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At least 55 records · Page 3

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NASA NTRS1983

Inherent spiral stability in a fixed wing aircraft by means of a simplified pneumatic wing tip control system

The concept of the lateralizer device is to sense the difference in wing tip static pressures (differential pressures being created by wing tip venturis) produced when any deviation from straight to level flight occurs. In a steady state turn the low slow wing tip experiences less venturi suction than the high fast wing tip. This signal activates the appropriate servos connected to the ailerons to produce a wing leveling restoring moment. If the wing is subjected to rolling velocities due to changes of the local angle of attack at the tip, the downgoing wing tip operates at a higher angle than the upgoing one. If with an increase in the angle of attack the signal is such that it increases the venturi pressure, then the servos are activated to produce the most negative signal to an upgoing aileron which results in a wing leveling restoring moment. In other words, any deviation from straight and level flight in either roll or yaw is exploited and the difference signal from the differential pressures activates the servo to effect or produce the necessary corrective action to null the signal.

Goglia, G. L.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Evaluation of installed performance of a wing-tip-mounted pusher turboprop on a semispan wing

An exploratory investigation has been conducted at the Langley Research Center to determine the effect of a wing-tip-mounted pusher turboprop on the aerodynamic characteristics of a semispan wing. Tests were conducted on a semispan model with an upswept, untapered wing and an airdriven motor that powered an SR-2 high-speed propeller located on the tip of the wing as a pusher propeller. All tests were conducted at a Mach number of 0.70 over an angle-of-attack range from approximately -2 to 4 deg at a Reynolds number of 3.82 x 10 to the 6th based on the wing reference chord of 13 in. The data indicate that, as a result of locating the propeller behind the wing trailing edge at the wing tip in the crossflow of the wing-tip vortex, it is possible to improve propeller performance and simultaneously reduce the lift-induced drag.

Patterson, James C., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Effects of nonplanar outboard wing forms on a wing

It is possible for a constant span to obtain better aerodynamic performance from a wing with a nonplanar outboard wing form than from a wing with a planar outboard form, despite the added drag from the increased wetted area. Furthermore, the semispan rolling-moment characteristics indicate the lower wing-root bending moment for some nonplanar configurations. These conclusions are based on an experimental and computational investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of planar and nonplanar outboard wing forms. Seven different configurations - planar rectangular, nonplanar rising arc, nonplanar drooping arc, planar sheared, sheared with dihedral, sheared with anhedral, and planar elliptical - were investigated for two different spans. Flow-visualization photographs indicate that there are three vortex systems associated with the sheared forms. The lower induced drag coefficients of nonplanar wings are believed to accrue from the movement of vorticity away from the center-of-span line, resulting, in some instances, in induced efficiencies higher than that of a planar elliptical wing. Flow surveys indicate that the effective span, as determined by the location of the tip vortex, might not be a sufficient yardstick of the induced performance of a nonplanar wing.

Naik, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Wing pressure distributions from subsonic tests of a high-wing transport model

A wind tunnel investigation was conducted on a generic, high-wing transport model in the Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. This report contains pressure data that document effects of various model configurations and free-stream conditions on wing pressure distributions. The untwisted wing incorporated a full-span, leading-edge Krueger flap and a part-span, double-slotted trailing-edge flap system. The trailing-edge flap was tested at four different deflection angles (20 deg, 30 deg, 40 deg, and 60 deg). Four wing configurations were tested: cruise, flaps only, Krueger flap only, and high lift (Krueger flap and flaps deployed). Tests were conducted at free-stream dynamic pressures of 20 psf to 60 psf with corresponding chord Reynolds numbers of 1.22 x 10(exp 6) to 2.11 x 10(exp 6) and Mach numbers of 0.12 to 0.20. The angles of attack presented range from 0 deg to 20 deg and were determined by wing configuration. The angle of sideslip ranged from minus 20 deg to 20 deg. In general, pressure distributions were relatively insensitive to free-stream speed with exceptions primarily at high angles of attack or high flap deflections. Increasing trailing-edge Krueger flap significantly reduced peak suction pressures and steep gradients on the wing at high angles of attack. Installation of the empennage had no effect on wing pressure distributions. Unpowered engine nacelles reduced suction pressures on the wing and the flaps.

