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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Consolidation of Molybdenum nanopowders by spark plasma sintering: Densification mechanism and first mirror application

Mo nanopowders are synthesized by ball milling and the following hydrogen reduction of MoO 3 powders. The densification mechanism of Mo nanopowders during spark plasma sintering (SPS) is analyzed by the combination of the regression of the experimental data on regular SPS and on the SPS multistep pressure dilatometry based on the continuum theory of the sintering. The Mo mirror with 400 nm average grain size and 93% relative density is fabricated by the SPS. The performance of the mirrors made from a single crystal Mo and from the hydrogen-reduced sintered Mo nanopowder is discussed. The microstructure and optical properties of the mirrors are characterized before and after plasma exposure, and no substantial degradation of the reflectivity was observed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Prediction of perovskite and other ternary oxide multilayers as mirrors for soft X-rays

Highlights: • Theoretical framework to identify optimal multilayers for high x-ray reflectivity. • Perovskite oxide multilayers are proposed as soft x-ray mirrors. • High soft x-ray reflectivity up to 33% are expected in perovskite multilayers. - Abstract: We propose multilayers of perovskite and related ternary oxides with a general formula of ABO{sub 3} as high reflectivity mirrors, especially for use in water window region (2.3–4.4 nm). The high reflectivity combinations of oxide multilayers were deduced using evolutionary search algorithms such as genetic algorithms, and the calculation speed was accelerated via parallel computing methods We also propose a figure of merit for X-ray reflectivity in periodic multilayers systems, which can simplify the future efforts on identifying material combinations, and the search through this multi-dimensional parameter space. The highest reflectivity value was found to be over 33% at 3.1 nm in the water window region. The effect of interface roughness was simulated and the decrease in reflectivity was found to be modest for practically achievable roughness values. This work establishes the foundation for future experimental and theoretical studies towards achieving high reflectivity x-ray mirrors of complex oxide multilayers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

A novel electron mirror pulse compressor

An electron mirror-based pulse compressor design has been developed for improving the temporal resolution of dynamic/ultrafast transmission electron microscopes and ultrafast electron diffraction cameras. The improvement will enable electron microscopes and diffraction cameras to better resolve the dynamics of reactions in the areas of solid state physics, chemistry, and biology. The design utilizes a combination of mirror optics and a magnetic beam separator, which exploits the symmetry inherent in reversing the electron trajectory in the mirror in order to compress the pulse. This system can also simultaneously correct the spherical and chromatic aberration of the objective lens for improved spatial resolution. For pulsed experiments with a practical bunch charge, the correction of the chromatic aberration coefficient counters the spread in the electron energies induced by the space charge of the pulse to make possible the probing of the sample with high spatial resolution. The pulse compressor can accommodate pulses with a range of electron densities and energy spreads. Additionally, it is designed to fit into both ultrafast electron diffraction cameras and dynamic/ultrafast transmission electron microscopes. Consequently, this instrument is suitable for enhancing the study of the structure, composition, and bonding states of new materials at ultrafast time scales.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Characterization of flowing liquid films as a regenerating plasma mirror for high repetition-rate laser contrast enhancement

In this paper, we characterize a high repetition-rate regenerating plasma mirror produced by the thin film of liquid formed when two laminar streams collide. The use of a flowing liquid film is inexpensive and the interaction surface refreshes automatically, avoiding buildup of on-target debris. The composition of the liquid material and the relative angle of the film-generating nozzles was optimized for this application. Spectra measured in reflection from a water-based plasma mirror showed a blue shift but an optical reflectivity of up to 30%. The thickness of the film was found to be of the order of 2 μm, and the stability of the reflected spot was ≈1 mrad. The reflected beam profile was highly distorted but stable. Further optimization of the nozzles to affect the fluid flow should enable significant improvements in control of the fluid films and increase in the reflectivity of these mirrors.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Global sound modes in mirror traps with anisotropic pressure

Global oscillations of inhomogeneous plasma with frequencies close to the bounce frequency of ions in mirror traps have been studied. It has been shown that, in some cases, the sound can be reflected from the axial plasma inhomogeneity. The ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model with Chew-Goldberger-Low approximation has been utilized to determine conditions of existence of the standing waves in the mirror-confined plasma. Linearized wave equation for the longitudinal plasma oscillations in thin anisotropic inhomogeneous plasma with finite β has been derived. The wave equation has been treated numerically. The oscillations are studied for the case of the trap with partially filled loss-cone and the trap with sloshing ions. It has been shown that in cells of the multiple-mirror trap standing waves can exist. The frequency of the wave is of the order of the mean bounce-frequency of ions. In the trap with sloshing ions, the mode supported by the pressure of fast ions could exist. The results of oscillations observation in the experiment on the Gas Dynamic Trap have been presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

