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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Multi-machine validation of plasma initiation modelling and prospects for future devices: Predicting plasma initiation using only hardware design and control room input data

This paper reports on the generic prediction capability of full electromagnetic plasma initiation modelling with DYON, which was carried out for the first time in fusion research by the joint modelling of the International Tokamak Physics Activity—Integrating Operation Scenario group. The following devices were included in the experiment database: VEST (spherical torus, copper coils, Stainless steel wall, R/a = 0.3 m/0.2 m, V v = 3.7 m 3 ), MAST-U (spherical torus, copper coils, C wall, R/a = 0.7 m/0.5 m, V v = 55 m 3 ), EAST (conventional tokamak, superconducting coils, metallic wall, R/a = 1.85 m/0.5 m, V v = 38 m 3 ), DIII-D (conventional tokamak, copper coils, C wall, R/a = 1.67 m/0.65 m, V v = 35 m 3 ), and KSTAR (conventional tokamak, superconducting coils, C wall, R/a = 1.8 m/0.5 m, V v = 55 m 3 ). Despite the different hardware features of the devices, the required operating spaces of the loop voltage induction and prefill gas pressure for inductive plasma initiation in each device were successfully reproduced by the predictive simulations with DYON using only the individual hardware design and the control room input data for each discharge. This successful validation across multiple machines demonstrates that the full electromagnetic DYON modelling can capture the essential physics of inductive plasma initiation. The simulation settings commonly employed for all modelling and the modifications necessary to account for the discrepancies between individual devices are reported. Predictions for ITER based on the multi-machine validation indicate that a wide range of prefill gas pressures exists for the Townsend breakdown and the plasma burn-through (0.01–1.5 mPa).

DYON↗
DOE OSTI2020

Anelasticity and Phase Transition During Ramp-Release in Tin

This study examines the qualitative features of an anelasticity model associated with the bowing of dislocations in the presence of phase transition. A simple physically plausible mechanism is introduced to describe the interaction of anelasticity and the transformation. Varying the anelastic parameters results in strong differences in the deviatoric stress response. The model is applied to study the behavior of tin (Sn) and compared to data from ramp driven compression-release experiments. Tin exhibits a complex phase diagram within a relatively accessible range of temperature and pressures and the characterization of its phases is considered an open problem with significant scientific merit. The coupling between anelasticity, plasticity, and phase transformation contributes to release wave features traditionally associated with the phase transition effect alone suggesting the importance of accounting for the effects jointly. Posterior distributions of the plastic and anelastic parameters are computed using Bayesian-inference-based methods, further highlighting the importance of anelasticity in this regime.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evolution of Superconducting-Transition Temperature with Superfluid Density and Conductivity in Pressurized Cuprate Superconductors

What factors fundamentally determine the value of superconducting transition temperature T c in high temperature superconductors has been the subject of intense debate. Following the establishment of an empirical law known as Homes' law, there is a growing consensus in the community that the T c value of the cuprate superconductors is closely linked to the superfluid density (ρ s ) of its ground state and the conductivity (σ) of its normal state. However, all the data supporting this empirical law (ρ s = AσT c ) have been obtained from the ambient-pressure superconductors. In this study, we present the first high-pressure results about the connection of the quantities of ρ s and σ with T c , through the studies on the Bi 1.74 Pb 0.38 Sr 1.88 CuO 6+δ and Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ , in which the value of their high-pressure resistivity (ρ = 1/σ) is achieved by adopting our newly established method, while the quantity of ρs is extracted using Homes' law. In conclusion, we highlight that the T c values are strongly linked to the joint response factors of magnetic field and electric field, i.e., ρ s and σ, respectively, implying that the physics determining T c is governed by the intrinsic electromagnetic fields of the system.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

In-field strain and temperature measurements in a (RE)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7–x coil via Rayleigh-backscattering interrogated optical fibers

