary. Therefore, the use of ODBC provides the flexibility to fabricate copper traces carrying much higher currents, and by creating a multi-layered package, we can drastically reduce the parasitic inductance inside the power module. Achieving lower parasitic inductance is critical for an ultra-fast Ga2O3 package to avoid excessive voltage overshoot and ringing. Using ODBC, we have designed novel packages capable of handling the challenges presented by fast Ga2O3 switching. Using multi-physics modeling software, we can validate our design before building the prototype. Due to the simple process parameters needed to work with ODBC, we can rapidly create prototypes without using external vendors. This flexibility allows us to quickly design, build, and validate highly complex switching power modules to accommodate next generation, Ga2O3 switching devices.
ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENGINEERING↗
Accelerating engineered microbe optimization through machine learning and multi-omics datasets
This project demonstrated the use of a combination of multi-omics data with deep learning and a high-throughput Design- Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycle to improve the production of malonic acid, a versatile product with a large market. The project leveraged the unique capabilities of both Lygos and the Agile BioFoundry (ABF): Lygos provided its expertise efficiently designing, building, and cultivating P. kudriavzevii strains; LBNL, PNNL, and NTESS provided multi-omics analysis in the Test phase, LBNL provided machine learning techniques in the Learn phase to analyze the -omics datasets and make recommendations so as to increase malonic acid production in the next DBTL cycle. This project is the first to use large amounts of multi-omics time-series data to feed deep learning models, creating around 80,000 data points in a single DBTL cycle. This project has 1) demonstrated the utility of combining deep learning and multi-omics data sets by improving the production of malonic acid two fold, 2) created a large time-series datasets to be released publicly for external development of new machine learning algorithms, and 3) shown that supply chain problems, strain building bottlenecks, and adaptation times for new ML approaches are key obstacles for fast DBTL cycle times.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
iPAS Propulsion Subsystem
The ultimate goal of the Integrated Power, Avionics and Software (iPAS) project is to develop a simulation facility that can be apply to various missions that use common avionics, hardware, and software architecture. The iPAS facility will model several subsystems, the EP4 contribution to the project is to design and build a low fidelity representation of the in-space propulsion system for the iPAS simulation. The system would use a pressurized bottle to provide the gas for the thrusters. Air will be used to perform the simulation to prevent a hazardous environment in the facility. Three cold gas thrusters previously used for the X-38 program will be used for the simulation because they are on hand and available for use. An incremental design-build-test approach will be taken where the X-38 thrusters may be replaced with actual flight thrusters as the flight design is matured. A pressurized system must be designed, built, and tested to reduce the 2,400psi bottle pressure to a reasonable pressure (0-800psig) to minimize the amount of noise created upon thruster activation. Once all the subsystems are completed they will be integrated together for testing.
Sanchez, Rodrigo↗
The Energy in Modular (EMOD) Buildings Method: A Guide to Energy-Efficient Design for Industrialized Construction of Modular Buildings
Industrialized construction has immense potential to address the growing need globally to build and upgrade the building stock to be affordable, energy-efficient, and resilient. It can also help achieve the United States' goal of a 50% reduction in U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. Despite this potential, and the ever-increasing push for electrification and decarbonization of households in the United States, industrialized construction has not yet been leveraged specifically to help address these challenges and accelerate the pathway to meet these goals. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) aims to claim this missed opportunity by focusing on delivering affordable, grid-efficient net-zero energy (NZE) modular buildings for underserved communities to ensure an equitable transition to the future of clean energy, accelerate decarbonization of the built environment, and support the development of a high-productivity construction and energy efficiency workforce. The Energy in Modular (EMOD) method is our approach to designing, producing, and delivering affordable, net-zero energy, low-carbon, and healthier buildings at scale. The following energy efficiency strategies are part of the scope of this guide: envelope thermal control, envelope infiltration control, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, smart