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At least 541 records · Page 30

Investigating two-dimensional adjoint QCD on the lattice

We present our investigations of SU(N) adjoint QCD in two dimensions with one Majorana fermion on the lattice. We determine the relevant parameter range for the simulations with Wilson fermions and present results for Polyakov loop, chiral condensate, and string tension. In the theory with massive fermions, all observables we checked show qualitative agreement between numerical lattice data and theory, while the massless limit is more subtle since chiral and non-invertible symmetry of the continuum theory are explicitly broken by lattice regularization. In thermal compactification, we observe N perturbative vacua for the holonomy potential at high-T with instanton events connecting them, and a unique vacuum at low-T. At finite-N, this is a cross-over and it turns to a phase transition at large-N thermodynamic limit. In circle compactification with periodic boundary conditions, we observe a unique center-symmetric minimum at any radius. In continuum, the instantons in the thermal case carry zero modes (for even N) and indeed, in the lattice simulations, we observe that chiral condensate is dominated by instanton centers, where zero modes are localized. We present lattice results on the issue of confinement vs. screening in the theory and comment on the roles of chiral symmetry and non-invertible symmetry.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Reduced-action-integral approach for photon-photon interactions in vacuum

Electromagnetic waves propagating through vacuum can polarize virtual electron–positron pairs; this polarization, in turn, nonlinearly modifies their propagation. A semi-classical nonlinear wave equation describing the propagation is derived from the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian density, which captures vacuum polarization effects up to the one-loop level. In this article, we present a reduced-actionintegral approach that enables rapid modeling of nonlinear phenomena arising from the Euler– Heisenberg Lagrangian. Application of the variational principle to the reduced action provides equations of motion for familiar light-pulse parameters, such as spot size, phase, polarization, and phase-front curvature, without requiring full-field simulations. Three examples demonstrate the utility of the approach: phase modulation, birefringence, and frequency mixing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

De Sitter decays to infinity

Bubbles of nothing are a class of vacuum decay processes present in some theories with compactified extra dimensions. We investigate the existence and properties of bubbles of nothing in models where the scalar pseudomoduli controlling the size of the extra dimensions are stabilized at positive vacuum energy, which is a necessary feature of any realistic model. We map the construction of bubbles of nothing to a four-dimensional Coleman-De Luccia problem and establish necessary conditions on the asymptotic behavior of the scalar potential for the existence of suitable solutions. We perform detailed analyses in the context of five-dimensional theories with metastable dS 4 x S 1 vacua, using analytic approximations and numerical methods to calculate the decay rate. We find that bubbles of nothing sometimes exist in potentials with no ordinary Coleman-De Luccia decay process, and that in the examples we study, when both processes exist, the bubble of nothing decay rate is typically faster. Our methods can be generalized to other stabilizing potentials and internal manifolds.

classical theories of gravity↗

Coalescence and splashing threshold for head-on collisions of liquid metal nanodroplets

Head-on collisions of liquid metal nanodroplets in a vacuum are investigated through molecular dynamics simulations in order to determine the transition threshold between the coalescing and splashing regimes for six different materials (aluminum, calcium, cerium, gold, platinum, and tin). Droplets of various sizes and initial speeds are simulated, and it is found that the Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers are able to predict the transition between the coalescing and splashing regimes. An energy balance for coalescing droplets shows that the initial energy is mainly converted to thermal energy increasing the temperature of the combined droplets by several hundred to several thousand kelvin depending on the material, and this result is confirmed in the simulations. Furthermore, when splashing occurs, the number of smaller droplets formed and the spreading rate are found to be dependent on the initial size and initial speed of the original droplets.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Muon g -2 from millicharged hidden confining sector

