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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

Faunal and erosional events in the Eastern Tethyan Sea across the K/T boundary

A regional pattern of three closely spaced erosional events at and above the K/T boundary was determined from six Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sections in the Negev of Israel. The sections were collected from locations throughout the central and northern Negev. All sections are lithologically similar. The Maastrichtian consists of a sequence of limestone beds intercalated with thin marly beds. In some sections, the last limestone bed is followed by 1 to 2 m of calcareous marls grading upwards into several meters of grey shale. In other sections the limestone bed is followed directly by grey shale with the contact containing particles of limestone and marl. A 5 to 20 cm thick dark grey organic-rich clay layer is present about 1.5 to 2.5 m above the base of the grey shale. The grey shale grades upwards into increasingly carbonate rich marls. No unconformities are apparent in field outcrops. During field collection the dark grey clay layer was believed to represent the K/T boundary clay. Microfossil analysis however identified the boundary at the base of the grey shale. The black shale represents a low productivity anoxic event similar to, but younger than, the K/T boundary clay in other K/T boundary sections. High resolution planktic foraminiferal and carbonate analysis of these sections (at 5 to 10 cm intervals) yield surprising results. The K/T boundary is marked by an erosional event which removed part or all of the uppermost Maastrichtian marls above the last limestone bed. Percent carbonate data for four Negev sections are illustrated and show the regional similarities in carbonate sedimentation. Faunal and carbonate data from the Negev sections thus show three closely spaced short erosional events at the K/T boundary and within the first 50,000 to 100,000 years of the Danian. These K/T boundary erosional events may represent global climatic or paleoceanographic events.

Keller, G.↗
NASA NTRS1935

Strength Tests of Thin-walled Duralumin Cylinders in Combined Transverse Shear and Bending

This report is the fourth of a series presenting the results of strength tests on thin-walled cylinders and truncated cones of circular and elliptic section; it includes the results on 100 thin-walled duralumin cylinders of circular section with ends clamped to rigid bulkheads. The tests show that as the ratio of moment to shear varies from small to large values the failure changes from a shear to a bending type. In the report a chart is presented that shows the corresponding changes in strength.

CONES, TRUNCATED - STRENGTH TESTS↗
NASA NTRS1986

Production of radionuclides in artificial meteorites irradiated isotropically with 600 MeV protons

The understanding of the production of cosmogenic nuclides in small meteorites (R is less than 40 cm) still is not satisfactory. The existing models for the calculation of depth dependent production rates do not distinguish between the different types of nucleons reacting in a meteorite. They rather use general depth dependent particle fluxes to which cross sections have to be adjusted to fit the measured radionuclide concentrations. Some of these models can not even be extended to zero meteorite sizes without logical contradictions. Therefore, a series of three thick target irradiations was started at the 600 MeV proton beam of the CERN isochronuous cyclotron in order to study the interactions of small stony meteorites with galactic protons. The homogeneous 4 pi irradiation technique used provides a realistic meteorite model which allows a direct comparison of the measured depth profiles with those in real meteorites. Moreover, by the simultaneous measurement of thin target production cross sections one can differentiate between the contributions of primary and secondary nucleons over the entire volume of the artificial meteorite.

Michel, R.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observation of kinetic mix enhancement in thin-shell OMEGA implosions

Recent separated reactant experiments for thin-shell (6 µ⁢m) shock-driven implosions on OMEGA have demonstrated significant mix from a buried deuterated layer of the shell into the hot spot. Time resolved D 3 He-p reaction history data demonstrate a (50 ± 20)⁢ ps shift earlier in peak nuclear emission for separated reactant experiments relative to control, in contrast to past experimental data for thicker, 20 µ⁢m shells with no laser burn through that show a 75 ps delay due to the time required for hydrodynamic instabilities to develop. This contrast suggests that the mix mechanism was not hydrodynamic. Ion kinetic simulations utilizing fall line analyses show much closer agreement with mix yield and temperature than diffusion models, predicting a D 3 He-p mix yield of 1.7 × 10 9 as compared to the experimental value of 9.3⁢ (±2.1) × 10 8 . This is three orders of magnitude closer than the fall line analysis from a hydrodynamic simulation with an inline diffusive mix model, which suggests minimal mix and D 3 He-p yields of 5×10 5 . This makes kinetic mechanisms the only feasible explanation for the mix seen, demonstrating impact of a non-standard mix mechanism. An analytical model of this kinetic mix mechanism suggests that it can remain significant in situations when the shell expands significantly to low densities, and diffusive models predict negligible mix. Finally, kinetic mix will impact multiple types of high energy density, laser-driven fusion experiments including high-adiabat direct drive cryoexperiments, nuclear cross section experiments, and thin-shell polar direct drive experiments used to tune heat conduction models.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1972

