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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Where Are White Roofs More Effective in Cooling the Surface?

Solar reflective roofs (also called white or cool roofs) are a common heat mitigation strategy. By reflecting more sunlight than regular roofs, cool roofs experience lower surface temperatures and produce less heating of the surrounding air. The effectiveness of cool roofs, quantified by the surface temperature difference between cool roofs and regular roofs ??????, is known to vary spatially. A common perception is that ?????? is controlled by solar radiation that reaches the roof surface. Here we use an Earth System Model and a surface energy balance model to show that the spatial variability of ??????, when normalized by the albedo difference between cool roofs and regular roofs (????), is in fact more controlled by an energy distribution factor that encodes the efficiencies of surface energy balance components in dissipating heat. Our results suggest that painting the roof white is more effective in reducing the roof surface temperature when the roof has less water holding capacity and smaller thermal admittance and is located in places with more solar radiation, less precipitation, and lower wind speed.

Wang, Linying↗
DOE OSTI2012

A green-yellow emitting oxyfluoride solid solution phosphor Sr[subscript 2]Ba(AlO[subscript 4]F)[subscript 1;#8722;x](SiO[subscript 5])x:Ce[superscript 3+] for thermally stable, high color rendition solid state white lighting

A near-UV excited, oxyfluoride phosphor solid solution Sr{sub 1.975}Ce{sub 0.025}Ba(AlO{sub 4}F){sub 1-x}(SiO{sub 5}){sub x} has been developed for solid state white lighting applications. An examination of the host lattice, and the local structure around the Ce{sup 3+} activator ions through a combination of density functional theory, synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction and total scattering, and electron paramagnetic resonance, points to how chemical substitutions play a crucial role in tuning the optical properties of the phosphor. The maximum emission wavelength can be tuned from green ({lambda}{sub em} = 523 nm) to yellow ({lambda}{sub em} = 552 nm) by tuning the composition, x. Photoluminescent quantum yield is determined to be 70 {+-} 5% for some of the examples in the series. Excellent thermal properties were found for the x = 0.5 sample, with the photoluminescence intensity at 160 C only decreased to 82% of its room temperature value. Phosphor-converted LED devices fabricated using an InGaN LED ({lambda}{sub max} = 400 nm) exhibit high color rendering white light with R{sub a} = 70 and a correlated color temperature near 7000 K. The value of R{sub a} could be raised to 90 by the addition of a red component, and the correlated color temperature lowered to near 4000 K.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Spatial exciton allocation strategy with reduced energy loss for high-efficiency fluorescent/phosphorescent hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes

Due to the poor operational lifetime of blue phosphorescent dopants and blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials, hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with conventional blue fluorescent emitters are still preferred for commercial applications in general lighting. However, the improvement in the overall efficiency of hybrid WOLEDs has been limited due to energy losses during the energy transfer process and exciton quenching after the spatial separation of the singlet and triplet excitons. Here we demonstrate the development of a Spatial Exciton Allocation Strategy (SEAS) to achieve close to 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in blue-yellow complementary color hybrid WOLEDs. The employed blue fluorophore not only has a resonant triplet level with the yellow phosphor to reduce energy loss during energy transfer processes and triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA), but also has a resonant singlet level with the electron transport layer to extend singlet exciton distribution and enhance both singlet and triplet exciton utilization. Thus, the resulting hybrid WOLEDs exhibited 104 lm W -1 efficacy at 100 cd m -2 and 74 lm W -1 at 1000 cd m -2 with CIE coordinates of (0.42, 0.44) which is warm white and suitable for indoor lighting.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometer for high-speed phase imaging and tomography using white synchrotron radiation

The Talbot interferometer using white synchrotron radiation has already been demonstrated for high-speed X-ray phase imaging and tomography as well as four-dimensional phase tomography for an observation of a dynamic specimen. In those previous experiments, the grating lines were oriented horizontally because the synchrotron radiation source size is large in the horizontal direction, and only the vertical spatial coherence satisfies the requirement for the operation of the Talbot interferometer given its distance from the source. For non-rigid samples, the horizontal axis of rotation causes unwanted motion of the sample due to gravity which results to artifact in the tomography reconstruction. For fluid samples, a vertical rotation axis is certainly necessary. While it is possible to orient the sample rotation axis perpendicular to the grating lines of the Talbot interferometer, solving the definite integral of the differential phase images to obtain the phase shift for x-ray phase tomography proves to be cumbersome when the sample extends outside the image and there is no null region for which the integration constant is known. In this work we aimed at increasing the spatial coherence of the x-rays along the horizontal so that the grating lines and the sample rotation axis could be oriented vertically. A Talbot-Lau interferometer was constructed by adding an absorption grating which acted as vertical line sources of horizontally spatially coherent white synchrotron radiation to the Talbot interferometer. An average of 20% moire fringe visibility was obtained. The set-up was demonstrated for highspeed phase tomography of a polymer sample.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Ultraviolet-driven white light generation from oxyfluoride glass co-doped with Tm{sup 3+}-Tb{sup 3+}-Eu{sup 3+}