We provide a novel explanation to the muon g - 2 excess with new physics contributions at the two-loop level. In this scenario, light millicharged particles are introduced to modify the photon vacuum polarization that contributes to muon g - 2 at one additional loop. The muon g - 2 excess can be explained with the millicharged particle mass m χ around 10 MeV and the product of the multiplicity factor and millicharge squared of N χ ε 2 ~ 10 -3 . The minimal model faces severe constraints from direct searches at fixed-target experiments and astrophysical observables. However, if the millicharged particles are also charged under a hidden confining gauge group SU(N χ ) with a confinement scale of MeV, hidden-sector hadrons are unstable and can decay into neutrinos, which makes this scenario consistent with existing constraints. This explanation can be well tested at low-energy lepton colliders such as BESIII and Belle II as well as other proposed fixed-target experiments.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

TOF-SIMS analysis of decoherence sources in superconducting qubits

Superconducting qubits have emerged as a potentially foundational platform technology for addressing complex computational problems deemed intractable with classical computing. Despite recent advances enabling multiqubit designs that exhibit coherence lifetimes on the order of hundreds of μs, material quality and interfacial structures continue to curb device performance. Two-level system defects in the thin superconducting film and adjacent dielectric regions introduce stochastic noise and dissipate electromagnetic energy at the cryogenic operating temperatures. In this study, we utilize time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to understand the role specific fabrication procedures play in introducing such dissipation mechanisms in these complex systems. We interrogated Nb thin films and transmon qubit structures fabricated through slight modifications in the processing and vacuum conditions. We find that when the Nb film is sputtered onto the Si substrate, oxide and silicide regions are generated at various interfaces. We also observe that impurity species, such as niobium hydrides and carbides, are incorporated within the niobium layer during the subsequent lithographic patterning steps. The formation of these resistive compounds likely impacts the superconducting properties of the Nb thin film. Additionally, we observe the presence of halogen species distributed throughout the patterned thin films. We conclude by hypothesizing the source of such impurities in these structures in an effort to intelligently fabricate superconducting qubits and extend coherence times moving forward.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Photothermal alternative to device fabrication using atomic precision advanced manufacturing techniques

The attachment of dopant precursor molecules to depassivated areas of hydrogen-terminated silicon templated with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has been used to create electronic devices with subnanometer precision, typically for quantum physics experiments. This process, which we call atomic precision advanced manufacturing (APAM), dopes silicon beyond the solid-solubility limit and produces electrical and optical characteristics that may also be useful for microelectronic and plasmonic applications. However, scanned probe lithography lacks the throughput required to develop more sophisticated applications. In this work, we demonstrate and characterize an APAM device workflow where scanned probe lithography of the atomic layer resist has been replaced by photolithography. An ultraviolet laser is shown to locally and controllably heat silicon above the temperature required for hydrogen depassivation on a nanosecond timescale, a process resistant to under- and overexposure. STM images indicate a narrow range of energy density where the surface is both depassivated and undamaged. Modeling that accounts for photothermal heating and the subsequent hydrogen desorption kinetics suggests that the silicon surface temperatures reached in our patterning process exceed those required for hydrogen removal in temperature-programmed desorption experiments. A phosphorus-doped van der Pauw structure made by sequentially photodepassivating a predefined area and then exposing it to phosphine is found to have a similar mobility and higher carrier density compared with devices patterned by STM. Lastly, it is also demonstrated that photodepassivation and precursor exposure steps may be performed concomitantly, a potential route to enabling APAM outside of ultrahigh vacuum.

nanoscale devices↗

Fine-tuned vs. natural supersymmetry: what does the string landscape predict?