Study of effects of design details on structural response to acoustic excitation

The normal mode vibration characteristics of one-dimensional and two-dimensional panel arrays were investigated analytically and experimentally. The finite element displacement method was used to formulate the structural models. The structural models include a stiffness and consistent mass matrix for thin-walled open-section beams not previously reported, and a modification of a rectangular plate bending element to include a fundamental interior mode for the element as a generalized coordinate. Provision for adding lumped masses to represent accelerometers is also included. For the one-dimensional panel, the normal mode stress resultants are obtained by integrating the equilibrium equations directly. For the two-dimensional panel arrays, the solution for the stress resultants in the cover sheet was attempted by introducing stress functions dependent upon the displacement field of the plate element. This approach, although incomplete, is a natural extension of the one-dimensional analysis for plate elements. The exerimental program which was used to verify the analysis is described and experimental results are compared with the analysis.

Rudder, F. F., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Hydrogen film cooling investigation

Effects of flow turning, flow acceleration, and supersonic flow on film cooling were determined experimentally and correlated in terms of an entrainment film cooling model. Experiments were conducted using thin walled metal test sections, hot nitrogen mainstream gas, and ambient hydrogen or nitrogen as film coolants. The entrainment film cooling model relates film cooling effectiveness to the amount of mainstream gases entrained with the film coolant in a mixing layer. The experimental apparatus and the analytical model used are described in detail and correlations for the entrainment fraction and film coolant-to-wall heat transfer coefficient are presented.

Rousar, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The effect of ring distortions on buckling of blunt conical shells

A rigorous analytical study of cones stiffened by many thin-gage, open-section rings is presented. The results are compared with data previously obtained from uniform pressure tests of the Viking mission flight aeroshell and of the Viking structural prototype aeroshells. A conventional analysis, in which the rings are modeled as discrete rigid cross sections, is shown to lead to large, unconservative strength predictions. A more sophisticated technique of modeling the rings as shell branches leads to much more realistic strength predictions and more accurately predicts the failure modes. It is also shown that if a small initial imperfection proportional to the shape of the buckling mode is assumed, the critical buckling modes from analysis and test are in agreement. However, the reduction in buckling strength from the perfect-shell predictions is small.

Heard, W. L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Thin-walled composite beams under bending, torsional, and extensional loads

Symmetric and antisymmetric layup graphite-epoxy composite beams with thin-walled rectangular cross sections are fabricated using an autoclave molding technique and tested under bending, torsional, and extensional loads. The bending slope and elastic twist at a station are measured using an optical system, and the results correlated with predicted values from a simple beam analysis as well as a refined finite element analysis. A symmetric ply layup results in bending-twist coupling whereas an antisymmetric layup causes extension-twist coupling. Simple analytical results with plane-stress assumption agree better with measured data as well as finite element predictions than with plane-strain assumption. For symmetric layup beams, the bending-induced twist and torsion-induced bending slope are predicted satisfactorily using simple analytical solution. Correlations with measured data, however, are generally improved using a finite element solution. For antisymmetric beams, axial force-induced twist is predicted satisfactorily by both methods.

Chandra, Ramesh↗
NASA NTRS1993

Fixture For Hot Stress Tests Of Thin Specimens

Fixture designed to hold and heat thin, rectangular-cross-section specimen of composite material during hot lengthwise-stress test. Suitable for testing same specimen in either tension or compression. Clamps lightly onto specimen, providing both heat via thermal conduction and lateral support needed to prevent buckling during compression test.