Applin, Zachary T.↗

NASA NTRS1959

Transonic Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 45 deg Swept Wing Fuselage Model with a Finned and Unfinned Body Pylon Mounted Beneath the Fuselage or Wing, Including Measurements of Body Loads

An investigation of a model of a standard size body in combination with a representative 45 deg swept-wing-fuselage model has been conducted in the Langley 8-foot transonic pressure tunnel over a Mach number range from 0.80 to 1.43. The body, with a fineness ratio of 8.5, was tested with and without fins, and was pylon-mounted beneath the fuselage or wing. Force measurements were obtained on the wing-fuselage model with and without the body, for an angle-of-attack range from -2 deg to approximately 12 deg and an angle-of-sideslip range from -8 deg to 8 deg. In addition, body loads were measured over the same angle-of-attack and angle-of-sideslip range. The Reynolds number for the investigation, based on the wing mean aerodynamic chord, varied from 1.85 x 10(exp 6) to 2.85 x 10(exp 6). The addition of the body beneath the fuselage or the wing increased the drag coefficient of the complete model over the Mach number range tested. On the basis of the drag increase per body, the under-fuselage position was the more favorable. Furthermore, the bodies tended to increase the lateral stability of the complete model. The variation of body loads with angle of attack for the unfinned bodies was generally small and linear over the Mach number range tested with the addition of fins causing large increases in the rates of change of normal-force coefficient and nose-down pitching-moment coefficient. The variation of body side-force coefficient with sideslip for the unfinned body beneath the fuselage was at least twice as large as the variation of this load for the unfinned body beneath the wing. The addition of fins to the body beneath either the fuselage or the wing approximately doubled the rate of change of body side-force coefficient with sideslip. Furthermore, the variation of body side-force coefficient with sideslip for the body beneath the wing was at least twice as large as the variation of this load with angle of attack.

Wornom, Dewey E.↗

NASA NTRS2002

A Discrete-Vortex Method for Studying the Wing Rock of Delta Wings

A discrete-vortex method is developed to investigate the wing rock problem associated with highly swept wings. The method uses two logarithmic vortices placed above the wing to represent the vortex flow field and uses boundary conditions based on conical flow, vortex rate of change of momentum, and other considerations to position the vortices and determine their strengths. A relationship based on the time analogy and conical-flow assumptions is used to determine the hysteretic positions of the vortices during roll oscillations. Static and dynamic vortex positions and wing rock amplitudes and frequencies calculated by using the method are generally in good agreement with available experimental data. The results verify that wing rock is caused by hysteretic deflections of the vortices and indicate that the stabilizing moments that limit wing rock amplitudes are the result of the one primary vortex moving outboard of the wing where it has little influence on the wing.

Gainer, Thomas G.↗

NASA NTRS1961

Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the Effects of Wing Bodies, Fences, Flaps, and a Fuselage Addition on the Wing Buffet Response of a Transonic-Transport Model

The experimental wing buffet response of a transport-type airplane model with and without wing bodies, fences, flaps, and a fuselage addition has been investigated at Mach numbers from 0.20 to 1.03. The wing had NACA 64A-series airfoil sections inclined 5 degrees to the free-stream direction. The quarter-chord line of the wing was swept back 45 degrees, the aspect ratio was 7, the taper ratio was 0.3, and the thickness ratio varied from 0.115 at the root to 0.074 at the midsemispan and was constant from that station to the tip. The wing was twisted and cambered for a design lift coefficient of 0.3. The results of the investigation indicated that a marked reduction of buffet intensity and a delay of buffet onset at transonic speeds were achieved by the addition to the wing of special bodies designed to reduce shock-induced separation. The further addition of wing fences and wing trailing-edge flaps deflected 30 degrees increased the lift coefficients at which low-speed stall buffeting occurred. An addition to the fuselage near the upper forward portion produced no consistent change in the buffet characteristics.

