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At least 541 records · Page 30

Space Studies Board Annual Report 1994

The following summaries of major reports are presented: (1) 'Scientific Opportunities in the Human Exploration of Space;' (2) 'A Space Physics Paradox;' (3) 'An Integrated Strategy for the Planetary Sciences;' and (4) 'ONR (Office of Naval Research) Research Opportunities in Upper Atmospheric Sciences.' Short reports on the following topics are also presented: life and microgravity sciences and the Space Station Program, the Space Infrared Telescope Facility and the Stratospheric Observatory for infrared astronomy, the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility and Cassini Saturn Probe, and the utilization of the Space Station.

Source record↗

Continuation of the University of Michigan Sounding Rocket Program

This interim report gives the activity on this grant through 31 October 1998, and the planned activities for the next fiscal year. A Project Initiation Conference (PIC) was held at the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), with planning for the launch of flight 36.174 in Fall 1998. However, following the PIC, the WFF personnel decided that the experiment telemetry system had to be completely rewired, which required substantial design and wiring changes on the experiment side of the payload. These costs had not been anticipated in the FY98 budget, and used up considerable resources of the experimenters. In addition, the telemetry re-design was not completed until Fall 1998, so that there was no opportunity for a launch in 1998 (the Jupiter window closes in late November 1998 and it will reopen in late summer 1999). A Design Review was held by telecon with WFF personnel on 26 October 1998, with plans for the 36.174 launch now in late August 1999 with a launch window which extends into winter 2000. On a more positive note, we have been developing a vacuum UV calibration chamber in Michigan's Space Physics Research Lab, for future measurements of our experiment components, and this facility is now undergoing initial measurements of various calibration lamps in preparation for testing of the telescope UV reflective efficiency. This facility will greatly increase our ability to optimize our experiment for UV efficiency, which has been lacking in the past, and it will be made available for support of other NASA missions at Michigan and for visitors from other institutions. For the next flight 36.174, the following activities will be accomplished: (1) prepare the experiment, including replacement and upgrading of critical components, at University of Michigan; (2) pre-integrate the payload at the Wallops Flight Facility; (3) perform final far-UV calibration of instrument (4) perform final alignment, integration, and electrical checks at WSMR; (5) launch payload from WSMR and check condition of recovered payload; (6) perform post-flight calibration, if necessary and applicable (7) reduce and analyze flight data. The following pages contain information from the experimenter package for the Design Review for the next flight, 36.174, listing the plans, changes, and schedule for this flight.

Clarke, John↗

Internal Designs Application for Inlet and Nozzle Aeroperformance Improvement

The following research results are based on development of an approach previously proposed by the authors for optimum nozzle design to obtain maximum thrust. The design was denoted a Telescope nozzle. A Telescope nozzle contains one or several internal designs of certain location, which are inserted at certain locations into a divergent conical or planar main nozzle near its exit. Such a design provides additional thrust augmentation over 20% by comparison with the optimum single nozzle of equivalent lateral area. What is more, recent experimental acoustic tests have discovered an essential noise reduction due to Telescope nozzles application. In this paper, some additional theoretical results are presented for Telescope nozzles and a similar approach is applied for aeroperformance improvement of a supersonic inlet. In addition, a classic gas dynamics problem of a similar supersonic flow into a plate has been analyzed. In some particular cases, new exact analytical solutions are obtained for a flow into a wedge with an oblique shock wave. Numerical simulations were conducted for supersonic flow into a divergent portion of a 2D or axisymmetric nozzle with several plane or conuical designs as well as into a 2D or axisymmetric supersonic inlet with a forebody. The 1st order Kryko-Godunov marching numerical scheme for inviscid supersonic flows was used. Several cases were tested using the NASA CFL3d code based on full Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulation results have confirmed essential benefits of Telescope design applications in propulsion systems.

Gilinsky, M.↗

Probabilistic Fatigue: Computational Simulation

Fatigue is a primary consideration in the design of aerospace structures for long term durability and reliability. There are several types of fatigue that must be considered in the design. These include low cycle, high cycle, combined for different cyclic loading conditions - for example, mechanical, thermal, erosion, etc. The traditional approach to evaluate fatigue has been to conduct many tests in the various service-environment conditions that the component will be subjected to in a specific design. This approach is reasonable and robust for that specific design. However, it is time consuming, costly and needs to be repeated for designs in different operating conditions in general. Recent research has demonstrated that fatigue of structural components/structures can be evaluated by computational simulation based on a novel paradigm. Main features in this novel paradigm are progressive telescoping scale mechanics, progressive scale substructuring and progressive structural fracture, encompassed with probabilistic simulation. These generic features of this approach are to probabilistically telescope scale local material point damage all the way up to the structural component and to probabilistically scale decompose structural loads and boundary conditions all the way down to material point. Additional features include a multifactor interaction model that probabilistically describes material properties evolution, any changes due to various cyclic load and other mutually interacting effects. The objective of the proposed paper is to describe this novel paradigm of computational simulation and present typical fatigue results for structural components. Additionally, advantages, versatility and inclusiveness of computational simulation versus testing are discussed. Guidelines for complementing simulated results with strategic testing are outlined. Typical results are shown for computational simulation of fatigue in metallic composite structures to demonstrate the versatility of this novel paradigm in predicting a priori fatigue life.