A vast array of (metastable) vacuum solutions arise from string compactifications, each leading to different 4-d laws of physics. The space of these solutions, known as the string landscape, allows for an environmental solution to the cosmological constant problem. We examine the possibility of an environmental solution to the gauge hierarchy problem. We argue that the landscape favors softly broken supersymmetric models over particle physics models containing quadratic divergences, such as the Standard Model. We present a scheme for computing relative probabilities for supersymmetric models to emerge from the landscape. The probabilities are related to the likelihood that the derived value of the weak scale lies within the Agrawal et al. (ABDS) allowed window of values leading to atoms as we know them. This then favors natural SUSY models over unnatural (SUSY and other) models via a computable probability measure.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

High reactivity of mesoporous CeO 2 to dissociate chemical warfare agent sarin

We perform spectroscopic surface characterization on mesoporous ceria (CeO 2 ) under exposure of sarin gas, also known as GB. We find mesoporous CeO 2 displays extraordinary reactivity towards GB dissociation under high vacuum. The spectroscopic results combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the cleavage of the P–F and P–OR bonds are both possible pathways for GB to dissociate on the CeO 2 surfaces. The modeling reveals differences in dissociation pathways of GB on the crystallographic (111)- and (110)-surfaces of ceria. Here we also report some dissociation of GB on mesoporous CeO 2 under ambient conditions. The finding that mesoporous CeO 2 can degrade GB under mild conditions is encouraging and implies the strong potential of ceria-based materials to be applied in combating chemical warfare agents related to the GB series.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

PHOENIX Electrostatic Design

PHOENIX (Portable, High-efficiency, Optimal ENergy Imaging X-rays) is a quasi-DC, electrostatic, vacuum-diode designed as a portable x-ray source with national defense and commercial applications. The patent-pending PHOENIX concept combines a megavoltage, Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier with a Van de-Graaff electrostatic charge-storage dome to create a vacuum-diode suitable for x-ray production. Naturally this structure must minimize internal electric fields to reduce electrical breakdown while simultaneously reducing size and weight to enhance portability. In this paper we describe the optimization process and model results obtained using the COMSOL multi-physics code. We describe three models: a prototype model built to demonstrate the PHOENIX concept as part of Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Mission Foundation Research (MFR) Phase-I , a “back-of-the-envelope” design used as a starting point for further COMSOL optimization, and finally, the optimized geometry implemented in the MFR Phase-II. In all cases compromises resulting from cost, schedule, and manufacturing constraints were taken into account as the design progressed.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Mutual information superadditivity and unitarity bounds

We derive the property of strong superadditivity of mutual information arising from the Markov property of the vacuum state in a conformal field theory and strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy. We show this inequality encodes unitarity bounds for different types of fields. These unitarity bounds are precisely the ones that saturate for free fields. This has a natural explanation in terms of the possibility of localizing algebras on null surfaces. A particular continuity property of mutual information characterizes free fields from the entropic point of view. We derive a general formula for the leading long distance term of the mutual information for regions of arbitrary shape which involves the modular flow of these regions. We obtain the general form of this leading term for two spheres with arbitrary orientations in spacetime, and for primary fields of any tensor representation. For free fields we further obtain the explicit form of the leading term for arbitrary regions with boundaries on null cones.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Muon $$\mathbf {g-2}$$, neutralino dark matter and stau NLSP

Abstract We explore the implications of resolving the muon $$g-2$$ g - 2 anomaly in a $$SU(4)_c \times SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$$ S U ( 4 ) c × S U ( 2 ) L × S U ( 2 ) R model, where the soft supersymmetry breaking scalar and gaugino masses break the left-right (LR) symmetry. A 2 $$\sigma $$ σ resolution of the anomaly requires relatively light sleptons, chargino and LSP neutralino. The stau turns out to be the NLSP of mass $$m_{\tilde{\tau }}\lesssim 400$$ m τ ~ ≲ 400 GeV, and the sleptons from the first two families can be as heavy as about 800 GeV. The chargino is also required to be lighter than about 600 GeV to accommodate the muon $$g-2$$ g - 2 solutions consistent with the dark matter relic density constraint. The dominant right-handed nature of the light slepton states suppress the sensitivity of possible signals which can be probed in Run3 experiments at the LHC. We also discuss the impact of accommodating the Higgs boson mass and the vacuum stability of the scalar potential for these solutions. Although a light stau can be compatible with the stability of the scalar potential, the Higgs boson mass constraint has a strong impact on the solutions with $$\tan \beta $$ tan β bounded from above, namely $$\tan \beta \lesssim 20$$ tan β ≲ 20 . The Higgsinos are heavier than about 4 TeV, and the LSP neutralino has the correct relic density if it is Bino-like. We identify stau–neutralino coannihilation as the dominant mechanism for realizing the desired dark matter relic density, with sneutrino–neutralino coannihiliation playing a minor role. These bino-like dark matter solutions can yield a spin-independent scattering cross-section on the order of $$10^{-13}$$ 10 - 13 pb which hopefully, can be expected to be tested in the near future.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