Tm{sup 3+}-Tb{sup 3+}-Eu{sup 3+} co-doped oxyfluoride glasses, doped with about 3.0 mol. % TmF{sub 3}, 0.25 mol. % TbF{sub 3}, and 0.25 mol. % EuF{sub 3}, have been prepared by melt quenching technique. Under excitation at commercial 365 nm, the rare-earth co-dopants are all directly excited and emit in the blue, green, and red, respectively, without appreciable energy transfer amongst the co-dopants. Tint of the white luminescence can be adjusted by changing the ratio of the co-dopants. Properties of the glass host promote excellent dissolution of the co-dopants and low non-radiative decay rate. The white emission at 365 nm excitation is suitable for light emitting diodes applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

High-efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes using thermally activated delayed fluorescence

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have attracted much attention recently, aimed for next-generation lighting sources because of their high potential to realize high electroluminescence efficiency, flexibility, and low-cost manufacture. Here, we demonstrate high-efficiency WOLED using red, green, and blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials as emissive dopants to generate white electroluminescence. The WOLED has a maximum external quantum efficiency of over 17% with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.30, 0.38).

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Using an ultra-thin non-doped orange emission layer to realize high efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes with low efficiency roll-off

By adopting an ultra-thin non-doped orange emission layer sandwiched between two blue emission layers, high efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with reduced efficiency roll-off were fabricated. The optimized devices show a balanced white emission with Internationale de L'Eclairage of (0.41, 0.44) at the luminance of 1000 cd/m{sup 2}, and the maximum power efficiency, current efficiency (CE), and external quantum efficiency reach 63.2 lm/W, 59.3 cd/A, and 23.1%, which slightly shift to 53.4 lm/W, 57.1 cd/A, and 22.2% at 1000 cd/m{sup 2}, respectively, showing low efficiency roll-off. Detailed investigations on the recombination zone and the transient electroluminescence (EL) clearly reveal the EL processes of the ultra-thin non-doped orange emission layer in WOLEDs.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Monolithic phosphor-free InGaN/GaN quantum dot wavelength converter white light emitting diodes

We report the characteristics of phosphor-free self-organized InGaN/GaN quantum dot wavelength converter white light emitting diodes grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The exciting quantum dots, in which electrically injected carriers recombine, are blue-emitting and the converter dots are red-emitting. We have studied the effect of tuning the number of dot layers and the peak emission wavelength of the exciting and converter dots on the nature of the emitted white light, in terms of the chromaticity coordinates and correlated color temperature. Depending on the values of these wavelengths, color temperatures in the range of 4420–6700 K have been derived at a current density of 45 A/cm{sup 2} across multiple devices. The variation of the color temperature with change in injection current is found to be very small.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Influences of wide-angle and multi-beam interference on the chromaticity and efficiency of top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes

Wide-angle interference (WI) and multi-beam interference (MI) in microcavity are analyzed separately to improve chromaticity and efficiency of the top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (TWOLEDs). A classic electromagnetic theory is used to calculate the resonance intensities of WI and MI in top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with influence factors (e.g., electrodes and exciton locations) being considered. The role of WI on the performances of TOLEDs is revealed through using δ-doping technology and comparing blue and red EML positions in top-emitting and bottom-emitting devices. The blue light intensity significantly increases and the chromaticity of TWOLEDs is further improved with the use of enhanced WI (the blue emitting layer moving towards the reflective electrode) in the case of a weak MI. In addition, the effect of the thicknesses of light output layer and carrier transport layers on WI and MI are also investigated. Apart from the microcavity effect, other factors, e.g., carrier balance and carrier recombination regions are considered to obtain TWOLEDs with high efficiency and improved chromaticity near white light equal-energy point.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nanocrystalline Si/SiO{sub 2} core-shell network with intense white light emission fabricated by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition

We report the fabrication of a stable Si/SiO{sub 2} core-shell network using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition on a silicon substrate at a relatively low substrate temperature of 200 °C. Structural investigations using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirm the presence of nanocrystalline silicon and silicon dioxide quantum dots in the form of a core-shell network embedded in the amorphous SiO{sub x} matrix, while selected area electron diffraction confirms the formation of a core-shell structure. The core-shell structure exhibits a bright white emission that can be seen with the unaided eye at room temperature without any post-annealing treatments, and the observed photoemission does not alter in color or intensity after prolonged laser exposure. Additional measurements are performed while varying the laser power and optical gain is found in the as-deposited material. Intense stable white luminescence is observed and shows the prospective for various optical and biological applications in the future.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Peripheral white blood cells profile of biodegradable metal implant in mice animal model

Biocompatibility or safety of the medical device is considered important. It can be determined by blood profile examination. The aim of this study was to assess the biocompatibility of biodegradable metal implant through peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) profile approach. Forty eight male ddy mice were divided into four groups according to the materials implanted: iron wire (Fe), magnesium rod (Mg), stainless steel surgical wire (SS316L) and control with sham (K). Implants were inserted and attached onto the right femoral bone on latero-medial region. In this study, peripheral white blood cells and leukocyte differentiation were the parameters examined. The result showed that the WBCs value of all groups were decreased at the first day after implantation, increased at the 10th day and continued increasing at the 30th day of observation, except Mg group which has decreased. Neutrophil, as an inflammatory cells, was increased at the early weeks and decreased at the day-30 after surgery in all groups. Despite, these values during the observation were still within the normal range. As a conclus ion, biodegradable metal implants lead to an inflammatory reaction, with no adverse effect on WBC value found.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

White top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with solution-processed nano-particle scattering layers

A random scattering approach to enhance light extraction in white top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is reported. Through solution processing from fluorinated solvents, a nano-particle scattering layer (NPSL) can be deposited directly on top of small molecule OLEDs without affecting their electrical performance. The scattering length for light inside the NPSL is determined from transmission measurements and found to be in agreement with Mie scattering theory. Furthermore, the dependence of the light outcoupling enhancement on electron transport layer thickness is studied. Depending on the electron transport layer thickness, the NPSL enhances the external quantum efficiency of the investigated white OLEDs by between 1.5 and 2.3-fold. For a device structure that has been optimized prior to application of the NPSL, the maximum external quantum efficiency is improved from 4.7% to 7.4% (1.6-fold improvement). In addition, the scattering layer strongly reduces the undesired shift in emission color with viewing angle.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

White emission materials from glass doped with rare Earth ions: A review

Solid State Lighting (SSL) based devices are predicted to play a crucial role in the coming years. Development of W-LED, which have an edge over traditional lighting sources due to their compact size, higher reliability, shock resistance, interesting design possibilities, higher transparency and an extremely long lifetime. Over the fifteen trivalent lanthanide ions, Dy{sup 3+} ions doped glasses are most appropriate for white light generation because of the fact that it exhibits two intense emission bands corresponds to the {sup 4}F{sub 9/2}→{sup 6}H{sub 15/2} (magnetic dipole) and {sup 4}F{sub 9/2}→{sup 6}H{sub 13/2} (electric dipole) transitions at around 480-500 nm and 580-600 nm pertaining to blue and yellow regions respectively. In this work, the developments of Dy3+ doped in several glass structures for white emitting materials application have reviewed. Properties of Dy{sup 3+} doped in glasses were discussed for use as a solid state lighting materials application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

A rapid excitation-emission matrix fluorometer utilizing supercontinuum white light and acousto-optic tunable filters

Scanning speed and coupling efficiency of excitation light to optic fibres are two major technical challenges that limit the potential of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrometer for on-line applications and in vivo studies. In this paper, a novel EEM system, utilizing a supercontinuum white light source and acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs), was introduced and evaluated. The supercontinuum white light, generated by pumping a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber with an 800 nm femtosecond laser, was efficiently coupled into a bifurcated optic fiber bundle. High speed EEM spectral scanning was achieved using AOTFs both for selecting excitation wavelength and scanning emission spectra. Using calibration lamps (neon and mercury argon), wavelength deviations were determined to vary from 0.18 nm to −0.70 nm within the spectral range of 500–850 nm. Spectral bandwidth for filtered excitation light broadened by twofold compared to that measured with monochromatic light between 650 nm and 750 nm. The EEM spectra for methanol solutions of laser dyes were successfully acquired with this rapid fluorometer using an integration time of 5 s.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Experimental methods for laboratory measurements of helium spectral line broadening in white dwarf photospheres

