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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2010

Structural model of homogeneous As–S glasses derived from Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution XPS

The structure of homogeneous bulk As x S 100- x (25 ≤ x ≤ 42) glasses, prepared by the conventional rocking–melting–quenching method, was investigated using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the main building blocks of their glass networks are regular AsS 3/2 pyramids and sulfur chains. In the S-rich domain, the existence of quasi-tetrahedral (QT) S = As(S 1/2 ) 3 units is deduced from XPS data, but with a concentration not exceeding ~3–5% of total atomic sites. Therefore, QT units do not appear as primary building blocks of the glass backbone in these materials, and an optimally-constrained network may not be an appropriate description for glasses when x < 40. Finally, it is shown that, in contrast to Se-based glasses, the ‘chain-crossing’ model is only partially applicable to sulfide glasses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tidal dissipation in a homogeneous spherical body. II. Three examples: Mercury, Io, and Kepler-10 b

In Efroimsky and Makarov (Paper I), we derived from the first principles a formula for the tidal heating rate in a homogeneous sphere, compared it with the previously used formulae, and noted the differences. Now we present case studies: Mercury, Kepler-10 b, and a triaxial Io. A sharp frequency dependence of k {sub 2}/Q near spin-orbit resonances yields a sharp dependence of k {sub 2}/Q (and, therefore, of tidal heating) upon the spin rate. Thereby physical libration plays a major role in tidal heating of synchronously rotating planets. The magnitude of libration in the spin rate being defined by the planet's triaxiality, the latter becomes a factor determining the dissipation rate. Other parameters equal, a strongly triaxial synchronized body generates more heat than a similar body of a more symmetrical shape. After an initially triaxial object melts and loses its triaxiality, dissipation becomes less intensive; the body can solidify, with the tidal bulge becoming a new figure with triaxiality lower than the original. We derive approximate expressions for the dissipation rate in a Maxwell planet with the Maxwell time longer than the inverse tidal frequency. The expressions derived pertain to the 1:1 and 3:2 resonances and a nonresonant case; so they are applicable to most close-in super-Earths detected. In these planets, the heating outside synchronism is weakly dependent on the eccentricity and obliquity, provided both these parameters's values are moderate. According to our calculation, Kepler-10 b could hardly survive the intensive tidal heating without being synchronized, circularized, and reshaped through a complete or partial melt-down.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

The role of bulge formation in the homogenization of stellar populations at Z ∼ 2 as revealed by internal color dispersion in candels

We use data from the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey to study how the spatial variation in the stellar populations of galaxies relates to the formation of galaxies at 1.5 2) show reduced ICD values, implying a greater homogeneity of their stellar populations. This indicates that if a galaxy is to have a quiescent bulge along with a star-forming disk, typical of Hubble sequence galaxies, this is most common for stellar masses 10 < log (M/M{sub ⊙}) < 11 and when the bulge component remains relatively small (n<2).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

HOMOGENEOUS UGRIZ PHOTOMETRY FOR ACS VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY GALAXIES: A NON-PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS FROM SDSS IMAGING

We present photometric and structural parameters for 100 ACS Virgo Cluster Survey (ACSVCS) galaxies based on homogeneous, multi-wavelength (ugriz), wide-field SDSS (DR5) imaging. These early-type galaxies, which trace out the red sequence in the Virgo Cluster, span a factor of nearly {approx}10{sup 3} in g-band luminosity. We describe an automated pipeline that generates background-subtracted mosaic images, masks field sources and measures mean shapes, total magnitudes, effective radii, and effective surface brightnesses using a model-independent approach. A parametric analysis of the surface brightness profiles is also carried out to obtain Sersic-based structural parameters and mean galaxy colors. We compare the galaxy parameters to those in the literature, including those from the ACSVCS, finding good agreement in most cases, although the sizes of the brightest, and most extended, galaxies are found to be most uncertain and model dependent. Our photometry provides an external measurement of the random errors on total magnitudes from the widely used Virgo Cluster Catalog, which we estimate to be {sigma}(B{sub T}){approx} 0.13 mag for the brightest galaxies, rising to {approx} 0.3 mag for galaxies at the faint end of our sample (B{sub T} {approx} 16). The distribution of axial ratios of low-mass ('dwarf') galaxies bears a strong resemblance to the one observed for the higher-mass ('giant') galaxies. The global structural parameters for the full galaxy sample-profile shape, effective radius, and mean surface brightness-are found to vary smoothly and systematically as a function of luminosity, with unmistakable evidence for changes in structural homology along the red sequence. As noted in previous studies, the ugriz galaxy colors show a nonlinear but smooth variation over a {approx}7 mag range in absolute magnitude, with an enhanced scatter for the faintest systems that is likely the signature of their more diverse star formation histories.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Smooth, homogeneous, high-purity Nb 3 Sn superconducting RF resonant cavity by seed-free electrochemical synthesis