High Quality GaAs Growth by MBE on Si Using GeSi Buffers and Prospects for Space Photovoltaics

III-V solar cells on Si substrates are of interest for space photovoltaics since this would combine high performance space cells with a strong, lightweight and inexpensive substrate. However, the primary obstacles blocking III-V/Si cells from achieving high performance to date have been fundamental materials incompatabilities, namely the 4% lattice mismatch between GaAs and Si, and the large mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient. In this paper, we report on the molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth and properties of GaAs layers and single junction GaAs cells on Si wafers which utilize compositionally graded GeSi Intermediate buffers grown by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD) to mitigate the large lattice mismatch between GaAs and Si. Ga As cell structures were found to incorporate a threading dislocation density of 0.9-1.5 x 10 (exp 6) per square centimeter, identical to the underlying relaxed Ge cap of the graded buffer, via a combination of transmission electron microscopy, electron beam induced current, and etch pit density measurements. AlGaAs/GaAs double heterostructures wre grown on the GeSi/Si substrates for time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, which revealed a bulk GaAs minority carrier lifetime in excess of 10 ns, the highest lifetime ever reported for GaAs on Si. A series of growth were performed to ass3ss the impact of a GaAs buffer to a thickness of only 0.1 micrometer. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy studies revealed that there is negligible cross diffusion of Ga, As and Ge at he III-V/Ge interface, identical to our earlier findings for GaAs grown on Ge wafers using MBE. This indicates that there is no need for a buffer to "bury" regions of high autodopjing,a nd that either pn or np configuration cells are easily accomodated by these substrates. Preliminary diodes and single junction Al Ga As heteroface cells were grown and fabricated on the Ge/GeSi/Si substrates for the first time. Diodes fabricated on GaAs, Ge and Ge/GeSi/Si substrate show nearly identical I-V characteristics in both forward and reverse bias regions. External quantum efficiencies of AlGaAs/GaAs cell structures grown on Ge/GeSi/Si and Ge substrates demonstrated nearly identical photoresponse, which indicates that high lifetimes, diffusion lengths and efficient minority carrier collection is maintained after complete cell processing.

Carlin, J. A.↗

θ -dependence of light nuclei and nucleosynthesis

We investigate the impact of the QCD vacuum at nonzero θ on the properties of light nuclei, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and stellar nucleosynthesis. Our analysis starts with a calculation of the θ-dependence of the neutron-proton mass difference and neutron decay using chiral perturbation theory. We then discuss the θ-dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction using a one-boson-exchange model and compute the properties of the two-nucleon system. Using the universal properties of four-component fermions at large scattering length, we then deduce the binding energies of the three-nucleon and four-nucleon systems. Based on these results, we discuss the implications for primordial abundances of light nuclei, the production of nuclei in stellar environments, and implications for an anthropic view of the universe.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Resistive Switching in SrFeO2.5/Nb:SrTiO3 Heterostructures with Growth-Controlled Film Orientation