Chamis, Christos C.↗

Advanced Methods for Aircraft Engine Thrust and Noise Benefits: Nozzle-Inlet Flow Analysis

The research is focused on a wide regime of problems in the propulsion field as well as in experimental testing and theoretical and numerical simulation analyses for advanced aircraft and rocket engines. Results obtained are based on analytical methods, numerical simulations and experimental tests at the NASA LaRC and Hampton University computer complexes and experimental facilities. The main objective of this research is injection, mixing and combustion enhancement in propulsion systems. The sub-projects in the reporting period are: (A) Aero-performance and acoustics of Telescope-shaped designs. The work included a pylon set application for SCRAMJET. (B) An analysis of sharp-edged nozzle exit designs for effective fuel injection into the flow stream in air-breathing engines: triangular-round and diamond-round nozzles. (C) Measurement technique improvements for the HU Low Speed Wind Tunnel (HU LSWT) including an automatic data acquisition system and a two component (drag-lift) balance system. In addition, a course in the field of aerodynamics was developed for the teaching and training of HU students.

Morgan, Morris H.↗

Internal Designs Application for Inlet and Nozzle Aeroperformance Improvement

The following research results are based on development of an approach previously proposed by the authors for optimum nozzle design to obtain maximum thrust. The design was denoted a Telescope nozzle. A Telescope nozzle contains one or several internal designs of certain location, which are inserted at certain locations into a divergent conical or planar main nozzle near its exit. Such a design provides additional thrust augmentation over 20% by comparison with the optimum single nozzle of equivalent lateral area. What is more, recent experimental acoustic tests have discovered an essential noise reduction due to Telescope nozzles application. In this paper, some additional theoretical results are presented for Telescope nozzles and a similar approach is applied for aeroperformance improvement of a supersonic inlet. In addition, a classic gas dynamics problem of a similar supersonic flow into a plate has been analyzed. In some particular cases, new exact analytical solutions are obtained for a flow into a wedge with an oblique shock wave. Numerical simulations were conducted for supersonic flow into a divergent portion of a 2D or axisymmetric nozzle with several plane or conical designs as well as into a 2D or axisymmetric supersonic inlet with a forebody. The 1st order Kryko-Godunov marching numerical scheme for inviscid supersonic flows was used. Several cases were tested using the NASA CFL3d code based on full Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulation results have confirmed essential benefits of Telescope design applications in propulsion systems.

Gilinsky, M.↗

Corrugated and Composite Nozzle-Inlets for Thrust and Noise Benefits

The following research results are based on development of an approach previously proposed and investigated in for optimum nozzle design to obtain maximum thrust. The design was denoted a Telescope nozzle. A Telescope nozzle contains one or several internal designs, which are inserted at certain locations into a divergent conical or planar main nozzle near its exit. Such a design provides additional thrust augmentation over 20% by comparison with the optimum single nozzle of equivalent lateral area, What is more, experimental acoustic tests have discovered an essential noise reduction due to application of Telescope nozzles. In this paper, some additional theoretical results are presented for Telescope nozzles and a similar approach is applied for aero-performance improvement of a supersonic inlet. Numerical simulations were conducted for supersonic flow into the divergent portion of a 2D or axisymmetric nozzle with several plane or conical designs as well as into a 2D or axisymmetric supersonic inlet with a forebody. The Kryko-Godunov marching numerical scheme for inviscid supersonic flows was used. Several cases were tested using the NASA CFL3d and IM/MSU Russian codes based on the full Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulations were conducted for non reacting flows (both codes) as well as for real high temperature gas flows with non-equilibrium chemical reactions (the latter code). In general, these simulations have confirmed essential benefits of Telescope design applications in propulsion system. Some preliminary numerical simulations of several typical inlet designs were conducted with the goal of inlet design optimization for maneuvering flight conditions.