White Dwarf (WD) stars are the most common stellar remnant in the universe. WDs usually have a hydrogen or helium atmosphere, and helium WD (called DB) spectra can be used to solve outstanding problems in stellar and galactic evolution. DB origins, which are still a mystery, must be known to solve these problems. DB masses are crucial for discriminating between different proposed DB evolutionary hypotheses. Current DB mass determination methods deliver conflicting results. The spectroscopic mass determination method relies on line broadening models that have not been validated at DB atmosphere conditions. We performed helium benchmark experiments using the White Dwarf Photosphere Experiment (WDPE) platform at Sandia National Laboratories' Z-machine that aims to study He line broadening at DB conditions. Using hydrogen/helium mixture plasmas allows investigating the importance of He Stark and van der Waals broadening simultaneously. Accurate experimental data reduction methods are essential to test these line-broadening theories. In this paper, we present data calibration methods for these benchmark He line shape experiments. We give a detailed account of data processing, spectral power calibrations, and instrument broadening measurements. Uncertainties for each data calibration step are also derived. We demonstrate that our experiments meet all benchmark experiment accuracy requirements: WDPE wavelength uncertainties are <1 Å, spectral powers can be determined to within 15%, densities are accurate at the 20% level, and instrumental broadening can be measured with 20% accuracy. Fulfilling these stringent requirements enables WDPE experimental data to provide physically meaningful conclusions about line broadening at DB conditions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

White light source with laser-excited phosphor

The principles of operation of a white light source based on a remote phosphor, made of cerium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG : Ce{sup 3+}), whose luminescence is excited by a blue laser diode, are considered. The colorimetric and photometric characteristics of phosphors of different types are analysed as functions of the phosphor film thickness. The following parameters are obtained at an output power of 1 W and a wavelength of 445±3 nm in the cw regime: luminous flux of 165 lm, correlated colour temperature of 5595 K, colour rendering index of 66, colour coordinates x = 0.3303 and y = 0.3427, luminous efficiency of 165 lm W{sup -1}, and light efficacy of 30 lm W{sup -1}. These characteristics are comparable with similar parameters of commercial white LEDs. (fluorescence and photogeneration)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Kepler monitoring of an L dwarf I. The photometric period and white light flares

We report on the results of 15 months of monitoring the nearby field L1 dwarf WISEP J190648.47+401106.8 (W1906+40) with the Kepler mission. Supporting observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and Gemini North Telescope reveal that the L dwarf is magnetically active, with quiescent radio and variable Hα emission. A preliminary trigonometric parallax shows that W1906+40 is at a distance of 16.35{sub −0.34}{sup +0.36} pc, and all observations are consistent with W1906+40 being an old disk star just above the hydrogen-burning limit. The star shows photometric variability with a period of 8.9 hr and an amplitude of 1.5%, with a consistent phase throughout the year. We infer a radius of 0.92 ± 0.07R{sub J} and sin i > 0.57 from the observed period, luminosity (10{sup –3.67} {sup ±} {sup 0.03} L {sub ☉}), effective temperature (2300 ± 75 K), and vsin i (11.2 ± 2.2 km s{sup –1}). The light curve may be modeled with a single large, high latitude dark spot. Unlike many L-type brown dwarfs, there is no evidence of other variations at the ≳ 2% level, either non-periodic or transient periodic, that mask the underlying rotation period. We suggest that the long-lived surface features may be due to starspots, but the possibility of cloud variations cannot be ruled out without further multi-wavelength observations. During the Gemini spectroscopy, we observed the most powerful flare ever seen on an L dwarf, with an estimated energy of ∼1.6 × 10{sup 32} erg in white light emission. Using the Kepler data, we identify similar flares and estimate that white light flares with optical/ultraviolet energies of 10{sup 31} erg or more occur on W1906+40 as often as 1-2 times per month.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Discovery of a new class of coronal structures in white light eclipse images

White light images of the solar corona, taken during total solar eclipses, capture the complex dynamic relationship between the coronal plasma and the magnetic field. This relationship can be recorded on timescales of seconds to minutes, within a few solar radii above the solar surface. Rays, large-scale loops, and streamers, which are the brightest structures in these images, have shaped current models of the coronal magnetic field and solar wind flow. We show in this work how the application of novel image processing techniques to unique high-resolution white light eclipse images reveals the presence of a new class of structures, reminiscent of smoke rings, faint nested expanding loops, expanding bubbles, and twisted helical structures. These features are interpreted as snapshots of the dynamical evolution of instabilities developing at prominence-corona interfaces and propagating outward with the solar wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