(RE)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-x (REBCO) conductors have overcome technical challenges related to manufacturing quality, length homogeneity, scale-up of piece-length, and joints. There is one remaining technical challenge, however, which is common to all high temperature superconductors and lies in effective detection of failure to prevent material degradation. An innovative technique based on optical fibers interrogated by Rayleigh backscattering has been shown to have advantages over voltage taps at detecting incipient faults. Prior work has experimentally demonstrated the technique in several implementation scenarios, including direct integration of optical fibers into superconducting conductors and cables to create a class of ‘SMART’ conductors and cables that are able to monitor their own health. In this paper, the magnet monitoring technique based on Rayleigh backscattering interrogated optical fibers has been experimentally studied in a model coil subject to external magnetic field, where different fiber integration methods are used to increase selectivity of the fiber sensor to temperature. Results show that the spectral shift displays different features during strain and thermal transients. The implications of the results in terms of potential and limitations of each sensor as well as strain-temperature decoupling are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

diffpy.mpdf : open-source software for magnetic pair distribution function analysis

The open-source Python package diffpy.mpdf , part of the DiffPy suite for diffraction and pair distribution function analysis, provides a user-friendly approach for performing magnetic pair distribution function (mPDF) analysis. The package builds on existing libraries in the DiffPy suite to allow users to create models of magnetic structures and calculate corresponding one- and three-dimensional mPDF patterns. diffpy.mpdf can be used to perform fits to mPDF data either in isolation or in combination with atomic pair distribution function data for joint refinement of the atomic and magnetic structure. Examples are given using MnO and MnTe as representative antiferromagnetic compounds and MnSb as a representative ferromagnet.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Niobium to Titanium Electron Beam Welding for SRF Cavities

Titanium and niobium are the main materials used for the fabrication of Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities. These two metals are usually joined , using various welding techniques, using a third material in between. This contribution focuses on the development of an innovative electron beam welding technique capable of producing a strong bond between these two different materials. Several samples are produced and tested to assess the mechanical strength at room and cryogenic temperature as well as the composition of the resulting welded joint. Also, the first units of the Single Spoke Resonator type 2 (SSR2) cavities for the Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II [1]) have been fabricated joining directly various grades of titanium to niobium and results gathered through the fabrication will be reported.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Many-Body Majorana Braiding without an Exponential Hilbert Space

Qubits built out of Majorana zero modes constitute the primary path toward topologically protected quantum computing. Simulating the braiding process of multiple Majorana zero modes corresponds to the quantum dynamics of a superconducting many-body system. It is crucial to study the Majorana dynamics both in the presence of all other quasiparticles and for reasonably large system sizes. We present a method to calculate arbitrary many-body wave functions as well as their expectation values, correlators, and overlaps from time evolved single-particle states of a superconductor, allowing for significantly larger system sizes. We calculate the fidelity, transition probabilities, and joint parities of Majorana pairs to track the quality of the braiding process. Here, we show how the braiding success depends on the speed of the braid. Moreover, we demonstrate the topological CNOT two-qubit gate as an example of two-qubit entanglement. Our Letter opens the path to test and analyze the many theoretical implementations of Majorana qubits. Moreover, this method can be used to study the dynamics of any noninteracting superconductor.

Majorana bound states↗
NASA NTRS2007

Paleomagnetic Analysis Using SQUID Microscopy

Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopes are a new generation of instruments that map magnetic fields with unprecedented spatial resolution and moment sensitivity. Unlike standard rock magnetometers, SQUID microscopes map magnetic fields rather than measuring magnetic moments such that the sample magnetization pattern must be retrieved from source model fits to the measured field data. In this paper, we presented the first direct comparison between paleomagnetic analyses on natural samples using joint measurements from SQUID microscopy and moment magnetometry. We demonstrated that in combination with apriori geologic and petrographic data, SQUID microscopy can accurately characterize the magnetization of lunar glass spherules and Hawaiian basalt. The bulk moment magnitude and direction of these samples inferred from inversions of SQUID microscopy data match direct measurements on the same samples using moment magnetometry. In addition, these inversions provide unique constraints on the magnetization distribution within the sample. These measurements are among the most sensitive and highest resolution quantitative paleomagnetic studies of natural remanent magnetization to date. We expect that this technique will be able to extend many other standard paleomagnetic techniques to previously inaccessible microscale samples.

