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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Superconducting magnetic Wollaston prism for neutron spin encoding

A magnetic Wollaston prism can spatially split a polarized neutron beam into two beams with different neutron spin states, in a manner analogous to an optical Wollaston prism. Such a Wollaston prism can be used to encode the trajectory of neutrons into the Larmor phase associated with their spin degree of freedom. This encoding can be used for neutron phase-contrast radiography and in spin echo scattering angle measurement (SESAME). In this paper, we show that magnetic Wollaston prisms with highly uniform magnetic fields and low Larmor phase aberration can be constructed to preserve neutron polarization using high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials. The Meissner effect of HTS films is used to confine magnetic fields produced electromagnetically by current-carrying HTS tape wound on suitably shaped soft iron pole pieces. The device is cooled to ∼30 K by a closed cycle refrigerator, eliminating the need to replenish liquid cryogens and greatly simplifying operation and maintenance. A HTS film ensures that the magnetic field transition within the prism is sharp, well-defined, and planar due to the Meissner effect. The spin transport efficiency across the device was measured to be ∼98.5% independent of neutron wavelength and energizing current. The position-dependent Larmor phase of neutron spins was measured at the NIST Center for Neutron Research facility and found to agree well with detailed simulations. The phase varies linearly with horizontal position, as required, and the neutron beam shows little depolarization. Consequently, the device has advantages over existing devices with similar functionality and provides the capability for a large neutron beam (20 mm × 30 mm) and an increase in length scales accessible to SESAME to beyond 10 μm. With further improvements of the external coupling guide field in the prototype device, a larger neutron beam could be employed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Hot electromagnetic outflows. III. Displaced fireball in a strong magnetic field

The evolution of a dilute electron-positron fireball is calculated in the regime of strong magnetization and high compactness (ℓ ∼ 10{sup 3}-10{sup 8}). Heating is applied at a low effective temperature (<25 keV), appropriate to breakout from a confining medium, so that relaxation to a blackbody is inhibited by pair annihilation. The diffusion equation for Compton scattering by thermal pairs is coupled to a trans-relativistic cyclo-synchrotron source. We find that the photon spectrum develops a quasi-thermal peak at energy ∼0.1 m{sub e}c {sup 2} in the comoving frame, with a power-law slope below it that is characteristic of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs; F{sub ω} ∼ const). The formation of a thermal high-energy spectrum is checked using the full kinetic equations. Calculations for a baryon-dominated photosphere reveal a lower spectral peak energy, and a harder low-energy spectrum, unless ion rest mass carries ≲ 10{sup –5} of the energy flux. We infer that (1) the GRB spectrum is inconsistent with the neutron-rich wind emitted by a young magnetar or neutron torus, and points to an event horizon in the engine; (2) neutrons play a negligible role in prompt gamma-ray emission; (3) the relation between observed peak frequency and burst energy is bounded below by the observed Amati relation if the Lorentz factor ∼(opening angle){sup –1} at breakout, and the jet is surrounded by a broader sheath that interacts with a collapsing stellar core; (4) X-ray flashes are consistent with magnetized jets with ion-dominated photospheres; (5) high-frequency Alfvén waves may become charge starved in the dilute pair gas; (6) limitations on magnetic reconnection from plasma collisionality have been overestimated.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Dispersive approach to two-photon exchange in elastic electron-proton scattering

We examine the two-photon exchange corrections to elastic electron-nucleon scattering within a dispersive approach, including contributions from both nucleon and Δ intermediate states. The dispersive analysis avoids off-shell uncertainties inherent in traditional approaches based on direct evaluation of loop diagrams, and guarantees the correct unitary behavior in the high energy limit. Using empirical information on the electromagnetic nucleon elastic and N Δ transition form factors, we compute the two-photon exchange corrections both algebraically and numerically. Finally, results are compared with recent measurements of e + p to e - p cross section ratios from the CLAS, VEPP-3 and OLYMPUS experiments.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Upgrades to the Polarized Neutron Reflectometer Asterix at LANSCE