Gates, Thomas S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The Design of Mechanically Compatible Fasteners for Human Mandible Reconstruction

Mechanically compatible fasteners for use with thin or weakened bone sections in the human mandible are being developed to help reduce large strain discontinuities across the bone/implant interface. Materials being considered for these fasteners are a polyetherertherketone (PEEK) resin with continuous quartz or carbon fiber for the screw. The screws were designed to have a shear strength equivalent to that of compact/trabecular bone and to be used with a conventional nut, nut plate, or an expandable shank/blind nut made of a ceramic filled polymer. Physical and finite element models of the mandible were developed in order to help select the best material fastener design. The models replicate the softer inner core of trabecular bone and the hard outer shell of compact bone. The inner core of the physical model consisted of an expanding foam and the hard outer shell consisted of ceramic particles in an epoxy matrix. This model has some of the cutting and drilling attributes of bone and may be appropriate as an educational tool for surgeons and medical students. The finite element model was exercised to establish boundary conditions consistent with the stress profiles associated with mandible bite forces and muscle loads. Work is continuing to compare stress/strain profiles of a reconstructed mandible with the results from the finite element model. When optimized, these design and fastening techniques may be applicable, not only to other skeletal structures, but to any composite structure.

Roberts, Jack C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Two-dimensional viscous accretion disk models. II - On viscous overstability

Accretion disks have been shown to be susceptible to pulsational overstability when the viscosity coefficient increases upon compression. In this study, the stability of an axisymmetric accretion disk with vertical structure is considered. 2D axisymmetric calculations were performed by solving the set of fully nonlinear hydrodynamic equations, including radiation transport. The time evolution of a representative section (ring) of a thin radiative accretion disk is studied. The existence of the overstability in 2D is confirmed. It is found that the presence of periodic oscillations near the outer boundary of a real disk might account for some of the low-amplitude flickering observed in dwarf novae.

Kley, W.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Comparison of Long-Term Storage in Chemical Fixatives on Morphology and Anatomy of Super-Dwarf Wheat

Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv Super-Dwarf) are grown in the microgravity of space and harvested for morphological and anatomical comparison with those exposed to gravity on earth. Such plants are subjected to relatively long periods of storage in chemical fixatives. Examination, evaluation and verification that the integrity of the vascular system is maintained for extended periods of storage in fixatives are required. McDowell and Trump's [4% Formaldehyde -- 1 % Glutaraldehyde (4F: 1 G)] or Variant I [(Russian Fixative): Formalin: Acetic Acid: Alcohol] fixatives, adjusted to pH 7.2, were placed in Aclam(TM), FilmORap(TM), or FilmOSun(TM) plastic bags on April 4, 1994. Wheat seedlings were harvested on days 9, 28, and 68 and preserved in these fixatives. Subsamples of leaves and/or seeds were taken from these stocks after various times in storage, dehydrated, and embedded in Spurr's, LR White's or Unicryl resin. Semithin (1 mm) and thin (50-70 nm) sections were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. In a few sections, we have observed a slight plasmolysis of the cytostol in leaf tissue fixed with the Variant I, but overall there seem to be no major artifacts in the anatomical structure. The plasmalemma and other organelles appeared normal in the McDowell and Trump fixative. Use of differential chromophores suggests that LR White or Unicryl resins may give greater flexibility for enzyme localizations at both the light and electron microscopical levels.

Bubenheim, David L.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Novel Control Effectors for Truss Braced Wing

At cruise flight conditions very high aspect ratio/low sweep truss braced wings (TBW) may be subject to design requirements that distinguish them from more highly swept cantilevered wings. High aspect ratio, short chord length and relative thinness of the airfoil sections all contribute to relatively low wing torsional stiffness. This may lead to aeroelastic issues such as aileron reversal and low flutter margins. In order to counteract these issues, high aspect ratio/low sweep wings may need to carry additional high speed control effectors to operate when outboard ailerons are in reversal and/or must carry additional structural weight to enhance torsional stiffness. The novel control effector evaluated in this study is a variable sweep raked wing tip with an aileron control surface. Forward sweep of the tip allows the aileron to align closely with the torsional axis of the wing and operate in a conventional fashion. Aft sweep of the tip creates a large moment arm from the aileron to the wing torsional axis greatly enhancing aileron reversal. The novelty comes from using this enhanced and controllable aileron reversal effect to provide roll control authority by acting as a servo tab and providing roll control through intentional twist of the wing. In this case the reduced torsional stiffness of the wing becomes an advantage to be exploited. The study results show that the novel control effector concept does provide roll control as described, but only for a restricted class of TBW aircraft configurations. For the configuration studied (long range, dual aisle, Mach 0.85 cruise) the novel control effector provides significant benefits including up to 12% reduction in fuel burn.