Weiss, Benjamin P.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quench detection using Hall sensors in high-temperature superconducting CORC ® -based cable-in-conduit-conductors for fusion applications

Advanced magnet systems for fusion applications would greatly benefit from the use of high-temperature superconductors (HTS). These materials allow fusion magnets to operate at higher magnetic fields, allowing for more compact fusion machines, and allow for operation at elevated temperatures, enabling demountable coils that provide access for maintenance of the fusion reactor. Quench detection remains a major challenge in the protection of HTS magnets that are vulnerable to localized conductor burnout due to their low quench propagation velocities. One of the methods explored is the use of Hall sensors that are incorporated in or near the magnet terminations that can detect local field variations that occur as a result of current redistribution within the conductor to bypass a hotspot within the magnet winding. This method is potentially well suited for Cable in Conduit Conductors, such as those made from Conductor on Round Core (CORC) cables, in which sub-cables containing HTS tapes are connected to the terminations at a low resistance. Here, to demonstrate the technique, a CORC ® triplet consisting of three sub-cables, rated for 4 kA operation at 77 K, was manufactured and Hall sensors were used to measure local field variations next to the terminations due to current redistribution between the cables. The Hall response was compared to voltages that developed over the cables and terminations as a local hotspot was applied to different cables in the triplet. It was found that the Hall sensors were faster and more sensitive than voltage contact measurements and were able to reliably detect current redistribution of only a few amperes caused by a hotspot, well before the triplet exceeded its critical current. The method also allowed the detection of heater-induced hotspots during high ramp rates of 2 kA s<:sup>–1 relevant for fusion applications. Hall sensors have a distinct benefit of being less sensitive to inductive pickup of AC interference compared to voltage contact measurements that make quench detection through voltage measurements in magnets especially challenging. The method can also be used for diagnostic measurements of current redistribution caused by other sources such as inhomogeneous current injection from faulty joints, or localized conductor damage. The Hall sensors are likely capable of detecting the onset of a quench that may occur a far distance away from the sensor location, presenting a breakthrough in HTS quench detection that potentially removes one of the remaining barriers to reliable operation of large HTS magnet systems.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

MPEX High Heat Flux Plasma Dump Design, Manufacture, and Articles Test

Here, the Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX) device is a steady-state linear plasma device currently in the final design phase at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This device will reach ion fluences up to 10 31 m -2 and will be used to expose neutron-irradiated materials to divertor-relevant plasmas and to study the effects of plasma-material interactions. These studies will elucidate the complex effects of plasmas with divertor candidate materials capable of withstanding high heat flux and high fluences for next-generation fusion devices. Bidirectional plasma will be generated using a high-power (200 kW) helicon source. Plasma will be confined by superconducting magnets. The last plasma-facing component on the upstream side of the MPEX device is the dump, which has been designed to intercept plasma and energetic particles. The dump will have a total heat load of 9.2 kW. A copper alloy (Glidcop AL-15) was selected for use in the water-cooled flange design because of its high thermal conductivity, its retaining strength at elevated temperatures, and its ability to be used in the high-temperature braze joints used in this application. Titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM) tiles are brazed to the Glidcop AL-15 flange using high-temperature braze alloy. External water-cooling channels are used on the dump flange to prevent water leakage inside the vacuum space. This article discusses the details of the high heat flux dump design, including the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and structural analyses performed to validate the design to meet the operational requirements of the MPEX device.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2003

The X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (XMS): A Reference Cryogenic Instrument Design for Constellation-X

Constellation-X, a mission now belonging to the Beyond Einstein initiative, is being planned to inherit the x-ray sky from Chandra, XMM-Newton and Astro-E. The first two of four observatories in the constellation will be launched together in 2013 and followed a year later by the launch of the remaining two. The four will independently orbit the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L2. An instrument compliment resides in the Focal Plane Module (FPM) of each observatory 10 m from the Optics Module and consists of three Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT) detectors, a Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) focal plane CCD camera and an X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (XMS). Instrument awards are scheduled for early 2006. The reference detector for XMS is a 32 x 32 array of microcalorimetric superconducting Transition Edge Sensors (TES). Each pixel casts a variable resistance in a SQUID based multiplexed readout circuit which is coupled to series SQUID arrays for amplification and finally read out by external electronics. A multi-stage continuous ADR will provide the stable 50 mK desired for the TES array and a stable 1 K for the series SQUID arrays while also lifting thermal parasitic and inefficiency loads to a 6 K cryocooler interface. The 6 K cryocooler is expected to emerge from the joint-project Advanced Cryocooler Technology Development Program (ACTDP) in which Constellation-X is an active participant. Project Pre-Formulation activities are marked by extensive technology development necessitating early, but realistic, thermal and cooling load requirements for ADR and ACTDP-cryocooler design points. Such requirements are driven by the encompassing XMS cryostat and ultimately by the thermal environment imposed by the FPM. It is further desired that the XMS instrument be able to operate on its side in the laboratory, with a warm vacuum shell, during an extensive calibration regime. It is that reference system design of the XMS instrument (microcalorimeter, ADR, cryocooler and cryostat) which is the subject of this paper.

