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At least 541 records · Page 30

Electric‐Field‐Driven Reversal of Ferromagnetism in (110)‐Oriented, Single Phase, Multiferroic Co‐Substituted BiFeO 3 Thin Films

Abstract While multiferroic materials are attractive systems for the promise of ultra‐low‐power‐consumption computational technologies, electric‐field‐induced magnetization reversal is a key challenge for realizing devices at scale. Though significant research efforts have been working toward the realization of a material which couples ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, there are few, even composite, systems which are practical for device scale applications at room temperature. Co‐substituted multiferroic BiFe 0.9 Co 0.1 O 3 is a promising candidate system, due to coupled ferroelectricity and weak ferromagnetism at room temperature. Here, it is theoretically indicated that the ferroic orders in this material are statically coupled, where an in‐plane 109° ferroelectric switching event can result in the reversal of this out‐of‐plane component of magnetization, and the electric field‐induced magnetization reversal is experimentally observed. Such an in‐plane poling configuration is particularly desirable for device applications.

Chemistry↗

Induced Ferromagnetism in Epitaxial Uranium Dioxide Thin Films

Abstract Actinide materials have various applications that range from nuclear energy to quantum computing. Most current efforts have focused on bulk actinide materials. Tuning functional properties by using strain engineering in epitaxial thin films is largely lacking. Using uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) as a model system, in this work, the authors explore strain engineering in actinide epitaxial thin films and investigate the origin of induced ferromagnetism in an antiferromagnet UO 2 . It is found that UO 2+ x thin films are hypostoichiometric ( x <0) with in‐plane tensile strain, while they are hyperstoichiometric ( x >0) with in‐plane compressive strain. Different from strain engineering in non‐actinide oxide thin films, the epitaxial strain in UO 2 is accommodated by point defects such as vacancies and interstitials due to the low formation energy. Both epitaxial strain and strain relaxation induced point defects such as oxygen/uranium vacancies and oxygen/uranium interstitials can distort magnetic structure and result in magnetic moments. This work reveals the correlation among strain, point defects and ferromagnetism in strain engineered UO 2+ x thin films and the results offer new opportunities to understand the influence of coupled order parameters on the emergent properties of many other actinide thin films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Unordinary Ferromagnetic Phase Transitions in Mn- and Fe-doped Half-Heusler CoTiSb

Unordinary ferromagnetic character and high Curie temperature around 900 K have been detected for CoTi {sub 1−x}M{sub x}Sb (M = Mn and Fe, x = 0.1) multiphases systems. The synthesis process was carried out at high temperature in evacuated quartz tubes. The x-ray powder diffraction analysis through Rietveld method was applied to refine the crystal structure. By manipulating the search match program, three nanocrystalline phases of CoTiSb (64.5%), CoSb (15.5%), and TiSb{sub 2} (20.5%) for Mn-doped system and CoTiSb (33%), Ti{sub 3}Sb (35.3%), and CoTi{sub 2} (30.7%) for Fe-doped system were recognized. The term “phase” was used to address the coexistence of different stable chemical compositions for the same half-Heusler alloy. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) were applied to characterize the morphology, size, shape, crystallinity and lattice spacing. Good matching was detected between the obtained d values using electron diffraction data and those calculated from x-ray analysis. Well defined nanocrystalline structure with average interatomic distances equaling 0.229 nm, 0.286 nm together with many successive rings with sharp diffraction spots characterized the Fe-doped system. In contrast, partially distorted structured planes and smeared halo surrounded by weak rings were detected in the Mn-doped system. Thermo-magnetic measurements (M-T) were performed for both systems. In addition to Curie transition, many magnetic phase transitions were detected and confirmed through the ΔM/ ΔT vs. T relationship. The field-dependence magnetization (M-H) was measured at different temperatures. The M-H hysteresis loops showed the ferromagnetic character for both systems. Tentative magnetic phase diagrams are suggested as a guide for future research.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Ising-Type Single-Segment Ferromagnetic Nanowire with Core/Shell: the Dependences of the Angle, Temperature, and Geometry

The hysteresis properties of a nanostructure are affected by many factors, such as the material of the nanostructure, the shape and size of the nanostructure, the orientation of the magnetizing field. In the present study, the influence of angle, temperature, and geometry on an Ising-type single-segment ferromagnetic nanowire with core/shell are studied by the effective-field theory with correlations. The behavior of the coercivity is presented by means of phase diagrams in the seven different planes and detected the magnetic characteristics of the nanowire. We find that the magnetic hardness decreases as the angle and temperature increase. We also observe that hysteresis behaviors of ferromagnetic nanowire have strong dependence on interlayer length, shell length, and wire length.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The Preference of the Ferromagnetic Ordering for the Novel Heusler Rh{sub 2}MnTi Compound