White, Edward V.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Physiology of a microgravity environment invited review: microgravity and skeletal muscle

Spaceflight (SF) has been shown to cause skeletal muscle atrophy; a loss in force and power; and, in the first few weeks, a preferential atrophy of extensors over flexors. The atrophy primarily results from a reduced protein synthesis that is likely triggered by the removal of the antigravity load. Contractile proteins are lost out of proportion to other cellular proteins, and the actin thin filament is lost disproportionately to the myosin thick filament. The decline in contractile protein explains the decrease in force per cross-sectional area, whereas the thin-filament loss may explain the observed postflight increase in the maximal velocity of shortening in the type I and IIa fiber types. Importantly, the microgravity-induced decline in peak power is partially offset by the increased fiber velocity. Muscle velocity is further increased by the microgravity-induced expression of fast-type myosin isozymes in slow fibers (hybrid I/II fibers) and by the increased expression of fast type II fiber types. SF increases the susceptibility of skeletal muscle to damage, with the actual damage elicited during postflight reloading. Evidence in rats indicates that SF increases fatigability and reduces the capacity for fat oxidation in skeletal muscles. Future studies will be required to establish the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the SF-induced muscle atrophy and functional loss and to develop effective exercise countermeasures.

short duration↗
NASA NTRS1945

Calculation of Centrally Loaded Thin-Walled Columns Above the Buckling Limit

When thin-walled columns formed from flanged sheet, such as used in airplane construction, are subjected to axial load, their behavior at failure varies according to the slenderness ratio. On long columns the axis deflects laterally while the cross section form is maintained; buckling results. The respective breaking load in the elastic range is computed by Euler's formula and for the plastic range by the Engesser- Karman formula. Its magnitude is essentially dependent upon the length. On intermediate length columns, especially where open sections are concerned, the cross section is distorted while the cross section form is preserved; twisting failure results. The buckling load in twisting is calculated according to Wagner and Kappus. On short columns the straight walls of low-bending resistance that form the column are deflected at the same time that the cross section form changes - buckling occurs without immediate failure. Then the buckling load of the total section computable from the buckling loads of the section walls is not the ultimate load; quite often, especially on thin-walled sections, it lies considerably higher and is secured by tests. Both loads, the buckling and the ultimate load are only in a small measure dependent upon length. The present report is an attempt to theoretically investigate the behavior of such short, thin-walled columns above the buckling load with the conventional calculating methods.

Reinitzhuber, F.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Prop-fan airfoil icing characteristics

An icing test program was carried out during the 1986-87 and 1987-88 icing seasons at the Fluidyne Icing Tunnel. The testing consisted of evaluating the icing characteristics and aerodynamic performance characteristics of two thin, two-dimensional airfoil sections. The two airfoils were a NACA Series 16-203 and a Hamilton Standard PF1-304, 3 and 4 percent thickness-to-chord ratio airfoils, respectively. These airfoils are representative of the thin airfoils currently being evaluated for Prop-Fan propulsion systems. The tests were conducted over a wide range of icing conditions, angles-of-attack, and Mach numbers (0.3 to 0.8).

Pike, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Mixed finite element models for free vibrations of thin-walled beams

Simple, mixed finite element models are developed for the free vibration analysis of curved thin-walled beams with arbitrary open cross section. The analytical formulation is based on a Vlasov's type thin-walled beam theory with the effects of flexural-torsional coupling, transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia included. The fundamental unknowns consist of seven internal forces and seven generalized displacements of the beam. The element characteristic arrays are obtained by using a perturbed Lagrangian-mixed variational principle. Only C(sup o) continuity is required for the generalized displacements. The internal forces and the Lagrange multiplier are allowed to be discontinuous at interelement boundaries. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the elements developed. The standard of comparison is taken to be the solutions obtained by using 2-D plate/shell models for the beams.

Noor, Ahmed K.↗