controls, and solar plus storage. We draw synergies between design for manufacturing and assembly, process optimization, retrofit technologies, and digitization. Our goal is to influence the improvement and production of buildings to increase performance, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce GHG emissions. This guide documents the research and development efforts initiated by a set of design objectives to "modularize" a set of energy efficiency and low-carbon strategies into a housing unit while preserving and enhancing energy efficiency benefits and decarbonization pathways. This guide is intended to serve as a framework for housing developers, housing agencies, architects, energy experts, and process engineers or factory operator personnel who are critical to today's modular builder teams. This guide focuses on specific energy efficiency strategies, decarbonization pathways, and associated processes as part of NREL's research efforts. Stakeholders may substitute other means, methods, and technologies for the ones evaluated in this study.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
A Large Bore Conduction Cooled Superconducting Magnet for the Princeton Axion Search
Princeton University (PU) is designing and building a new experiment, called the Princeton Axion Search (PXS), that aims to discover (or exclude) Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) axions in the 0.8–2 μeV mass range that are the cosmological dark matter. Core elements of the experiment are new, and in particular new to the search for axion dark matter. An essential component of the experiment is a 5 T superconducting magnet with a total bore volume of ~500 L. The Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), a Department of Energy (DOE) Laboratory managed by Princeton University, has the unique expertise and experimental facilities to design and construct such a solenoid magnet assembled with the cavity resonator for PXS. To support this, PPPL utilizes legacy ITER-Nb3Sn conductors, along with its experimental facilities and expertises to design, build and test low-cost conduction-cooled superconducting solenoid magnets to be integrated into the axion detector. This paper discusses the various coil design and integration challenges in the large bore conduction cooled magnet in support of PXS. In conclusion, the proposed instrumental methods will help optimize the path to future and more ambitious axion searches at lower masses.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA's Habitat Demonstration Unit (HDU) Pressurized Excursion Module (PEM) In-Field Demonstration at Desert RATS 2010
This paper describes the construction, assembly, subsystem integration, transportation, and field testing operations associated with the Habitat Demonstration Unit (HDU) Pressurized Excursion Module (PEM) and discusses lessons learned. In a one-year period beginning summer 2009, a tightly scheduled design-develop-build process was utilized by a small NASA "tiger team" to produce the functional HDU-PEM prototype in time to participate in the 2010 Desert Research and Technology Studies (Desert RATS) field campaign. The process required the coordination of multiple teams, subcontractors, facility management and safety staff. It also required a well-choreographed material handling and transportation process to deliver the finished product from the NASA-Johnson Space Center facilities to the remote Arizona desert locations of the field test. Significant findings of this paper include the team s greater understanding of the HDU-PEM s many integration issues and the in-field training the team acquired which will enable the implementation of the next-generation of improvements and development of high-fidelity field operations in a harsh environment. The Desert RATS analog environment is being promoted by NASA as an efficient means to design, build, and integrate multiple technologies in a mission architecture context, with the eventual goal of evolving the technologies into robust flight hardware systems. The HDU-PEM in-field demonstration at Desert RATS 2010 provided a validation process for the integration team, which has already begun to retool for the 2011 field tests that require an adapted architecture.
Tri, Terry O.↗
U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon Competition Guide: 2022 Design Challenge and 2023 Build Challenge
The Solar Decathlon offers a unique experience that enables collegiate teams to develop critical career skills, learn from both national experts and peers, and gain valuable insights from world class thought leaders and mentors. Specifically, student teams are challenged to design and (if part of the Solar Decathlon Build Challenge) build highly energy-efficient buildings powered by renewable energy. Teams are evaluated on 10 measured contests, and the winning teams are those that best blend the topics of architectural and engineering excellence with innovation, market potential, building efficiency, smart energy production, and environmental justice.