Whitehouse, Paul L.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Safety analysis

We are engaged in a research program in safety-critical computing that is based on two case studies. We use these case studies to provide application-specific details of the various research issues, and as targets for evaluation of research ideas. The first case study is the Magnetic Stereotaxis System (MSS), an investigational device for performing human neurosurgery being developed in a joint effort between the Department of Physics at the University of Virginia and the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Iowa. The system operates by manipulating a small permanent magnet (known as a 'seed') within the brain using an externally applied magnetic field. By varying the magnitude and gradient of the external magnetic field, the seed can be moved along a non-linear path and positioned at a site requiring therapy, e.g., a tumor. The magnetic field required for movement through brain tissue is extremely high, and is generated by a set of six superconducting magnets located in a housing surrounding the patient's head. The system uses two X-ray cameras positioned at right angles to detect in real time the locations of the seed and of X-ray opaque markers affixed to the patient's skull. the X-ray images are used to locate the objects of interest in a canonical frame of reference. the second case study is the University of Virginia Research Nuclear Reactor (UVAR). It is a 2 MW thermal, concrete-walled pool reactor. The system operates using 20 to 25 plate-type fuel assemblies placed on a rectangular grid plate. There are three scramable safety rods, and one non-scramable regulating rod that can be put in automatic mode. It was originally constructed in 1959 as a 1 MW system, and it was upgraded to 2 MW in 1973. Though only a research reactor rather than a power reactor, the issues raised are significant and can be related to the problems faced by full-scale reactor systems.

Knight, John C.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Detection of a two-phonon mode in a cuprate superconductor via polarimetric resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

Recent improvements in the energy resolution of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering experiments (RIXS) at the Cu-L 3 edge have enabled the study of lattice, spin, and charge excitations. Here, we report on the detection of a low-intensity signal at 140 meV, twice the energy of the bond-stretching (BS) phonon mode, in the cuprate superconductor Bi 2 ⁢Sr 2 CaCu 2 ⁢O 8+x (Bi-2212). Ultrahigh-resolution polarimetric RIXS measurements allow us to resolve the outgoing polarization of the signal and identify this feature as a two-phonon excitation. Further, here we study the connection between the two-phonon mode and the BS one-phonon mode by constructing a joint density of states toy model that reproduces the key features of the data.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1990

High temperature superconductivity technology for advanced space power systems

In 1987, the Lewis Research center of the NASA and the Argonne National Laboratory of the Department of Energy joined in a cooperative program to identify and assess high payoff space and aeronautical applications of high temperature superconductivity (HTSC). The initial emphasis of this effort was limited, and those space power related applications which were considered included microwave power transmission and magnetic energy storage. The results of these initial studies were encouraging and indicated the need of further studies. A continuing collaborative program with Argonne National Laboratory has been formulated and the Lewis Research Center is presently structuring a program to further evaluate HTSC, identify applications and define the requisite technology development programs for space power systems. This paper discusses some preliminary results of the previous evaluations in the area of space power applications of HTSC which were carried out under the joint NASA-DOE program, the future NASA-Lewis proposed program, its thrusts, and its intended outputs and give general insights on the anticipated impact of HTSC for space power applications of the future.