Rh{sub 2}MnTi is a novel magnetic material at potentially high speed in modern technologies. Rh{sub 2}MnTi is susceptible to structural distortion of the ferromagnetic tetragonal Heusler. We tried to provide additional information on the magnetic order for this material through a study by means of first-principle calculations. The numerical work on the electronic and magnetic structural parameters of Rh{sub 2}MnTi crystal was carried out within the density functional theory level as implemented in all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The dependence of the elastic constants C{sub ij} for cubic structure, the aggregate elastic moduli B and G, and the related mechanical properties are investigated. The calculated density of states (DOS) and band structure for Rh{sub 2}MnTi show the absence of energy band gap in their minority-spin channel which moves away half-metallic character, the magnetic moments, and Curie temperature in both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ordering are also investigated. The dependence of Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and power factor on the Fermi level are investigated.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Hexanuclear and Heptanuclear Nickel(II) Complexes of with a Non-Schiff-Base Tetradentate Ligand: an Example of Slow Motion Ferromagnetic Phase Transition at Very Low Temperature

Hexanuclear and heptanuclear nickel(II) complexes with N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine (H{sub 2}hdde), [Ni{sub 6}(hdde){sub 3}(OH){sub 4}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}]·2dmf (dmf = N,N-dimethylformamide) and [Ni{sub 7}(hdde){sub 3}(OH){sub 6}(dmac){sub 3}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 2} (dmac = N,N-dimethylacetamide), were investigated. The latter complex was newly synthesized and the single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed a wheel-shaped heptanuclear cluster. These complexes showed a ferromagnetic interaction in the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibilities. The micro-SQUID data of the former complex did not show SMM property, whereas the AC susceptibility measurements suggested SMM-like behavior and the zero-field-cooled and field-cooled studies showed a ferromagnetic transition near 240 mK for the latter complex.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Nonautonomous complex wave solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain equation with variable coefficients

This paper studies the (2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain equation with variable coefficients (2D-VcHFSCE), which describes the Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chains’s nonlinear spin dynamics with bilinear and anisotropic interactions in the semiclassical limit. Nonautonomous complex wave solutions are obtained such as similarity, bright and dark soliton solutions. Furthermore, analytic solutions are also presented based on the G{sup ′}/G-expansion method. The propagation properties of the obtained solutions are shown by some 3D- and contour plots.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Competing Interactions between Mesoscale Length-Scales, Order-Disorder, and Martensitic Transformation in Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys

In the present study, the effects of composition and heat treatments and the resulting microstructural changes on the martensitic transformation and ferromagnetic transition have been investigated in NiCoMnIn metamagnetic shape memory alloys. In this shape memory alloy system, it is observed that upon heat treatments at a wide temperature range, the onset temperature of the martensitic transformation follows a non-monotonic behavior with respect to heat treatment time, and the nature of the non-monotonic behavior is also a function of composition. This behavior cannot be attributed to well-known factors such as precipitation, change in local composition due to the precipitation and/or global degree of order. In this work, a systematic investigation through synthesis, thermal processing and characterization via thermo-physical measurements, transmission electron microscopy and in-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments has been used to correlate the non-monotonic dependence of the martensitic transformation and ferromagnetic transition temperatures to the evolution of L2 1 domains arising from a order/disorder phase transition. A thermodynamic model for the magneto-structural transition is combined with classical nucleation theory to further ascertain the role of microstructural length-scales on the onset of the martensitic transformation. This work thus provides understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that can be controlled to tune the coupled magneto-structural transformations in NiCoMnIn metamagnetic shape memory alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnon energy renormalization and low-temperature thermodynamics of O(3) Heisenberg ferromagnets

We present the perturbation theory for lattice magnon fields of the D-dimensional O(3) Heisenberg ferromagnet. The effective Hamiltonian for the lattice magnon fields is obtained starting from the effective Lagrangian, with two dominant contributions that describe magnon–magnon interactions identified as a usual gradient term for the unit vector field and a part originating in the Wess–Zumino–Witten term of the effective Lagrangian. Feynman diagrams for lattice scalar fields with derivative couplings are introduced, on the basis of which we investigate the influence of magnon–magnon interactions on magnon self-energy and ferromagnet free energy. We also comment appearance of spurious terms in low-temperature series for the free energy by examining magnon–magnon interactions and internal symmetry of the effective Hamiltonian (Lagrangian). -- Highlights: •Lattice magnon Hamiltonian constructed from the effective Lagrangian. •New Feynman diagrams with colored propagators and vertices for lattice scalar fields. •Influence of magnon–magnon interactions from the WZW term on magnon energies and free energy of O(3) HFM.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Nickel/carbon core/shell nanotubes: Lanthanum nickel alloy catalyzed synthesis, characterization and studies on their ferromagnetic and lithium-ion storage properties