Abstract Workbench-size particle accelerators, enabled by Nb 3 Sn-based superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, hold the potential of driving scientific discovery by offering a widely accessible and affordable source of high-energy electrons and x-rays. Thin-film Nb 3 Sn RF superconductors with high quality factors, high operation temperatures, and high-field potentials are critical for these devices. However, surface roughness, non-stoichiometry, and impurities in Nb 3 Sn deposited by conventional Sn-vapor diffusion prevent them from reaching their theoretical capabilities. Here we demonstrate a seed-free electrochemical synthesis that pushes the limit of chemical and physical properties in Nb 3 Sn. Utilization of electrochemical Sn pre-deposits reduces the roughness of converted Nb 3 Sn by five times compared to typical vapor-diffused Nb 3 Sn. Quantitative mappings using chemical and atomic probes confirm improved stoichiometry and minimized impurity concentrations in electrochemically synthesized Nb 3 Sn. We have successfully applied this Nb 3 Sn to the large-scale 1.3 GHz SRF cavity and demonstrated ultra-low BCS surface resistances at multiple operation temperatures, notably lower than vapor-diffused cavities. Our smooth, homogeneous, high-purity Nb 3 Sn provides the route toward high efficiency and high fields for SRF applications under helium-free cryogenic operations.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2010

Homogeneous solutions for elliptically polarized light in a cavity containing materials with electric and magnetic nonlinearities

We study evolution equations and stationary homogeneous solutions for electric and magnetic field amplitudes in a ring cavity with flat mirrors. The cavity is filled with a positive or negative refraction index material with third order Kerr-like electric nonlinearities and also magnetic nonlinearities, which can be relevant in metamaterials. We consider the degree of freedom of polarization in the incident beam. It is found that considering a magnetic nonlinearity increases the variety of possible qualitatively different solutions. A classification of solutions is proposed in terms of the number of bifurcations. The analysis can be useful for the implementation of optical switching or memory storage using ring cavities with non linear materials.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Optimal dynamics for quantum-state and entanglement transfer through homogeneous quantum systems

The capability of faithfully transmit quantum states and entanglement through quantum channels is one of the key requirements for the development of quantum devices. Different solutions have been proposed to accomplish such a challenging task, which, however, require either an ad hoc engineering of the internal interactions of the physical system acting as the channel or specific initialization procedures. Here we show that optimal dynamics for efficient quantum-state and entanglement transfer can be attained in generic quantum systems with homogeneous interactions by tuning the coupling between the system and the two attached qubits. We devise a general procedure to determine the optimal coupling, and we explicitly implement it in the case of a channel consisting of a spin-(1/2)XY chain. The quality of quantum-state and entanglement transfer is found to be very good and, remarkably, almost independent of the channel length.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Coherent perfect absorption in a homogeneously broadened two-level medium

In recent works, it has been shown, rather generally, that the time-reversed process of lasing at threshold realizes a coherent perfect absorber (CPA). In a CPA, a lossy medium in an optical cavity with a specific degree of dissipation, equal in modulus to the gain of the lasing medium, can perfectly absorb coherent optical waves that are the time-reversed counterpart of the lasing field. Here, the time-reversed process of lasing is considered in detail for a homogeneously broadened two-level medium in an optical cavity and the conditions for CPA are derived. It is shown that, owing to the dispersive properties of the two-level medium, exact time-reversal symmetry is broken and the frequency of the field at which CPA occurs is generally different than the one of the lasing mode. Moreover, at a large cooperation parameter, the observation of CPA in the presence of bistability requires one to operate in the upper branch of the hysteresis cycle.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Comparison between theory and experiment for universal thermodynamics of a homogeneous, strongly correlated Fermi gas