Gilinsky, M.↗

Internal Designs Application for Inlet and Nozzle Aeroperformance Improvement

The following research results are based on development of an approach previously proposed by the authors for optimum nozzle design to obtain maximum thrust. The design was denoted a Telescope nozzle. A Telescope nozzle contains one or several internal designs of certain location, which are inserted at certain locations into a divergent conical or planar main nozzle near its exit. Such a design provides additional thrust augmentation over 20% by comparison with the optimum single nozzle of equivalent lateral area. What is more, recent experimental acoustic tests have discovered an essential noise reduction due to Telescope nozzles application. In this paper, some additional theoretical results are presented for Telescope nozzles and a similar approach is applied for aeroperformance improvement of a supersonic inlet. In addition, a classic gas dynamics problem of a similar supersonic flow into a plate has been analyzed. In some particular cases, new exact analytical solutions are obtained for a flow into a wedge with an oblique shock wave. Numerical simulations were conducted for supersonic flow into a divergent portion of a 2D or axisymmetric nozzle with several plane or conical designs as well as into a 2D or axisymmetric supersonic inlet with a forebody. The 1st order Kryko-Godunov march- ing numerical scheme for inviscid supersonic flows was used. Several cases were tested using the NASA CFL3d code based on full Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulation results have confirmed essential benefits of Telescope design applications in propulsion systems.

Gilinsky, M.↗

Compositional Analysis of Titan’s Atmosphere Using Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Data

We present, for the first time, infrared spectra from the Spitzer Space Telescope’s Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) (2004-2008) of Titan in both the short wavelength-low resolution(SL, R=60~127,5.13-14.29 μm) and short wavelength-high resolution channels (SH, R=600, 9.89-19.51 μm) showing the emissions of CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, HCN, CO2, HC3N, C3H4, C4H2, and C3H8. Spitzer IRS data has been used to measure atmospheric composition of various Solar System bodies, including Neptune [1] and Uranus [2],[3]. Although Spitzer took multiple dedicated observations of Titan, none of the results have been modeled before. We conduct our own investigation of these datasets and search for new results. We retrieve temperature and gas composition profiles and compare the results obtained for Titan to those of the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) and the Infrared Space Observatory Short Wavelength Spectrometer [4], and comment on the effect of spectral resolution on retrieved information content. We conclude by recommending gaps in current spectroscopic knowledge of molecular bands that could be addressed by theoretical and laboratory study to aid future astronomical studies of Titan, for example the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) Acknowledgments: Data analyzed in this project is public available online on the Spitzer Heritage Archive (sha.ipac.caltech.edu). This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and operated by the California Institute of Technology.

Titan↗

Research study entitled advanced X-ray astrophysical observatory (AXAF)

General background and overview material are presented along with data from studies performed to determine the sensitivity, feasibility, and required performance of systems for a total X-ray telescope assembly. Topics covered include: optical design, mirror support concepts, mirror weight estimates, the effects of l g on mirror elements, mirror assembly resonant frequencies, optical bench considerations, temperature control of the mirror assembly, and the aspect determination system.

Rasche, R. W.↗

Research in extreme ultraviolet and far ultraviolet astronomy

Analysis and interpretation continued on data generated by the flight of 27.086 in April of 1986 and by the successful UVX mission. Optical and mechanical design of the 1 meter EUV telescope, planned for launch with the large SPARTAN type carrier, ASTRO-SPAS, was also continued. The major effort centered on the preparation of flight 27.106, scheduled to launch in September, 1986. Work which was performed included: design of the skins and bulkheads; completion of the optical, mechanical, and electrical design; purchase of the major components of the instruments; assemblage of the electrical components; and performance of theoretical work, to support the data interpretation.

Bowyer, C. S.↗

External tank gamma ray imaging telescope study. Final review, phase 2

Potential scientific uses of the external tanks were examined. An onorbit conversion of the external tank to a gamma ray telescope/spacecraft is feasible. The development time and cost are acceptable. The specific engineering research and development requirements are listed. Concepts for onorbit utilization of external tanks were developed. The tasks for phase three were summarized.

Source record↗

Preliminary analysis of recent 2.2-4.2 micrometers telescopic observations of Elysium, Mars: Implications for crystallinity and hydration state of surface materials

Comparisons of the telescopic reflectance spectrum of a Martian bright region, in the 2.2 to 4.2 micrometers region, with recent laboratory studies of materials in this same wavelength range are consistent with: terrestrial materials which are dehydrated relative to the terrestrial environment, and terrestrial materials which exhibit spectral behavior indicative of some degree of sample crystallinity which is greater than that of amorphous palagonites. This second conclusion is in agreement with recent suggestions concerning the Martian bright regions. However, additional laboratory research is required in order to constrain: the degree of crystallinity required to result in the 2.8 to 2.9 micrometers spectral behavior seen in the terrestrial samples, and the limit of crystalline material which can be accommodated in a mixture with measured telescopic data of Mars (0.3 to 4.2 micrometers).