Build Challenge↗
2021 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Buildings Workshop: Priorities and Pathways to Widespread Deployment of Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings
The 2021 U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) "Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Buildings Workshop: Priorities and Pathways to Widespread Deployment of Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings" was hosted virtually on May 11 and 12, 2021. This report provides an overview of the workshop proceedings. Organized by DOE's Building Technologies Office (BTO), the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the workshop convened more than 600 stakeholders from around the world to discuss the need for advancing the deployment of thermal energy storage (TES) in buildings. This workshop was designed to build on BTO's webinar series and 2019 workshop. The goals of this workshop were to promote discussion on TES related to: 1. Market adoption and deployment barriers, 2. Key applications and value drivers, 3. System cost, performance, and market requirements, and 4. End-use specific needs. The workshop took place over two days and consisted of keynote presentations, moderated panels, breakout sessions, and open discussion forums. The keynote presentations introduced opportunities for building TES, barriers to widespread deployment, and future visions. Moderated panel discussions presented diverse perspectives, breakout sessions provided opportunities for more intimate conversations, and open discussions captured feedback from the entire workshop group. Over the course of the two days, attendees exchanged experiences and ideas surrounding multiple aspects of TES in buildings. The first section of this report provides background on the motivations behind advancing TES for residential and commercial buildings and elaborates on the workshop objectives. The second section details the workshop structure and participant demographics. The third section provides key findings of the discussions that took place during the breakout sessions. Finally, this report details recommendations and actions to increase the TES deployment. Several recommendations from workshop attendees are presented in Table ES-1. TES holds significant potential to help increase building efficiency, grid-interactivity, and energy resilience, as well as reduce associated carbon emissions. The outputs generated from this workshop will aid stakeholders in advancing TES in buildings through a deeper understanding of the opportunities and barriers surrounding widespread deployment.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
From space: Our housing hopes?
The utilization of space developments - materials advances, new building methods, and systematic design and building management - to solving earthbased housing problems is discussed.
Scipio, L. A., II↗
Development of a portable multispectral thermal infrared camera
The purpose of this research and development effort was to design and build a prototype instrument designated the 'Thermal Infrared Multispectral Camera' (TIRC). The Phase 2 effort was a continuation of the Phase 1 feasibility study and preliminary design for such an instrument. The completed instrument designated AA465 has application in the field of geologic remote sensing and exploration. The AA465 Thermal Infrared Camera (TIRC) System is a field-portable multispectral thermal infrared camera operating over the 8.0 - 13.0 micron wavelength range. Its primary function is to acquire two-dimensional thermal infrared images of user-selected scenes. Thermal infrared energy emitted by the scene is collected, dispersed into ten 0.5 micron wide channels, and then measured and recorded by the AA465 System. This multispectral information is presented in real time on a color display to be used by the operator to identify spectral and spatial variations in the scenes emissivity and/or irradiance. This fundamental instrument capability has a wide variety of commercial and research applications. While ideally suited for two-man operation in the field, the AA465 System can be transported and operated effectively by a single user. Functionally, the instrument operates as if it were a single exposure camera. System measurement sensitivity requirements dictate relatively long (several minutes) instrument exposure times. As such, the instrument is not suited for recording time-variant information. The AA465 was fabricated, assembled, tested, and documented during this Phase 2 work period. The detailed design and fabrication of the instrument was performed during the period of June 1989 to July 1990. The software development effort and instrument integration/test extended from July 1990 to February 1991. Software development included an operator interface/menu structure, instrument internal control functions, DSP image processing code, and a display algorithm coding program. The instrument was delivered to NASA in March 1991. Potential commercial and research uses for this instrument are in its primary application as a field geologists exploration tool. Other applications have been suggested but not investigated in depth. These are measurements of process control in commercial materials processing and quality control functions which require information on surface heterogeneity.
Osterwisch, Frederick G.↗
Automation and Process Improvement Enables a Small Team to Operate a Low Thrust Mission in Orbit Around the Asteroid Vesta
NASA's Dawn mission to the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres launched September 27, 2007 and arrived at Vesta in July of 2011. This mission uses ion propulsion to achieve the necessary delta-V to reach and maneuver at Vesta and Ceres. This paper will show how the evolution of ground system automation and process improvement allowed a relatively small engineering team to transition from cruise operations to asteroid operations while maintaining robust processes. The cruise to Vesta phase lasted almost 4 years and consisted of activities that were built with software tools, but each tool was open loop and required engineers to review the output to ensure consistency. Additionally, this same time period was characterized by the evolution from manually retrieved and reviewed data products to automatically generated data products and data value checking. Furthermore, the team originally took about three to four weeks to design and build about four weeks of spacecraft activities, with spacecraft contacts only once a week. Operations around the asteroid Vesta increased the tempo dramatically by transitioning from one contact a week to three or four contacts a week, to fourteen contacts a week (every 12 hours). This was accompanied by a similar increase in activity complexity as well as very fast turn around activity design and build cycles. The design process became more automated and the tools became closed loop, allowing the team to build more activities without sacrificing rigor. Additionally, these activities were dependent on the results of flight system performance, so more automation was added to analyze the flight data and provide results in a timely fashion to feed the design cycle. All of this automation and process improvement enabled up the engineers to focus on other aspects of spacecraft operations, including spacecraft health monitoring and anomaly resolution.