Highlights: • Ni/CNTs core/shell structure was synthesized using LaNi{sub 5} alloy catalyst by CVD. • The magnetic and lithium-ion storage properties of Ni/CNTs structure were studied. • The specific Ni/CNTs structure shows strong ferromagnetic property with large coercivity value of 446.42 Oe. • Ni/CNTs structure shows enhanced electrochemical performance in terms of stable capacity and better rate capability. - Abstract: A method was developed to synthesize ferromagnetic nickel core/carbon shell nanotubes (Ni/CNTs) by chemical vapor deposition using Pauli paramagnetic lanthanum nickel (LaNi{sub 5}) alloy both as a catalyst and as a source for the Ni-core. The Ni-core was obtained through oxidative dissociation followed by hydrogen reduction during the catalytic growth of the CNTs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses reveal that the Ni-core exists as a face centered cubic single crystal. The magnetic hysteresis loop of Ni/CNTs particle shows increased coercivity (446.42 Oe) than bulk Ni at room temperature. Furthermore, the Ni/CNTs core/shell particles were investigated as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. The Ni/CNTs electrode delivered a high discharge capacity of 309 mA h g{sup −1} at 0.2 C, and a stable cycle-life, which is attributed to high structural stability of Ni/CNTs electrode during electrochemical lithium-ion insertion and de-insertion redox reactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Noncentrosymmetric Nowotny Chimney Ladder Ferromagnet Cr 4 Ge 7 with a High Curie Temperature of ~207 K

Noncentrosymmetric magnets usually host intriguing magnetic interactions inherent in the crystal structure with broken inversion symmetry, which can give rise to rich magnetic behaviors. Here, we report herein the high-pressure synthesis, crystal structure, magnetizations, and magnetic structure of a so-called Nowotny chimney ladder compound Cr 4 Ge 7 . Our analysis on the powder neutron diffraction data revises the crystal structure as a noncentrosymmetric space group (P4̅c2, No. 116). It exhibits two magnetic orders within the temperature range of 2–400 K. The first order at ~207 K associated with a small magnetic moment of ~0.75 μ B is assigned to a commensurate ferromagnetic structure with a propagation vector k = (0, 0, 0). The weak itinerant ferromagnet nature should be caused by the complex Cr spin orders from different Wyckoff positions. The second order-like behavior at ~18 K is assumed to arise from a competition between the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya and Heisenberg interactions. The results provide an excellent platform for the study of intricate interactions among various magnetic exchanges as well as for the exploration of high-temperature exotic magnetic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Structural Phase Transitions in the van der Waals Ferromagnets Fe x Pd y Te 2

Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnets are attracting significant attention, both as platforms for studying fundamental magnetic interactions and for the exciting possibility of utilizing them as building blocks in devices and heterostructures, which may lead to new physical phenomena and functionalities. Here, we provide a detailed study of the crystal structure and physical properties of the recently discovered vdW ferromagnet FePd 2 Te 2 . We find this compound has a relatively wide width of formation, and grow single crystals with compositions Fe x Pd y Te 2 where x ranges from 0.9 to 1.1 and y from 1.8 to 2.5, respectively. Temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and transport measurements reveal that a first-order structural transition occurs in the range of T = 360–420 K, where the critical temperature, modulation wave vector, and corresponding room-temperature crystal structures all depend on chemical composition. Above the transition, the compounds with Pd fraction y > 2 adopt a disordered derivative of the tetragonal FeTe structure, with the Fe layer showing mixed Fe/Pd occupancy and the extra Pd atoms partially occupying interstitial sites. Below 370 K, the structure is incommensurately modulated, likely associated with the complex ordering of Pd/Fe atoms in the metal layers or the interstitial Pd in the vdW gaps. For y < 2, the composition Fe 1.1 Pd 1.8 Te 2 has monoclinic symmetry at room temperature that is consistent with the reported structure of FePd 2 Te 2 . This phase undergoes a structural transition at 420 K for which the high temperature structure is yet to be determined; however, based on the similarities with the y > 2 compounds, we speculate that its T > 420 K structure is also tetragonal. Importantly, the high temperature, symmetry-breaking structural transition observed here provides a likely explanation for the origin of the structural domains previously observed in FePd 2 Te 2 . All compounds investigated in the Fe x Pd y Te 2 series show metallic behavior, with magnetic characterization indicating that they are easy-plane, hard, ferromagnets with T C spanning 98–180 K. Both the critical temperature for the structural transition and the Curie temperature are moderately suppressed with increasing Pd fraction y and corresponding decreasing Fe fraction x, indicating that synthetic control over x and y paves way for the further exploration of these compounds.