Cornette, Elden S.↗

NASA NTRS1941

The Effect of Various Wing-Gun Installations on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Airplane Model Equipped with an NACA Low-Drag Wing, Special Report

An investigation was made in the NACA 19-foot pressure wind tunnel to determine the effect of various win-gun installation on the aerodynamic characteristics of a model with an NACA low-drag wing. Measurements were made of lift and drag over an angle-of-attack range and for several values of dynamic pressure on a four-tenths scale model of a high-speed airplane equipped with the low-drag wing and with various wing-gun installations. Two installations were tested: one in which the blast tube and part of the gun barrel protrude ahead of the wing and another in which the guns is mounted wholly within the wing. Two types of openings for the latter installation were tested. For each installation three simulated guns were mounted in each wing. The results are given in the form of nondimensional coefficients. The installations tested appear to have little effect on the maximum-lift coefficient of the model. However, the drag coefficient shows a definite change. The least adverse effect was obtained with the completely internal mounting and small nose entrance. The results indicate that a properly designed wing-gun installation will have very little adverse effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of the low-drag wing.

Muse, Thomas C.↗

NASA NTRS1979

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of nonmetric over-the-wing nacelles on wing-body aerodynamics

Drag reduction benefits due to blowing the jet exhausts over the wing for a transport-type wing-body configuration were investigated in the Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel. A combination of a wing-body model and a powered-nacelle test rig was tested at Mach numbers of 0.50 and 0.80 at angles of attack from -2 degrees to 4 degrees and jet total-pressure ratios from jet off to 3 or 4 (depending on Mach number) for a variety of nacelle locations relative to the wing. The experimental results were compared with the predictions obtained from several theoretical techniques. It was concluded that positioning of the nacelles (nonmetric) can have large effects on the wing-body drag. Some positions yielded higher drag than the baseline position, whereas others yielded lower drag than the baseline position. The theoretical method which utilized a quasi-vortex-lattice for the wing and wing-jet interaction in combination with a jet entrainment model gave generally reasonable predictions of the drag increments.

Reubush, D. E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The prediction of pressure distributions on an arrow-wing configuration including the effect of camber, twist, and a wing fin

Wind tunnel tests of an arrow wing body configuration consisting of flat, twisted, and cambered twisted wings were conducted at Mach numbers from 0.40 to 2.50 to provide an experimental data base for comparison with theoretical methods. A variety of leading and trailing edge control surface deflections were included in these tests, and in addition, the cambered twisted wing was tested with an outboard vertical fin to determine its effect on wing and control surface loads. Theory experiment comparisons show that current state of the art linear and nonlinear attached flow methods were adequate at small angles of attack typical of cruise conditions. The incremental effects of outboard fin, wing twist, and wing camber are most accurately predicted by the advanced panel method PANAIR. Results of the advanced panel separated flow method, obtained with an early version of the program, show promise that accurate detailed pressure predictions may soon be possible for an aeroelasticity deformed wing at high angles of attack.

Bobbitt, P. J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Effect of leading edge roundness on a delta wing in wing-rock motion

The effect of wing leading-edge roundness on wing rock was investigated using flow visualization in a water tunnel. Eighty degree delta wing models were tested on free-to-roll and forced oscillation rigs. The onset of wing rock was delayed by increasing the roundness of the leading edges. The wing rock amplitude and frequency results suggested that damping was increased at lower angles of attack but reduced at higher angles of attack. Vortex lift-off and vortex breakdown, especially during dynamic situations, were strongly affected by the leading edge roundness. Different forms of wing rock motion could be sustained by combinations of vortex breakdown and vortex lift-off. Behaviors of the wing and vortex motions were explained by the influence of leading edge roundness on the separation location, vortex trajectory, and vortex breakdown.