ground system automation↗
An Educational Multimedia Presentation on the Introduction to Spacecraft Charging
Over the last few decades, significant knowledge has been gained in how to protect spacecraft from charging; however, the continuing technical advancement in the design and build of satellites requires on-going effort in the study of spacecraft charging. A situation that we have encountered is that not all satellite designers and builders are familiar with the problem of spacecraft charging. The design of a satellite involves many talented people with diverse backgrounds, ranging from manufacturing and assembly to engineering and program management. The complex design and build of a satellite system requires people with highly specialized skills such that cross-specialization is often not achievable. As a result, designers and builders of satellites are not usually familiar with the problems outside their specialization. This is also true for spacecraft charging. Not everyone is familiar with the definition of spacecraft charging and the damage that spacecraft charging can cause. Understanding the problem is an important first step in getting everyone involved in addressing the appropriate spacecraft charging issues during the satellite design and build phases. To address this important first step, an educational multimedia presentation has been created to inform the general engineering community about the basics of spacecraft charging. The content of this educational presentation is based on relevant published technical papers. The presentation was developed using Macromedia Flash. This software produces a more dynamic learning environment than a typical slide show , resulting in a more effective learning experience. The end result is that the viewer will have learned about the basics of spacecraft charging. This presentation is available to the public through our website, www.dplscience.com, free of charge. Viewers are encouraged to pass this presentation to colleagues within their own work environment. This paper describes the content of the multimedia presentation.
Lin, E.↗
Quantifying the Dependencies of Rooftop Temperatures on Albedo
The thermal properties of building materials directly effect the conditions inside of buildings Heat transfer is not a primary design driver in building design. Rooftop modifications lower heat transfer, which lowers energy consumption and costs. The living environmental laboratory attitude at UCSD makes it the perfect place to test the success of these modifications.
Dominquez, Anthony↗
Experiences with Mobile Units for Liquid RAW Management in Slovak and Czech Nuclear Power Plants - 20089
In Nuclear Power Plants VVER 440, Russian type of reactor there was designed auxiliary building where according to basic design all operational liquid radioactive waste (RAW) should be stored in large capacity tanks during the whole operational period. That's why there are in the auxiliary building several types of large storage tanks with different internal volume from 110 m{sup 3}, 460 m{sup 3} to 550 m{sup 3}. Storage tanks are usually situated in rooms with limited access and minimal handling space. Operational waste was here transported by the system of pipes from the reactor building. There is possibility to handle with the waste and set the pipeline in to the chosen storage tanks. Nobody takes care about the quality of waste in the storage tanks and waste waits for the period of decommissioning when it should be treated. The storage capacity was designed for the whole lifetime of nuclear power plant. Currently the life time of Nuclear Power Plant's (NPP) is extended and there is necessity to retrieve and treat the RAW in advance. Another reason why the stakeholder, who operates the NPPs, decides to treat the operational RAW during the operational period of NPP, is that there are still new requirements from safety point of view which need to have free available space for example because of potential accident. So treating the operational RAW during the life time of NPP is present issue. Because in basic design nobody cares how the RAW will be retrieved and treated in the future, there is usually no technology for that in existing NPP. Some of the NPPs build an additional building with suitable technologies for treatment or hire the company which offer mobile technology for retrieving the waste from the storage tanks. Wood Nuclear Slovakia PLC provides all activities within liquid RAW management projects by its own staff including management, design, construction and deployment of equipment, engineering support, as well as all RAW retrieval and solidification activities. We offer RAW management as a service without any significant changes in existing NPP's buildings and technology. It is always a technical challenge to conduct successful retrieval, pumping and treatment of RAW. The complex RAW retrieval system can be designed as tailored solution for any RAW storage according to known boundary conditions and specific needs. These systems are based on years of experience with RAW manipulation, processing and treatment and the whole RAW management knowledge by Wood Nuclear Slovakia LTD. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