Use of photomultiplier tubes for photon counting
Critique on photomultiplier tube for photon counting, considering pulse height distribution, SNR and electron collection efficiency errors
Young, A. T.↗
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Secondary electrons and photons in the upper atmosphere
Secondary electrons and photons energy spectra and depth dependence in upper atmosphere from numerical solution of one dimensional transport equations
Beuermann, K. P.↗
Collision rates in photon and relativistic- particle gases
Collision rates in photon and relativistic particle gases, noting importance for cosmic radio and X ray sources processes calculations
Gould, R. J.↗
On the absorption of gamma rays by photons in pulsars, quasi-stellar objects, and other source objects
Quasar and pulsar gamma ray absorption by critical energy collisions with low energy photons
Guthrie, P. D.↗
Photon induced secondary electron emission
Numerical models for predicting photon-induced secondary electron emission are presented. The results are compared with experimental measurements made using a Co-60 gamma ray source.
Spencer, R. B.↗
Lunar laser ranging data deposited in the National Space Science Data Center: Filtered observations for September 1969 through June 1970 and unfiltered photon detections for July through December 1970
The technique of laser ranging to a reflector fixed on the lunar surface is discussed. The causes for initial low rate of data acquisition are explained. The documentation to be used in conjunction with the deposition of the filtered data in the National Space Science Data Center are documented. Filtered data obtained during laser operations between the McDonald Observatory and the reflector at Tranquility Base during the interval September 1969 through June 1970 are presented. The unfiltered photon detections for the succeeding six months are examined.
Mulholland, J. D.↗
Measurement of the light-field amplitude-correlation function through joint photon-count distributions.
When an amplitude-stabilized He-Ne laser beam is scattered by a rotating ground glass with small surface inhomogeneities, the probability density of the instantaneous scattered-wave amplitude is Gaussian. In this paper, we suggest the use of the joint photon-count probability distribution to measure the absolute value of the electric-field amplitude-correlation function for random Gaussian light fields, and report the results of an experiment in which the Gaussian field is produced by scattering a light beam through a rotating ground glass. This procedure offers an alternative to other conventional methods, such as self-beating spectroscopy and irradiance-correlation techniques. The correlation time of the scattered-field amplitude in the present experiment has been measured with an accuracy of approximately 0.8%.
Furcinitti, P.↗
The ultrahigh energy photon spectrum
Results are made of a numerical calculation of the ultrahigh energy photon spectrum. After assuming that the ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray nucleons are universal, calculations are made without resorting to the previously employed delta function approximation.
Stecker, F. W.↗
Lunar laser ranging data deposited in the National Space Science Data Center: Filtered observations for January - June 1971 and unfiltered photon detections for July - December 1971
The filtered data are discussed which were obtained during laser ranging operations with Apollo reflectors placed on the moon at Tranquility Base, Fra Mauro, and Hadley. Unfiltered photon detections are described.
Mulholland, J. D.↗
An electrophotometer operating in a photon-counting regime
A photon counter photometer constructed allows one to carry out the UBV - photometry of stars from 6.0 to 14.0 stellar magnitude with the accuracy of 0.007 to 0.017 stellar magnitude. The absorption coefficients in U, B, V are determined and the color equations for transferring the observed magnitude differences to the UBV system are found.
Pugach, A. F.↗
Lunar laser ranging data deposited in the National Space Science Data Center: Filtered observations for 1971 July through 1971 December and unfiltered photon detections for 1972 January through 1972 June
Documentation to be used in conjunction with data deposited in the National Space Science Data Center is presented which concerns the filtered observations obtained during laser ranging operations between the McDonald Observatory and the Apollo 11, 14, and 15 reflectors, and the unfiltered photon detections. As part of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment, three widely separated reflector arrays were placed on the moon. Laser ranging equipment, both ground based on lunar based, is described, and coordinates of the intersection of the polar and transverse axes of the telescope are given. Filtered and unfiltered data are defined and discussed.
Mulholland, J. D.↗
Photon counting with a self-scanned diode array.
A self-scanned diode array may be used as temporary storage for individual photons if enough gain is provided by an image intensifier or electron multiplier to provide a detectable signal from each input event.
Mcnall, J. F.↗
Path-length distributions of photons diffusely reflected from a semi-infinite atmosphere.
Knowledge of the probability distribution of photon path lengths for diffuse reflection in the continuum from a planetary atmosphere greatly simplifies computation of the shape and strength of absorption lines formed under conditions of multiple scattering. Graphs of this probability distribution are presented for diffuse reflection from a semiinfinite conservative atmosphere for both isotropic and forward-directed scattering, and for several angles of incidence and reflection. Graphs showing distributions for the case of absorption in the continuum are also discussed. The distributions are obtained from an analytic expression for the path-length distribution for nth-order scattering and a tabulation of nth-order intensities. It is found that te shape of the probability distribution depends markedly on the degree of forward scattering due to the phase function. The results are compared with those obtained by a Monte Carlo computation of the sort which might be used if tabulated nth-order intensities were not available.
Appleby, J. F.↗
Gasdynamic lasers and photon machines.
The basic operational highlights of CO2-N2 gasdynamic lasers (GDL's) are described. Features common to powerful gas lasers are indicated. A simplified model of the vibrational kinetics of the system is presented, and the importance of rapid expansion nozzles is shown from analytic solutions of the equations. A high-power pulsed GDL is described, along with estimations of power extraction. A closed-cycle laser is suggested, leading to a description of a photon generator/engine. Thermodynamic analysis of the closed-cycle laser illustrates in principle the possibility of direct conversion of laser energy to work.
Christiansen, W. H.↗
Lunar laser ranging data deposited in the National Space Science Data Center: Filtered observations for January - June 1972 and unfiltered photon detections for July - December 1972
The documentation to be used in conjunction with the filtered data deposited in the National Space Science Data Center is presented. The data was obtained during laser ranging operations between the McDonald Observatory and Apollo 11, 14, and 15 reflectors for the six months ending June 30, 1972. Unfiltered photon detections for the succeeding six months are also included in the system. Nominal coordinates for the laser ranging equipment are given and the calibration code for filtered data is shown. Data format using the CDC 6600 computer is described.
Mulholland, J. D.↗
Four photon parametric amplification
An analysis is presented describing four-photon parametric amplification in an unbiased Josephson junction. Central to the theory is the model of the Josephson effect as a nonlinear inductance. Linear, small signal analysis is applied to the two-fluid model of the Josephson junction. The gain, gain-bandwidth product, high frequency limit, and effective noise temperature are calculated for a cavity reflection amplifier. The analysis is extended to multiple (series-connected) junctions and subharmonic pumping.
Parrish, P. T.↗
Resonantly two-photon pumped frequency converter
This letter describes a resonantly two-photon pumped frequency converter with application to the generation of tunable ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation and also to infrared-to-visible up-conversion and imaging. Calculations show that up-conversion power efficiencies in excess of 100% should be obtained with tunable dye lasers having peak powers in the hundred watt to kilowatt range.
Harris, S. E.↗
Photon machines
The basic thermodynamics of thermal lasers of the gas-dynamic type are reviewed, and it is shown that an efficient coherent photon generator can be developed on a closed-cycle principle. The efficiency limits of such a device are explored, and the results of the analysis indicate that the production efficiency of coherent radiation from heat can, in the limit of high component efficiency, be equal to that of the production of work. An indispensable element of any power transmission system also involves an engine capable of transforming the transmitted energy into useful shaft power. It is shown that a closed-cycle system may also be developed in principle which can transform the transmitted laser radiation into shaft power with an efficiency approaching one.
Hertzberg, A.↗