High repetition rate plasma mirror device for attosecond science

This report describes an active solid target positioning device for driving plasma mirrors with high repetition rate ultra-high intensity lasers. The position of the solid target surface with respect to the laser focus is optically monitored and mechanically controlled on the nm scale to ensure reproducible interaction conditions for each shot at arbitrary repetition rate. We demonstrate the target capabilities by driving high-order harmonic generation from plasma mirrors produced on glass targets with a near-relativistic intensity few-cycle pulse laser system operating at 1 kHz. During experiments, residual target surface motion can be actively stabilized down to 47 nm (root mean square), which ensures sub-300-as relative temporal stability of the plasma mirror as a secondary source of coherent attosecond extreme ultraviolet radiation in pump-probe experiments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Scalable stacked array piezoelectric deformable mirror for astronomy and laser processing applications

A prototype of a scalable and potentially low-cost stacked array piezoelectric deformable mirror (SA-PDM) with 35 active elements is presented in this paper. This prototype is characterized by a 2 μm maximum actuator stroke, a 1.4 μm mirror sag (measured for a 14 mm × 14 mm area of the unpowered SA-PDM), and a ±200 nm hysteresis error. The initial proof of concept experiments described here show that this mirror can be successfully used for shaping a high power laser beam in order to improve laser machining performance. Various beam shapes have been obtained with the SA-PDM and examples of laser machining with the shaped beams are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Excitons in a mirror: Formation of “optical bilayers” using MoS{sub 2} monolayers on gold substrates

We report coupling of excitons in monolayers of molybdenum disulphide to their mirror image in an underlying gold substrate. Excitons at the direct band gap are little affected by the substrate whereas strongly bound C-excitons associated with a van-Hove singularity change drastically. On quartz substrates only one C-exciton is visible (in the blue) but on gold substrates a strong red-shifted extra resonance in the green is seen. Exciton coupling to its image leads to formation of a “mirror biexciton” with enhanced binding energy. Estimates of this energy shift in an emitter-gold system match experiments well. The absorption spectrum of MoS{sub 2} on gold thus resembles a bilayer of MoS{sub 2} which has been created by optical coupling. Additional top-mirrors produce an “optical bulk.”.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Wave excitation by nonlinear coupling among shear Alfvén waves in a mirror-confined plasma

A shear Alfvén wave at slightly below the ion-cyclotron frequency overcomes the ion-cyclotron damping and grows because of the strong anisotropy of the ion temperature in the magnetic mirror configuration, and is called the Alfvén ion-cyclotron (AIC) wave. Density fluctuations caused by the AIC waves and the ion-cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) waves used for ion heating have been detected using a reflectometer in a wide radial region of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror plasma. Various wave-wave couplings are clearly observed in the density fluctuations in the interior of the plasma, but these couplings are not so clear in the magnetic fluctuations at the plasma edge when measured using a pick-up coil. A radial dependence of the nonlinearity is found, particularly in waves with the difference frequencies of the AIC waves; bispectral analysis shows that such wave-wave coupling is significant near the core, but is not so evident at the periphery. In contrast, nonlinear coupling with the low-frequency background turbulence is quite distinct at the periphery. Nonlinear coupling associated with the AIC waves may play a significant role in the beta- and anisotropy-limits of a mirror-confined plasma through decay of the ICRF heating power and degradation of the plasma confinement by nonlinearly generated waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

One-way acoustic mirror based on anisotropic zero-index media

We have designed a one-way acoustic mirror comprising anisotropic zero-index media. For acoustic beam incident at a particular angle, the designed structure behaves like a high-efficient mirror that redirects almost all the incident energy into another direction predicted by the Snell's law, while becoming virtually transparent to beams propagating reversely along this output path. Furthermore, the mirror can be tailored to work at arbitrary incident angle by simply adjusting its geometry. Our design, with undirectional reflection functionality and flexible working angle, may offer possibilities in space isolations and have deep implication in various scenarios like ultrasound imaging or noise control.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Multimodal hard x-ray nanoprobe facility by nested Montel mirrors aimed for 40nm resolution at Taiwan Photon Source

The hard X-ray nanoprobe facility at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) provides multimodal X-ray detections, including XRF, XAS, XEOL, projection microscope, CDI, etc. Resulting from the large numerical aperture obtained by utilizing nested Montel mirrors, the beamline with a moderate length 75 meters can conduct similar performance with those beamlines longer than 100 meters. The mirrors are symmetrically placed with a 45 degrees cut. The beamline optics is thus designed to take the advantage of the symmetry of mirrors such that a round focal spot is accomplished. The size and the divergence of the focus spot are simulated around 40 nm and 6.29 mrad, respectively. The whole facility including the beamline and the stations will be operated under vacuum to preserve the photon coherence as well as to prevent the system from unnecessary environmental interference. A SEM in close cooperation with laser interferometers is equipped to precisely locate the position of the sample. This endstation is scheduled to be commissioned in the fall of 2016.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Nano-metrology: The art of measuring X-ray mirrors with slope errors <100 nrad

We present a comprehensive investigation of the systematic and random errors of the nano-metrology instruments used to characterize synchrotron X-ray optics at Diamond Light Source. With experimental skill and careful analysis, we show that these instruments used in combination are capable of measuring state-of-the-art X-ray mirrors. Examples are provided of how Diamond metrology data have helped to achieve slope errors of <100 nrad for optical systems installed on synchrotron beamlines, including: iterative correction of substrates using ion beam figuring and optimal clamping of monochromator grating blanks in their holders. Simulations demonstrate how random noise from the Diamond-NOM’s autocollimator adds into the overall measured value of the mirror’s slope error, and thus predict how many averaged scans are required to accurately characterize different grades of mirror.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Development of high-order harmonic focusing system based on ellipsoidal mirror