Roush, T. L.↗

X-Ray Astronomy Research at the Marshall Space Flight Center

For at least twenty years, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has played a major role in the development of X-ray astronomy in the United States. MSFC scientists and engineers are currently involved in a wide range of programs which will contribute to the growth of X-ray astronomy well into the next century. Areas of activity include calibration of X-ray astronomy instrumentation using Marshall's world-class X-ray Calibration Facility (XRCF), development of high-throughput, replicated X-ray optics, X-ray detector development, balloon-based X-ray astronomy, and analysis of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) and clusters of galaxies. Recent milestones include the successful calibration of NASA's premier X-ray Astronomy Satellite - AXAF (recently renamed Chandra), a balloon flight of a large area (1000 sq cm) micro-strip proportional counter, and work on a hard X-ray (30-100 keV) telescope called HERO, capable of high quality spectroscopy and imaging through the use of grazing incidence optics and an Imaging Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter (IGSPC). In my presentation, I will provide a general overview of our research and facilities. I will conclude with a more detailed discussion of our High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) program and plans for long duration (>100 days) balloon flights which will take place in the near future.

Austin, Robert A.↗

Physical studies of small asteroids and cometary cores

The main goal of the research is to carry on an extensive study of physical properties (colors and variability) of asteroids in the 1 to 10 km diameter range and of cometary cores, with the use of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, PMT photometer, or both. Particular attention is paid to asteroids being observed by radar because the greatest gain is found from the combination of radar results with the data obtained by optical techniques. To satisfy the goal, 100 nights/year have been scheduled on the 2.3 m and 1.5 m telescopes. During the past 2 years small asteroids were observed. Out of 22 asteroids for which periods of rotation could be precisely measured, 17 have periods of rotation less than 5 hours. This indicates that small objects rotate faster. By now researchers know 14 asteroids with rotation periods in the 2 hour range. At the same time they confirmed the existence of a number of exceptionally slow rotators e.g., 1367 Nongoma with P = 5.65 days. Taxonomic observations lead to a conclusion that Apollo, Amor, and Aten asteroids represent a variety of classes and are not predominantly of class S. Apollo asteroid 3361 Orpheus was found to belong to the rare class V. In collaboration with Dr A. Harris of JPL the opposition effect was studied for 30 Urania and 64 Angelina. Seven comets: P/Helin, P/Brooks 2, P/Klemola, P/Borrelly, Wilson (1986 1) and Shoemaker (1987 o) were monitored for variability. The results were negative with the exception of P/Brooks 2 for which 0.35 mag amplitude was detected.

Wisniewski, Wieslaw Z.↗

Future X-ray observations of 'normal' galaxies

The study of the X-ray properties of galaxies is discussed in terms of existing observational results and the capacity for interpreting the data. The NASA Einstein Observatory data is first examined to describe the X-ray properties of spiral and irregular galaxies as well as elliptical and SO galaxies. Issues that remain to be addressed can be explored by studying the X-ray properties of very luminous 'super-Eddington' sources, starburst galaxies, and different phases of the interstellar medium. The specific requirements are set forth for the observatories conducting the research; particular conditions are given for detecting galaxies, high-resolution studies of individual galaxies, bandwidth, spectral studies, and time-variability studies. An ideal X-ray telescope is described based on these conditions, the primary features of which are a collecting area greater than 100 sq m, a large bandwidth, and the capacity for both photometric and spectroscopic investigation.

Fabbiano, Giuseppina↗

Scientific investigations planned for the Lidar in-Space Technology Experiment (LITE)

The Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE) is being developed by NASA/Langley Research Center for a series of flights on the space shuttle beginning in 1994. Employing a three-wavelength Nd:YAG laser and a 1-m-diameter telescope, the system is a test-bed for the development of technology required for future operational spaceborne lidars. The system has been designed to observe clouds, tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols, characteristics of the planetary boundary layer, and stratospheric density and temperature perturbations with much greater resolution than is available from current orbiting sensors. In addition to providing unique datasets on these phenomena, the data obtained will be useful in improving retrieval algorithms currently in use. Observations of clouds and the planetary boundary layer will aid in the development of global climate model (GCM) parameterizations. This article briefly describes the LITE program and discusses the types of scientific investigations planned for the first flight.

Mccormick, M. P.↗

Cluster-Induced Fluctuations in the Microwave Background Radiation

The research proposed was to detect, map and interpret the Sunyaev-Zel dovich (SZ) effects in two samples of distant clusters of galaxies with the OVRO 40-m telescope: an optically selected sample of 26 clusters at the North Ecliptic Pole, and an X-ray selected sample of clusters based on the Einstein Medium Sensitivity Survey, to make small maps of the strongest cluster SZ effects using the OVRO 40-m telescope, to combine the SZ and X-ray data for well-detected clusters to determine the value of the Hubble constant and set limits to the value of the deceleration parameter, and to study the properties of cluster atmospheres using the SZ effect.

Birkinshaw, Mark↗