crystal structure↗

Ferromagnetic Spin-1/2 Dimers with Strong Anisotropy in MoCl 5

The pentachloride MoCl 5 adopts several molecular crystal structures, all comprising isolated Mo 2 Cl 10 units with well-separated Mo–Mo magnetic dimers. Using magnetization measurements, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and first-principles calculations, we confirm ferromagnetism with strong anisotropy below a Curie temperature of 22 K in α-MoCl 5 , and report a fifth polymorph, ϵ-MoCl 5 , that we find to be ferromagnetic below 14 K. Magnetization measurements indicate unquenched orbital moments antialigned with the spins. This is confirmed by first-principles calculations, which also predict an unusually strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy in α-MoCl 5 arising from spin–orbit coupling. An anisotropy field near 80 T is calculated, while a smaller but still substantial anisotropy field exceeding 12 T is realized experimentally. Further, increased anisotropy and Curie temperature are predicted when W is substituted for Mo. Similarly, strong magnetism and anisotropy are predicted for isolated Mo 2 Cl 10 molecules, indicating the potential for true molecular magnetism. Altogether, these results identify Mo 1–x W x Cl 5 as novel molecular crystals that combine spin 1/2 with strong magnetic anisotropy and exhibit surprisingly high Curie temperatures, considering their molecular nature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Anomalous Ferromagnetic Behavior in Orthorhombic Li 3 Co 2 SbO 6

Monoclinic Li 3 Co 2 SbO 6 has been proposed as a Kitaev spin liquid candidate and investigated intensively, whereas the properties of its polymorph, the orthorhombic phase, are less known. In this work, we report the magnetic properties of orthorhombic Li 3 Co 2 SbO 6 as revealed by dc and ac magnetic susceptibility, muon spin relaxation (μSR), and neutron diffraction measurements. Successive magnetic transitions at 115, 89, and 71 K were observed in the low-field dc susceptibility measurements. The transitions below T N (115 K) are suppressed at higher applied fields. However, zero-field ac susceptibility measurements reveal distinct frequency-independent transitions at about 114, 107, 97, 79, and 71 K. A long-range magnetic ordered state was confirmed by specific heat, μSR, and neutron diffraction measurements, all indicating a single transition at about 115 K. The discrepancy between different measurements is attributed to possible stacking faults and/or local disorders of the ferromagnetic zigzag chains, resulting in ferromagnetic boundaries within the overall antiferromagnetic matrix.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Origin of Ferromagnetic Exchange Coupling in Donor–Acceptor Biradical Analogues of Charge-Separated Excited States