We have developed a focusing system for extreme ultraviolet light produced by high-order harmonic generation. An ellipsoidal mirror with a precise surface shape was fabricated and installed into the focusing system. A rigid mirror manipulator and a beam profiler were employed to perform precise and stable mirror alignment. As a demonstration of the focusing performance, high-order harmonics in the wavelength range of 13.5–19.5 nm were successfully focused into a 2.4 × 2.3 μm{sup 2} spot.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Combined dry plasma etching and online metrology for manufacturing highly focusing x-ray mirrors

A new figuring station was designed and installed at the ESRF beamline BM05. It allows the figuring of mirrors within an iterative process combining the advantage of online metrology with dry etching. The complete process takes place under a vacuum environment to minimize surface contamination while non-contact surfacing tools open up the possibility of performing at-wavelength metrology and eliminating placement errors. The aim is to produce mirrors whose slopes do not deviate from the stigmatic profile by more than 0.1 µrad rms while keeping surface roughness in the acceptable limit of 0.1-0.2 nm rms. The desired elliptical mirror surface shape can be achieved in a few iterations in about a one day time span. This paper describes some of the important aspects of the process regarding both the online metrology and the etching process.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Newly designed double surface bimorph mirror for BL-15A of the photon factory

BL-15A is a new x-ray undulator beamline at the Photon Factory. It will be dedicated to two independent research activities, simultaneous XAFS/XRF/XRD experiments, and SAXS/WAXS/GI-SAXS studies. In order to supply a choice of micro-focus, low-divergence and collimated beams, a double surface bimorph mirror was recently developed. To achieve further mirror surface optimization, the pencil beam scanning method was applied for “in-situ” beam inspection and the Inverse Matrix method was used for determination of optimal voltages on the piezoelectric actuators. The corrected beam profiles at every focal spot gave good agreement with the theoretical values and the resultant beam performance is promising for both techniques. Quick and stable switching between highly focused and intense collimated beams was established using this new mirror with the simple motorized stages.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Confinement time and ambipolar potential in a relativistic mirror-confined plasma

Advanced aneutronic fusion fuels such as proton-Boron 11 tend to require much higher temperatures than conventional fuels like deuterium–tritium. For electrons, the bulk plasma temperature can approach a substantial fraction of the rest mass. In a mirror confinement system, where the electrons are confined by an ambipolar potential of at least five electron temperatures, the tail electrons which can escape the potential are fully relativistic, which must be taken into account in calculating their confinement. In this paper, simple estimates are employed to extend the scaling of the confinement time into the relativistic regime. By asymptotically matching this scaling to known solutions in the non-relativistic limit, accurate forms for the confinement time (and thus, the ambipolar potential) are obtained. Furthermore, these forms are verified using finite-element-based Fokker–Planck simulations over a wide range of parameters. Comparing relativistic and nonrelativistic mirror-confined plasmas with the same ratio of confining potential |eΦ| to electron temperature T e and the same mirror ratio R, the net result is a decrease in the confinement time due to relativistic effects by a factor of S ≡ (1 + 15T e /8m e c 2 )/(1 + 2|eΦ|/m e c 2 )⁠.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Axial confinement of wire array Z-pinch precursor plasmas by a pulsed magnetic mirror field

A novel wire-array Z-pinch platform has been developed to study the effect of a pulsed magnetic mirror field on a collisional high energy density plasma. The mirror is driven in series with the Z-pinch target and, therefore, scales with driver current. Axial confinement is observed based on visible imaging and axial flow velocity measurements. The presence of axial compressing J xB force is determined indirectly based on Thomson scattering and interferometry measurements and corroborated by three-dimensional extended-MHD simulations. Compared to non-magnetized wire array Z-pinch, a modified pulsed mirror configuration is observed to increase precursor plasma thermal energy density by about 30%. If optimized, such a configuration could potentially improve magnetized liner inertial fusion performance by reducing axial plasma end loss.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Generation of intense coherent attosecond X-ray pulses using relativistic electron mirrors

We analyse the steepening of the leading edge of femtosecond petawatt pulses with the use of plasma layers and show that, at an electron density several times higher than the critical one, an asymmetric (in time domain) pulse can be produced with an amplitude of the first half-wave differing little from the maximum pulse amplitude. Using numerical simulation, we have studied the interaction of such pulses with nanometre-thick films, including the generation of relativistic electron mirrors and the reflection of a counterpropagating probe pulse from such mirrors. The resulting coherent X-ray pulses have a duration of {approx}120 as and a power of {approx}600 GW at a wavelength of {approx}13 nm. Our results demonstrate that the reflectivity of a relativistic electron mirror situated in the accelerating pulse field is independent of the probe pulse amplitude when it increases up to the accelerating pulse amplitude. (interaction of laser radiation with matter. laser plasma)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