We compare the theoretical predictions for universal thermodynamics of a homogeneous, strongly correlated Fermi gas with the latest experimental measurements reported by the ENS group [S. Nascimbene et al., Nature (London) 463, 1057 (2010)] and the Tokyo group [M. Horikoshi et al., Science 327, 442 (2010)]. The theoretical results are obtained using two diagrammatic theories, together with a virial expansion theory combined with a Pade approximation. We find good agreement between theory and experiment. In particular, the virial expansion, using a Pade approximation up to third order, describes the experimental results extremely well down to the superfluid transition temperature, T{sub c{approx}}0.16T{sub F}, where T{sub F} is the Fermi temperature. The comparison in this work complements our previous comparative study on the universal thermodynamics of a strongly correlated but trapped Fermi gas. The comparison also raises interesting issues about the unitary entropy and the applicability of the Pade approximation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Probing the homogeneous spectral function of a strongly interacting superfluid atomic Fermi gas in a trap using phase separation and momentum-resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy

It is of central importance to probe the local spectral function A(k,{omega}) of a strongly interacting Fermi gas in a trap. Momentum-resolved rf spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be able to probe the trap-averaged A(k,{omega}). However, the usefulness of this technique was limited by the trap inhomogeneity. Independent of a specific theory, here we propose that by studying the momentum-resolved rf spectra of the minority fermions of a phase-separated, population-imbalanced Fermi gas at low temperature, one can effectively extract A(k,{omega}) of a homogeneous superfluid Fermi gas (at the trap center). In support, we present calculated spectral functions and spectral intensity maps for various cases from BCS through Bose-Einstein condensation regimes using different theories.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Magnifying absolute instruments for optically homogeneous regions

We propose a class of magnifying absolute optical instruments with a positive isotropic refractive index. They create magnified stigmatic images, either virtual or real, of optically homogeneous three-dimensional spatial regions within geometrical optics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Correlation energy of a homogeneous dipolar Fermi gas

We study the normal state of a 3d homogeneous dipolar Fermi gas beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation. The correlation energy is found of the same order as the Fock energy, unusually strong for a Fermi-liquid system. As a result, the critical density of mechanical collapse is smaller than that estimated in the Hartree-Fock approximation. With the correlation energy included, an energy functional is proposed for the trapped system, and its property is explored.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Exchange-correlation approximations for reduced-density-matrix-functional theory at finite temperature: Capturing magnetic phase transitions in the homogeneous electron gas

Here, we derive an intrinsically temperature-dependent approximation to the correlation grand potential for many-electron systems in thermodynamical equilibrium in the context of finite-temperature reduced-density-matrix-functional theory (FT-RDMFT). We demonstrate its accuracy by calculating the magnetic phase diagram of the homogeneous electron gas. We compare it to known limits from highly accurate quantum Monte Carlo calculations as well as to phase diagrams obtained within existing exchange-correlation approximations from density functional theory and zero-temperature RDMFT.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Exchange-correlation contributions to thermodynamic properties of the homogeneous electron gas from a cumulant Green's function approach

Thermodynamic properties of the interacting homogeneous electron gas are calculated using a finite-temperature cumulant Green's function approach over a broad range of densities and temperatures up to the warm dense matter regime $T ~ T_F$, where $T_F$ is the Fermi degeneracy temperature. These properties can be separated into independent particle and exchange-correlation contributions, and our focus here is on the latter. In this work our approach is based on the Galitskii-Migdal-Koltun and electron number sum rules from the finite temperature many-body Green's function formalism, together with an extension of the cumulant Green's function to finite temperature. Previously this approach yielded exchange-correlation energies and potentials in good agreement with quantum Monte-Carlo calculations. Here the method is extended for various thermodynamic quantities including the chemical potential, total energy, Helmholtz free-energy, electronic equation of state, specific heat, and isothermal compressibility, which optionally include spin dependence. We find that the exchange-correlation contributions are weakly varying at low temperature but exhibit significant temperature dependence in the WDM regime, as well as a crossover from exchange- to correlation-dominated behavior. In contrast to the $T = 0^+$ limit, we also find that renormalization effects are largely but not completely suppressed at finite temperature. Comparisons with other approaches at various levels of approximation are also discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculation of the quasiparticle effective mass of the two-dimensional homogeneous electron gas