Resistive switching, a behavior found in many oxide materials, has the potential to enable emerging computer hardware technologies and architectures. We present resistive switching devices fabricated from epitaxial brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 films with two distinct film orientations, wherein facile oxygen ion diffusion planes are aligned parallel (in-plane) and perpendicular (out-of-plane) with the electrodes. SrFeO2.5 films were grown on (001) oriented Nb:SrTiO3 to enable high-quality interfaces and future integration with Si CMOS technologies. Post-growth vacuum annealing and growth pressure were used to control film orientations, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements. Films grown with diffusion planes oriented in-plane had oxygen-rich, perovskite-like nanodomains spread throughout the film, and fabricated devices exhibited worse switching consistency and more stochasticity. In contrast, films grown with diffusion planes oriented out-of-plane had a more uniform oxygen-rich perovskite interfacial layer above the bottom electrode, and devices built from this film orientation showed significant statistical improvements in switching voltages and cycling consistency.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

On the Search for Low W 0

The magnitude of the vacuum expectation value of the Gukov-Vafa-Witten superpotential |W o | plays a central role in the phenomenology of type IIB flux compactifications. Recent analytical constructions have shown that perturbatively flat vacua can be used to obtain very low values of |W o |. We present systematic algorithms to carry out exhaustive numerical searches for such vacua. Here we also analyse them in the statistical context, as part of the entire ensemble of type IIB flux vacua at low |W o |. Our preliminary analysis indicates that these perturbatively flat vacua are statistically sparse in the whole set of vacua at low |W o | as calculated by Denef and Douglas. Two-moduli examples are used to illustrate these more general findings in specific settings. We find that these simple (two moduli) cases are good examples for existence proofs but they do not feature a large statistical tuning freedom for phenomenological applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Axion domain walls, small instantons, and non-invertible symmetry breaking

Non-invertible global symmetry often predicts degeneracy in axion potentials and carries important information about the global form of the gauge group. When these symmetries are spontaneously broken they can lead to the formation of stable axion domain wall networks which support topological degrees of freedom on their worldvolume. Such non-invertible symmetries can be broken by embedding into appropriate larger UV gauge groups where small instanton contributions lift the vacuum degeneracy, and provide a possible solution to the domain wall problem. We explain these ideas in simple illustrative examples and then apply them to the Standard Model, whose gauge algebra and matter content are consistent with several possible global structures. Each possible global structure leads to different selection rules on the axion couplings, and various UV completions of the Standard Model lead to more specific relations. As a proof of principle, we also present an example of a UV embedding of the Standard Model which can solve the axion domain wall problem. The formation and annihilation of the long-lived axion domain walls can lead to observables, such as gravitational wave signals. Observing such signals, in combination with the axion coupling measurements, can provide valuable insight into the global structure of the Standard Model, as well as its UV completion.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Modifying magnetic properties of MnBi with carbon: an experimental and theoretical study

MnBi and MnBi-based materials have been investigated as prospective rare-earth-free permanent magnets with moderate energy product. One of the main issues with MnBi synthesis is the presence of residual Bi in the sample which reduces the net magnetization. Here, we have found that MnBi synthesized in the presence of carbon substantially reduces the amount of residual Bi, improving its saturation magnetization. We have synthesized Mn 55 Bi 45 and Mn 55 Bi 45 C x samples using arc melting and high-vacuum annealing. The room temperature x-ray diffraction patterns indicate that both Mn 55 Bi 45 and Mn 55 Bi 45 C x crystallize in the hexagonal NiAs-type structure. The Rietveld analysis of the x-ray patterns shows that the amount of residual Bi reduces from 16 wt.% for Mn 55 Bi 45 to 5 wt.% for Mn 55 Bi 45 C x . The high-field (3 T) magnetizations measured at room temperature are 61 emu g –1 and 66 emu g –1 for Mn 55 Bi 45 and Mn 55 Bi 45 C x , respectively. To understand the role of C in enhancing the magnetization of MnBi, we carried out the first-principles calculations of both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric MnBi alloys, which suggests that the increase of magnetization in Mn 55 Bi 45 C x may be due to the coating of MnBi grains with C.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