We have upgraded the polarized neutron reflectometer, Asterix, at the Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at Los Alamos for the benefit of the research communities that study magnetic and complex-fluid films, both of which play important roles in support of the DOE’s energy mission. The upgrades to the instrument include: A secondary spectrometer that was integrated with a Huber sample goniometer purchased with other funds just prior to the start of our project. The secondary spectrometer provides a flexible length for the scattered flight path, includes a mechanism to select among 3 alternative polarization analyzers as well as a support for new neutron detectors. Also included is an optic rail for reproducible positioning of components for Spin Echo Scattering Angle Measurement (SESAME). The entire secondary spectrometer is now non-magnetic, as required for neutron Larmor labeling. • A broad-band neutron polarizer for the incident neutron beam based on the V geometry. • A wide-angle neutron polarization analyzer • A 2d position-sensitive neutron detector • Electromagnetic coils (Wollaston prisms) for SESAME plus the associated power supplies, cooling, safety systems and integration into the data acquisition system. The upgrades allowed a nearly effortless transition between configurations required to serve the polarized neutron reflectometry community, users of the 11 T cryomagnet and users of SESAME.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Resonant dielectric metamaterials

A resonant dielectric metamaterial comprises a first and a second set of dielectric scattering particles (e.g., spheres) having different permittivities arranged in a cubic array. The array can be an ordered or randomized array of particles. The resonant dielectric metamaterials are low-loss 3D isotropic materials with negative permittivity and permeability. Such isotropic double negative materials offer polarization and direction independent electromagnetic wave propagation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The Heavy Photon Search Experiment at Jefferson Laboratory

The Heavy Photon Search (HPS) is a new experiment at Jefferson Lab that will search for massive U(1) vector bosons (also known as heavy photons, dark photons, or A?) of mass 20--1000 MeV that couple to electric charge with relative coupling a'/a of 10^-5 -- 10^-10. The HPS experiment is designed to produce heavy photons by electron scattering off a fixed target, and detect them using two decay channels (e+e- or u+u- pairs) and two signatures (invariant mass resonance and displaced decay vertex). The detector is a compact, large-acceptance forward spectrometer comprising a silicon microstrip tracker for momentum measurement and vertexing, an electromagnetic calorimeter for triggering on e+e-, and a muon detector for triggering on u+u-. This talk will cover the motivations for heavy photons and give an overview of the HPS experiment.

Uemura, Sho↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pressure-Driven Changes in the Electronic Bonding Environment of GeO 2 Glass above Megabar Pressures

Noncrystalline oxides under pressure undergo gradual structural modifications, highlighted by the formation of a dense noncrystalline network topology. The nature of the densified networks and their electronic structures at high pressures may account for the mechanical hardening and the anomalous changes in electromagnetic properties. Despite its importance, direct probing of the electronic structures in amorphous oxides under compression above the Mbar pressure (>100 GPa) is currently lacking. Here, we report the observation of pressure-driven changes in electronic configurations and their delocalization around oxygen in glasses using inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy (IXS). In particular, the first O K-edge IXS spectra for compressed GeO 2 glass up to 148 GPa, the highest pressure ever reached in an experimental study of GeO 2 glass, reveal that the glass densification results from a progressive increase of oxygen proximity. While the triply coordinated oxygen [3] O is dominant below ~50 GPa, the IXS spectra resolve multiple edge features that are unique to topologically disordered [4] O upon densification above 55 GPa. Topological compaction in GeO 2 glass above 100 GPa results in pronounced electronic delocalization, revealing the contribution from Ge d-orbitals to oxide densification. Strong correlations between the glass density and the electronic configurations beyond the Mbar conditions highlight the electronic origins of densification of heavy-metal-bearing oxide glasses. Furthermore, current experimental breakthroughs shed light on the direct probing of the electronic density of states in high-Z oxides above 1 Mbar, offering prospects for studies on the pressure-driven changes in magnetism, superconductivity, and electronic transport properties in heavy-metal-bearing oxides under compression.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nuclear Structure Studies in the 132 Sn Region: Safe Coulex with Carbon Targets