Faymon, Karl A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rethinking 𝛼−RuCl 3 : Parameters, models, and phase diagram

RuCl 3 was likely the first ever deliberately synthesized ruthenium compound, following the discovery of the 44 Ru element in 1844. For a long time it was known as an oxidation catalyst, with its physical properties being discrepant and confusing, until a decade ago when its allotropic form 𝛼−RuCl 3 rose to exceptional prominence. This “rediscovery” of 𝛼−RuCl 3 has not only reshaped the hunt for a material manifestation of the Kitaev spin liquid, but it has opened the floodgates of theoretical and experimental research in the many unusual phases and excitations that the anisotropic-exchange magnets as a class of compounds have to offer. Given its importance for the field of Kitaev materials, it is astonishing that the low-energy spin model that describes this compound and its possible proximity to the much-desired spin-liquid state is still a subject of significant debate ten years later. In the present study, we argue that the existing key phenomenological observations put strong natural constraints on the effective microscopic spin model of 𝛼−RuCl 3 , and specifically on its spin-orbit-induced anisotropic-exchange parameters that are responsible for the nontrivial physical properties of this material. These constraints allow one to focus on the relevant region of the multidimensional phase diagram of the 𝛼−RuCl 3 model, suggest an intuitive description of it via a different parametrization of the exchange matrix, offer a unifying view on the earlier assessments of its parameters, and bring closer together several approaches to the derivation of anisotropic-exchange models. We explore extended phase diagrams relevant to the 𝛼−RuCl 3 parameter space using quasiclassical, Luttinger-Tisza, exact diagonalization, and density-matrix renormalization-group methods, demonstrating a remarkably close quantitative accord between them on the general structure and hierarchy of the phases, with the zigzag, ferromagnetic, and incommensurate phases that are proximate to each other. As a result, one of the highlights is the detailed agreement on the nature of the incommensurate phases that realize two distinct counterrotating helical states.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

First-principles insight into all-optical spin switching in the half-metallic Heusler ferrimagnet Mn 2 RuGa

All-optical spin switching (AOS) represents a new frontier in magnetic storage technology—spin manipulation without a magnetic field—but its underlying working principle is not well understood. Many AOS ferrimagnets such as GdFeCo are amorphous and renders the high-level first-principles study unfeasible. The crystalline half-metallic Heusler Mn 2 RuGa presents an opportunity. Here we carry out hitherto the comprehensive density functional investigation into the material properties of Mn 2 RuGa, and introduce two concepts—the spin anchor site and the optical active site—as two pillars for AOS in ferrimagnets. In Mn 2 RuGa, Mn(4a) serves as the spin anchor site, whose band is below the Fermi level and has a strong spin moment, while Mn(4c) is the optical active site whose band crosses the Fermi level. Our magneto-optical Kerr spectrum and band structure calculation jointly reveal that the delicate competition between the Ru-4d and Ga-4p states is responsible for the creation of these two sites. Furthermore these two sites found here not only present a unified picture for both Mn 2 RuGa and GdFeCo, but also open the door for future applications. Specifically, we propose a Mn 2 Ru x Ga-based magnetic tunnel junction where a single laser pulse can control magnetoresistance.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Lower bias, lower noise CMB lensing with foreground-hardened estimators

Extragalactic foregrounds in temperature maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) severely limit the ability of standard estimators to reconstruct the weak lensing potential. These foregrounds are not fully removable by multifrequency cleaning or masking and can lead to large biases if not properly accounted for. For foregrounds made of a number of unclustered point sources, an estimator for the source amplitude can be derived and deprojected, removing any bias to the lensing reconstruction. We show with simulations that all of the extragalactic foregrounds in temperature can be approximated by a collection of sources with identical profiles, and that a simple bias hardening technique is effective at reducing any bias to lensing, at a minimal noise cost. In this work, we compare the performance and bias to other methods such as "shear-only" reconstruction, and discuss how to jointly deproject any arbitrary number of foregrounds, each with an arbitrary profile. In particular, for a Simons Observatory-like experiment foreground-hardened estimators allow us to extend the maximum multipole used in the reconstruction, increasing the overall statistical power by ~50% over the standard quadratic estimator, both in auto and cross-correlation. We conclude that source hardening outperforms the standard lensing quadratic estimator both in auto- A nd cross-correlation, and in terms of lensing signal-to-noise and foreground bias.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