The quasiparticle effective mass is a key quantity in the physics of electron gases, describing the renormalization of the electron mass due to electron-electron interactions. Two-dimensional electron gases are of fundamental importance in semiconductor physics, and there have been numerous experimental and theoretical attempts to determine the quasiparticle effective mass in these systems. In this work we report quantum Monte Carlo results for the quasiparticle effective mass of a two-dimensional homogeneous electron gas. Our calculations differ from previous quantum Monte Carlo work in that much smaller statistical error bars have been achieved, allowing for an improved treatment of finite-size effects. Additionally, in some cases we have also been able to use larger system sizes than previous calculations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Quantum Monte Carlo calculation of the Fermi liquid parameters of the two-dimensional homogeneous electron gas

Fermi liquid theory is the basic paradigm within which we understand the normal behavior of interacting electron systems, but quantitative values for the parameters that occur in this theory are currently unknown in many important cases. One such case is the two-dimensional homogeneous electron gas (2D HEG), which is realized in a wide variety of semiconductor devices. We have used quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods to calculate the Landau interaction functions between pairs of quasiparticles. We use these to study the Fermi liquid parameters, finding that finite-size effects represent a serious obstacle to the direct determination of Fermi liquid parameters in QMC calculations. We have used QMC data in the literature for other properties of the 2D HEG to assemble a set of “best available” values for the Fermi liquid parameters.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

First-principles localized cluster expansion study of the kinetics of hydrogen diffusion in homogeneous and heterogeneous Fe-Cr alloys

Metal alloys have a wide range of technological applications, from structural materials to catalysts. In many situations, the transport of hydrogen, whether intentionally for hydrogen storage and fuel cell applications or unintentionally in the case of tritium uptake in nuclear materials, is an important concern. Fe-Cr binary alloys, in particular, may be viewed as a simple model system to represent ferritic steels used in nuclear energy systems and, more generally, as a model binary alloy for examining the role of alloying elements on transport. In this work, we used density functional theory, cluster expansion, and kinetic Monte Carlo to study hydrogen kinetics in Fe-Cr alloys. In random homogeneous alloys, we observed that hydrogen diffusivity first decreased with increasing Cr content and then increased to its levels in pure Cr. Furthermore, the effects of heterogeneity, as might be induced by irradiation, were explored and it was concluded that local structural heterogeneities for the same overall Cr concentration may significantly affect the hydrogen diffusivity. The effect was attributed to the relative binding energy of hydrogen in different metals and this understanding was then utilized to predict hydrogen transport behavior in different element-segregated grain/grain boundary combinations and thus identify solute/solvent alloys where hydrogen transport might be either hindered or enhanced. Finally, we comment on the potential impact of radiation-induced segregation on hydrogen behavior in nuclear energy systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Status of free-energy representations for the homogeneous electron gas

Renewed interest in the homogeneous electron gas (HEG) has been stimulated by recent accurate simulations of it over a wide range of densities and temperatures. Those data, combined with known theoretical limits, have led to analytical representations of the free energy. Such a representation is, at least in principle, the complete HEG equation of state. The initial objective here is to establish that the two best representations of the simulation data and constraints are effectively the same in both functional form and accuracy of representation. The second objective is to disclose and delineate a significant difficulty. Despite their expected accuracy for the free energy, the underlying functional form is not adequate for derived thermodynamic properties. As an example, the specific heats obtained from the representations exhibit anomalies suggesting the need first for additional simulation data in critical regimes, then for refined fitting functions. Here, the existing representations are, however, almost certainly adequate for applications based on the free energy alone (e.g., density functional theory for warm dense matter). The third objective is to show that, despite their inability to provide a complete thermodynamic description of the HEG, the best analytical representations do provide a fully adequate exchange-correlation local density approximation for free energy density functional calculations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