Ng, T. Terry↗

NASA NTRS1990

Parametric analysis of swept-wing geometry with sheared wing tips

A computational parameter study is presented of potential reductions in induced drag and increases in lateral-directional stability due to sheared wing tips attached to an untwisted wing of moderate sweep and aspect ratio. Sheared tips are swept and tapered wing-tip devices mounted in the plane of the wing. The induced-drag results are obtained using an inviscid, incompressible surface-panel method that models the nonlinear effects due to the deflected and rolled-up wake behind the lifting surface. The induced-drag results with planar sheared tips are compared to straight-tapered tip extensions and nonplanar winglet geometries. The lateral-directional static-stability characteristics of the wing with sheared tips are estimated using a quasi-vortex-lattice method. For certain combinations of sheared-tip sweep and taper, both the induced efficiency of the wing and the relevant static-stability derivatives are predicted to increase compared to the wing with a straight-tapered tip modification.

Fremaux, C. M.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Effects of Wing Sweep on In-flight Boundary-layer Transition for a Laminar Flow Wing at Mach Numbers from 0.60 to 0.79

The variable sweep transition flight experiment (VSTFE) was conducted on an F-14A variable sweep wing fighter to examine the effect of wing sweep on natural boundary layer transition. Nearly full span upper surface gloves, extending to 60 percent chord, were attached to the F-14 aircraft's wings. The results are presented of the glove 2 flight tests. Glove 2 had an airfoil shape designed for natural laminar flow at a wing sweep of 20 deg. Sample pressure distributions and transition locations are presented with the complete results tabulated in a database. Data were obtained at wing sweeps of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 deg, at Mach numbers ranging from 0.60 to 0.79, and at altitudes ranging from 10,000 to 35,000 ft. Results show that a substantial amount of laminar flow was maintained at all the wing sweeps evaluated. The maximum transition Reynolds number obtained was 18.6 x 10(exp 6) at 15 deg of wing sweep, Mach 0.75, and at an altitude of 10,000 ft.

Anderson, Bianca Trujillo↗

NASA NTRS1990

Wing force and surface pressure data from a hover test of a 0.658-scale V-22 rotor and wing

A hover test of a 0.658-scale V-22 rotor and wing was conducted in the 40 x 80 foot wind tunnel at Ames Research Center. The principal objective of the test was to measure the surface pressures and total download on a large scale V-22 wing in hover. The test configuration consisted of a single rotor and semispan wing on independent balance systems. A large image plane was used to represent the aircraft plane of symmetry. Wing flap angles ranging from 45 to 90 degrees were examined. Data were acquired for both directions of the rotor rotation relative to the wing. Steady and unsteady wing surface pressures, total wing forces, and rotor performance data are presented for all of the configurations that were tested.

Felker, Fort F.↗

NASA NTRS1993

An aerodynamic model for one and two degree of freedom wing rock of slender delta wings

The unsteady aerodynamic effects due to the separated flow around slender delta wings in motion were analyzed. By combining the unsteady flow field solution with the rigid body Euler equations of motion, self-induced wing rock motion is simulated. The aerodynamic model successfully captures the qualitative characteristics of wing rock observed in experiments. For the one degree of freedom in roll case, the model is used to look into the mechanisms of wing rock and to investigate the effects of various parameters, like angle of attack, yaw angle, displacement of the separation point, and wing inertia. To investigate the roll and yaw coupling for the delta wing, an additional degree of freedom is added. However, no limit cycle was observed in the two degree of freedom case. Nonetheless, the model can be used to apply various control laws to actively control wing rock using, for example, the displacement of the leading edge vortex separation point by inboard span wise blowing.