The collective and single-particle structure of nuclei in the 132 Sn region was recently studied by Coulomb excitation and heavy-ion induced transfer reactions using carbon, beryllium, and titanium targets. In particular, Coulomb excitation was used determine a complete set of electromagnetic moments for the first 2 + states and one-neutron transfer was used to probe the purity and evolution of single-neutron states. These recent experiments were conducted at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at ORNL using a CsI-HPGe detector array (BareBall- CLARION) to detect scattered particles and emitted gamma rays from the in-beam reactions. A Bragg-curve detector was used to measure the energy loss of the various beams through the targets and to measure the radioactive beam compositions. A sample of the Coulomb excitation results is presented here with an emphasis placed on 116 Sn. In particular, the safe Coulex criterion for carbon targets will be analyzed and discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Theoretical and computational studies on the scattering of radio frequency waves by fluctuations

The practical and economic viability of tokamak fusion reactors depends, in a significant way, on the efficiency of radio frequency (RF) waves to deliver energy and momentum to the plasma in the core of the reactor. Among the various attributes of RF waves is their ability to heat magnetically confined plasmas, induce plasma currents in an effort to achieve steady state, and modify the current profile so as to control plasma instabilities like the neoclassical tearing modes. The RF electromagnetic waves, excited by antenna structures placed near the wall of a tokamak, have to propagate through the turbulent plasma in the scrape-off layer (SOL) along their path to the core plasma. While the propagation and damping of RF waves in the core is reasonably well understood, the same is not true for RF propagation through the SOL. In present day fusion devices, the radial width of the SOL is of the order of a few centimeters. In ITER and in future fusion reactors this width will be of the order of tens of centimeters. Any deleterious effects on RF waves due to plasma turbulence in the SOL has to be properly understood in order to optimize the delivery of RF energy and momentum into the core. This paper is on a multi-pronged approach that is being pursued to quantify the effect of SOL plasma on RF waves. The SOL is composed of coherent filamentary, or blob like, structures and incoherent fluctuations. For coherent structures a full-wave theoretical model has been developed. This model is used to benchmark computational codes that are subsequently used to study general distribution of filaments, thereby extending the range of the theoretical formulation. For incoherent fluctuations, a common approach towards quantifying the effects of turbulence is the Kirchhoff technique. This technique is based on physical optics and the wave fields at any point on a spatially varying surface are approximated to be the same as the fields on a tangent plane at that point. The results from the theoretical analysis are compared with full-wave numerical simulations for incoherent fluctuations. The final part of these studies is to construct the effective permittivity of a turbulent plasma that is a mix of coherent and incoherent fluctuations. Towards this end, the ``effective medium approximation'' is being used to construct the permittivity of the turbulent plasma that will be used in full-wave and physical optics studies of scattering. All these approaches are distinctly different from previous studies on the RF wave propagation through turbulent plasmas. The theory and computations discussed in this paper apply to RF waves in any frequency range and for arbitrary variations in density, and reveal new and important physical insights into the scattering of RF waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

First measurement of electron neutrino scattering cross section on argon

We report the first electron neutrino cross section measurements on argon, based on data collected by the ArgoNeuT experiment running in the GeV-scale NuMI beamline at Fermilab. A flux-averaged $\nu_e + \overline{\nu}_e$ total and a lepton angle differential cross section are extracted using 13 $\nu_e$ and $\overline{\nu}_e$ events identified with fully-automated selection and reconstruction. We employ electromagnetic-induced shower characterization and analysis tools developed to identify $\nu_e/\overline{\nu}_e$-like events among complex interaction topologies present in ArgoNeuT data ($\langle E_{\bar{\nu}_e} \rangle = 4.3$ GeV and $\langle E_{\nu_e} \rangle = 10.5$ GeV). The techniques are widely applicable to searches for electron-flavor appearance at short- and long-baseline using liquid argon time projection chamber technology. Notably, the data-driven studies of GeV-scale $\nu_e/\overline{\nu}_e$ interactions presented in this Letter probe an energy regime relevant for future DUNE oscillation physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Polarization‐Engineered Near‐Field Generation Using a Hybrid Tip–Antenna System