A new donor–acceptor biradical complex, Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-VD) (Tp Cum,Me Zn + = zinc(II) hydro-tris(3-cumenyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)borate complex cation; SQ = orthosemiquinone; VD = oxoverdazyl), which is a ground-state analogue of a charge-separated excited state, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Here, the magnetic exchange interaction between the S = 1/2 SQ and the S = 1/2 VD within the SQ-VD biradical ligand is observed to be ferromagnetic, with $J_{SQ-VD}$ = +77 cm –1 (H = -2$J_{SQ-VD}\bar{S}_{SQ}·\bar{S}_{VD}$) determined from an analysis of the variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data. The pairwise biradical exchange interaction in Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-VD) can be compared with that of the related donor–acceptor biradical complex Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-NN) (NN = nitronyl nitroxide, S = 1/2), where $J_{SQ-NN}$ ≅ +550 cm –1 . This represents a dramatic reduction in the biradical exchange by a factor of ~7, despite the isolobal nature of the VD and NN acceptor radical SOMOs. Computations assessing the magnitude of the exchange were performed using a broken-symmetry density functional theory (DFT) approach. These computations are in good agreement with those computed at the CASSCF NEVPT2 level, which also reveals an S = 1 triplet ground state as observed in the magnetic susceptibility measurements. A combination of electronic absorption spectroscopy and CASSCF computations has been used to elucidate the electronic origin of the large difference in the magnitude of the biradical exchange coupling between Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-VD) and Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-NN). A Valence Bond Configuration Interaction (VBCI) model was previously employed to highlight the importance of mixing an SQ SOMO → NNLUMO charge transfer configuration into the electronic ground state to facilitate the stabilization of the high-spin triplet (S = 1) ground state in Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-NN). Here, CASSCF computations confirm the importance of mixing the pendant radical (e.g., VD, NN) LUMO (VD LUMO and NN LUMO ) with the SOMO of the SQ radical (SQ SOMO ) for stabilizing the triplet, in addition to spin polarization and charge transfer contributions to the exchange. An important electronic structure difference between Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-VD) and Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-NN), which leads to their different exchange couplings, is the reduced admixture of excited states that promote ferromagnetic exchange into the Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-VD) ground state, and the intrinsically weaker mixing between the VD LUMO and the SQ SOMO compared to that observed for Tp Cum,Me Zn(SQ-NN), where this orbital mixing is significant. The results of this comparative study contribute to a greater understanding of biradical exchange interactions, which are important to our understanding of excited-state singlet–triplet energy gaps, electron delocalization, and the generation of electron spin polarization in both the ground and excited states of (bpy)Pt(CAT-radical) complexes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Geometric and Magnetic Structures of K 2 ReI 6 as an Antiferromagnetic Insulator with Ferromagnetic Spin-Canting Originated from Spin–Orbit Coupling

We present the results of a crystallographic analysis, magnetic characterization including neutron powder diffraction, and theoretical assessment of K 2 ReI 6 prepared using solvent reactions. K 2 ReI 6 crystallizes in the space group P 2 1 / n with an inversion center. Magnetic measurements of K 2 ReI 6 sample indicate dominant antiferromagnetic coupling with a Curie–Weiss temperature of θ W = –63.3(1) K, effective magnetic moment ~2.64 μ B /Re but show a weak ferromagnetism ordered at ~24 K. Neutron powder diffraction indicates long-range order of the Re spins below 24 K, with an ordered magnetic moment of 2.2(1) μ B /Re at 1.5 K. Therefore, a canted antiferromagnetic structure is concluded. The electronic structures using first-principles calculations suggest that the antiferromagnetic model of K 2 ReI 6 yields the lowest total energy and opens a band gap with ~1.0 eV width, which is consistent with the UV–vis–NIR optical measurements. After including the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) into the calculation, the band degeneracies slightly shift without influencing the band gap. Furthermore, the results imply that K 2 ReI 6 is an antiferromagnetic insulator with weak ferromagnetic spin-canting resulting from strong SOC-entangled ground state S = 3/2.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Nanoscale Magnetic Ordering Dynamics in a High Curie Temperature Ferromagnet

Thermally driven transitions between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases are characterized by critical behavior with divergent susceptibilities, long-range correlations, and spin dynamics that can span kHz to GHz scales as the material approaches the critical temperature T c , but it has proven technically challenging to probe the relevant length and time scales with most conventional measurement techniques. In this study, we employ scanning nitrogen-vacancy center based magnetometry and relaxometry to reveal the critical behavior of a high-T c ferromagnetic oxide near its Curie temperature. Cluster analysis of the measured temperature-dependent nanoscale magnetic textures points to a 3D universality class with a correlation length that diverges near T c . Meanwhile, the temperature-dependent spin dynamics, measured through all optical relaxometry suggest that the phase transition is in the XY universality class. In conclusion, our results capture both static and dynamic aspects of critical behavior, providing insights into universal properties that govern phase transitions in magnetic materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Ferromagnetic Interlayer Exchange Coupling in a Few Layers of CrSBr on a Gold Thin Film

Abstract The two-dimensional character of van der Waals magnets allows for efficient control of their properties via proximity effects and electrical stimuli, making them promising candidates for application in spin electronics. We use spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy to directly image the magnetic texture of thin CrSBr on top of a Au film, discovering a ferromagnetic ground state. We argue that the stabilization of the ferromagnetic ordering─as compared to the conventional antiferromagnetic one─is obtained via electron transfer from the Au film to the CrSBr flakes, in agreement with ab initio density functional theory calculations. Reflected-electron spectroscopy shows clear differences in the unoccupied density of states between a few layers of CrSBr on Au and bulk CrSBr, pointing toward electronic band structure modification in thin CrSBr. This work sheds light on the possibility of tuning the magnetic properties of two-dimensional magnets via substrate engineering.

Bosma, Rixt [University of Groningen , , ,]↗