Hong, John↗

NASA NTRS1949

An analysis of available data on effects of wing-fuselage-tail and wing-nacelle interference on the distribution of the air load among components of airplanes

Available information on the effects of wing-fuselage-tail and wing-nacelle interference on the distribution of the air load among components of airplanes is analyzed. The effects of wing and nacelle incidence, horizontal andvertical position of wing and nacelle, fuselage shape, wing section and filleting are considered. Where sufficient data were unavailable to determine the distribution of the air load, the change in lift caused by interference between wing and fuselage was found. This increment is affected to the greatest extent by vertical wing position.

Wollner, Bertram C↗

NASA NTRS1960

Investigation at Mach Numbers of 0.60 to 3.50 of Blended Wing-Body Combinations with Cambered and Twisted Wings with Diamond, Delta and Arrow Plan Forms

This investigation is a continuation of the experimental and theoretical evaluation of blended wing-body combinations. The basic diamond, delta, and arrow plan forms which had an aspect ratio of 2 with leading-edge sweeps of 45.00 deg., 59.04 deg., and 70.82 deg. and trailing edge of -45.00 deg., -18.43 deg., and 41.19 deg., respectively, are used herein as standards for evaluating the effects of camber and warp. The wing thickness distributions were computed by varying the section shape along with the body radii (blending process) to match the prescribed area distribution and wing plan form. The wing camber and warp were computed to try to obtain nearly elliptical spanwise and chordwise load distributions for each plan form and thus to obtain low drag due to lift for a range of Mach numbers for which the velocities normal to the wing leading edge are subsonic. Elliptical chordwise load distributions were not possible for the plan forms and design conditions selected, so these distributions were somewhat different for each plan form. The models were tested with transition fixed at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 3.50 and at Reynolds numbers, based on the mean aerodynamic chord of the wing, of roughly 4,000,000 to 9,000,000. At speeds where the velocities normal to the wing leading edges were supersonic, an increase in the experimental wave-drag coefficients due to camber and twist was evident, but this penalty decreased with increased sweep. Thus the minimum wave-drag coefficients for the cambered arrow model were almost identical with the zero-lift wave- drag coefficients for the uncambered arrow model at all test Mach numbers.

Holdaway, George H.↗

NASA NTRS1959

The Effects of Streamwise-Deflected Wing Tips on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Aspect Ratio-2 Triangular Wing, Body, and Tail Combination

An investigation has been conducted on a triangular wing and body combination to determine the effects on the aerodynamic characteristics resulting from deflecting portions of the wing near the tips 900 to the wing surface about streamwise hinge lines. Experimental data were obtained for Mach numbers of 0.70, 1.30, 1.70, and 2.22 and for angles of attack ranging from -5 deg to +18 deg at sideslip angles of 0 deg and 5 deg. The results showed that the aerodynamic center shift experienced by the triangular wing and body combination as the Mach number was increased from subsonic to supersonic could be reduced by about 40 percent by deflecting the outboard 4 percent of the total area of each wing panel. Deflection about the same hinge line of additional inboard surfaces consisting of 2 percent of the total area of each wing panel resulted in a further reduction of the aerodynamic center travel of 10 percent. The resulting reductions in the stability were accompanied by increases in the drag due to lift and, for the case of the configuration with all surfaces deflected, in the minimum drag. The combined effects of reduced stability and increased drag of the untrimmed configuration on the trimmed lift-drag ratios were estimated from an analysis of the cases in which the wing-body combination with or without tips deflected was assumed to be controlled by a canard. The configurations with deflected surfaces had higher trimmed lift-drag ratios than the model with undeflected surfaces at Mach numbers up to about 1.70. Deflecting either the outboard surfaces or all of the surfaces caused the directional stability to be increased by increments that were approximately constant with increasing angle of attack at each Mach number. The effective dihedral was decreased at all angles of attack and Mach numbers when the surfaces were deflected.

Peterson, Victor L.↗