Precise control of light polarization at the nanoscale is critical for accessing chiral optical responses and manipulating spin–photon interactions in advanced materials. Yet, conventional scattering-type near-field probes predominantly generate out-of-plane linear polarization and offer little control over phase or polarization state. Here, in this study, we introduce a polarization-engineered near-field methodology based on a combined metallic tip and planar dipole nanoantenna system. Using full-wave electromagnetic simulations, we show that the tip acts as a vertically oriented plasmonic resonator, while the antenna supports an in-plane dipolar mode. By tuning the tip–antenna geometry and tip height, the two orthogonal field components attain comparable amplitudes and a controllable ∼90° phase offset, producing circularly polarized nano-light in the antenna gap. The proposed system effectively functions as a nanoscale quarter-wave plate, converting linearly polarized illumination into circularly polarized hotspots without external polarization optics. This method establishes an experimentally accessible route toward polarization-programmable near-field nanoscopy, enabling chiral spectroscopy, selective excitation of spin/valley degrees of freedom, and quantum optical investigations at the nanoscale.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Self-focusing of electromagnetic surface waves on a nonlinear impedance surface

The self-focusing effect of optical beams has been a popular topic of study for quite a while, but such a nonlinear phenomenon at microwave frequencies has never been realized, partially due to the underdevelopment of nonlinear material. In this research, self-focused electromagnetic (EM) surface waves are demonstrated on a circuit-based, power-dependent impedance surface. The formation of a self-focused beam is investigated using a series of discrete-time simulations, and the result is further validated in measurement. It is experimentally observed that, in contrast to the normal scattering of low-power surface waves, high-power waves propagate through the surface while maintaining narrow beam width, and even converge extremely tightly to create a hot spot with higher power. The result is essentially a nonlinear effect of the surface that compensates for the natural tendency of surface waves to diffract. This intriguing experiment can be extended to various potential EM applications such as power-dependent beam steering antennas and nonlinear microwave propagation or dissipation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Statistics of scattered photons from a driven three-level emitter in 1D open space

We derive the statistics of scattered photons from a Λ- or ladder-type three-level emitter (3LE) embedded in a 1D open waveguide. The weak probe photons in the waveguide are coupled to one of the two allowed transitions of the 3LE, and the other transition is driven by a control beam. This system shows electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) which is accompanied with the Autler-Townes splitting (ATS) at a strong driving by the control beam, and some of these effects have been observed recently. We show that the nature of second-order coherence of the transmitted probe photons near two-photon resonance changes from bunching to antibunching to constant as strength of the control beam is ramped up from zero to a higher value where the ATS appears.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Precision Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor via the Ratio Method at Jefferson Lab Hall A

Protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons, are composed of quarks and gluons. The Sachs electromagnetic form factors encode information about the spatial distributions of charge and magnetization in the nucleon, particularly at low momentum transfer. In particular, the neutron magnetic form factor (GMn) provides crucial information about the distribution of magnetization inside the neutron and helps constrain theoretical models of nucleon structure. Quasi-elastic electron scattering from deuterium was measured up to Q^2=13.5 GeV^2 using the Super BigBite Spectrometer in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. In this work, the neutron magnetic form factor GMn was extracted at Q^2 = 3.0 GeV^2 and Q^2=4.5 GeV^2 using the Ratio Method. These results represent a subset of the full dataset collected in this experiment, which extended to significantly higher Q^2. The extracted GMn values agree with the existing global fit within approximately two standard deviations at Q^2=3.0 and show excellent agreement at Q^2=4.5. The measurements achieved systematic uncertainties of about 2% and statistical uncertainties below 0.5%, among the most precise determinations of GMn at these kinematics. These results demonstrate the robustness of the experimental technique and provide an important validation point for future extractions at higher Q^2, where data remain scarce. In addition, the GRINCH heavy gas Cherenkov detector—a key component of the experimental apparatus—was commissioned and achieved an electron detection efficiency of approximately 97%, supporting reliable particle identification. Together, the analysis presented here advances both our understanding of nucleon structure and the validation of the experimental methods and instrumentation used to access it.

Satnik, Maria [College of William and Mary, Willia↗
DOE OSTI2014

Overview of Nucleon Form Factor Experiments with 12 GeV at Jefferson Lab

Since the R. Hofstadter pioneering experiments in the '50s, the measurements of the electromagnetic space-like nucleon form factors (FF's) have been a precious source of information for the understanding of the internal structure of the nucleons. In the last 15 years, the polarization transfer experiments at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) have undermined our view of the mechanism of the electron scattering and renewed critical interest in the FF measurements. In the coming years, JLab, with its upgraded 12 GeV polarized, high intensity, electron beam combined to new targets and readout equipments, will offer unprecedented opportunities to extend the current proton and neutron FF's measurements to higher momentum transfer Q{sup 2} and to improve statistical and uncertainties at lower Q{sup 2}, where the nucleon size can be accurately investigated. The measurements at high Q{sup 2} will provide also new insights on the elusive quark orbital angular momenta, will contribute to constraint two of the nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions that are expected to describe more consistently the nucleon structure, and in general will test the validity of quite a few fundamental nucleon models in a region of transition between perturbative and non perturbative regimes. A selection of the relevant properties of the FF's, and the main results of JLab are shortly reviewed; the new proposed and approved experiments on FF's at JLab are presented addressing some key details, the expected experimental achievements and the new equipment designed for them.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mode-conversion of the extraordinary wave at the upper hybrid resonance in the presence of small-amplitude density fluctuations

We report in spherical tokamaks, the electron plasma frequency is greater than the electron cyclotron (EC) frequency. Electromagnetic waves in the EC range of frequencies are unsuitable for directly heating such plasmas due to their reduced accessibility. However, mode-conversion of the extraordinary wave to the electron Bernstein wave (X–B mode-conversion) at the upper hybrid resonance makes it possible to efficiently couple externally-launched electromagnetic wave energy into an overdense plasma core. Traditional mode-conversion models describe an X-mode wave propagating in a potential containing two cutoffs that bracket a single wave resonance. Often, however, the mode-conversion region is in the edge, where turbulent fluctuations and blobs can generate abrupt cutoffs and scattering of the incident X-mode wave. We present a new framework for studying the X–B mode-conversion which makes the inclusion of these fluctuations analytically tractable. In the new approach, the high-field cutoff is modeled as an infinite barrier, which manifests as a boundary condition applied to a wave equation involving only one cutoff adjacent to the resonance on the low-field side. The new model reproduces the main features of the previous approach, yet is more suitable for analyzing experimental observations and extrapolating to higher dimensions. We then develop an analytical estimate for the effect of small-amplitude, quasi-monochromatic density fluctuations on the X–B mode-conversion efficiency using perturbation theory. We find that Bragg backscattering of the launched X-mode wave reduces the mode-conversion efficiency significantly when the fluctuation wavenumber is resonant with the wavenumber of the incident X-mode wave. These analytical results are corroborated by numerically integrating the mode-conversion equations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mode-conversion of the extraordinary wave at the upper hybrid resonance in the presence of small-amplitude density fluctuations

In spherical tokamaks, the electron plasma frequency is greater than the electron cyclotron frequency. Electromagnetic waves in the electron cyclotron range of frequencies are unsuitable for directly heating such plasmas due to their reduced accessibility. However, mode-conversion of the extraordinary wave to the electron Bernstein wave (X-B mode-conversion) at the upper hybrid resonance makes it possible to efficiently couple externally-launched electromagnetic wave energy into an overdense plasma core. Traditional mode-conversion models describe an X-mode wave propagating in a potential containing two cutoffs that bracket a single wave resonance. Often, however, the mode-conversion region is in the edge, where turbulent fluctuations and blobs can generate abrupt cutoffs and scattering of the incident X-mode wave. We present a new framework for studying the X-B mode-conversion which makes the inclusion of these fluctuations analytically tractable. In the new approach, the high- field cutoff is modelled as an infinite barrier, which manifests as a boundary condition applied to a wave equation involving only one cutoff adjacent to the resonance on the low-field side. The new model reproduces the main features of the previous approach, yet is more suitable for analyzing experimental observations and extrapolating to higher dimensions. We then develop an analytical estimate for the effect of small-amplitude, quasi-monochromatic density fluctuations on the X-B mode-conversion efficiency using perturbation theory. We find that Bragg backscattering of the launched X-mode wave reduces the mode-conversion efficiency significantly when the fluctuation wavenumber is resonant with the wavenumber of the incident X-mode wave. These analytical results are corroborated by numerically integrating the mode-conversion equations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Vulnerability of OFDR-based distributed sensors to radiations

Silica-based optical fibers have recently attracted much interest for their use in harsh environments such as the ones encountered in space, military or high energy physics applications. Small size, fast response, light weight and immunity to electromagnetic fields are favorable advantages that often become decisive for fiber sensing to be chosen over other conventional sensing technologies. As an important and representative example, Fukushima's accident highlighted weaknesses in the safety of nuclear power plants. Since, one of the strategic research axis of the nuclear industry is devoted to the development of novel technologies and sensors to enhance and reinforce the safety in nuclear power plants, especially in the case of accidental conditions associated with a strong increase of the constraints applied to the fiber-based system. The objective of this research field is to develop classes of distributed fiber-based sensors using scattering-based techniques, powerful solutions for various measurands measurement. Optical fiber properties, indeed, depend on several external parameters such as temperature, strain and therefore the fiber itself can be used as the sensitive element. Different classes of fiber-based sensing techniques have been recently investigated such as Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) for discrete measurements and Brillouin, Raman and Rayleigh [8,9] scattering based techniques for distributed measurements of various environmental parameters. Whereas Brillouin and Raman sensor resolutions remain in the range of one meter, the advantage of Rayleigh scattering based technique is that it offers very high spatial resolution from 1 cm down to few μm over several hundred meters of fiber length down to few meters respectively. For nuclear industry, integrating fibers-based sensors has to improve the performances (resolution, operating range,...) of security systems in current nuclear power plants (NPPs) and offers new alternative technologies that may overcome the issues identified for next generation of NPPs. Such integration will only be possible if the OFDR based systems are able to resist to the constraints associated with industrial environments, one of the most constraining being the presence of high level of radiations. In this work, we carry out a systematic study to highlight the OFDR interest and sensitivity to probe the optical samples at high irradiation dose levels. The responses of five optical fibers types, from radiation hardened to radiation sensitive ones, are investigated to explore the influence of both the material compositions and the γ-irradiation on the ODFR sensors. Using these samples, we should highlight the influence of the core dopant concentration on the observed radiation-induced changes as well as the difference observed when the cladding is either radiation resistant or radiation sensitive. Our samples were irradiated using a {sup 60}Co source facility reaching total doses varying from 1 MGy up to a maximum of 10 MGy. All the measurements are performed after diverse months from irradiation to study permanents effects induced from these high γ-rays doses. We'll present at the conference all the experimental results acquired and use them to estimate the potential of OFDR-based systems for operation in radiation environments. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