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At least 55 records · Page 3

TCC in the interior of moduli space and its implications for the string landscape and cosmology

We consider the classical Friedmann-Robertson-Walker solutions that describe a universe undergoing a transition from an accelerating expansion phase in the past to an eternal decelerating expansion phase in the future, driven by a scalar field evolving in a potential energy landscape. We show that any solution for which the accelerating phase violates the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC), even in the interior of moduli space, never approaches the asymptotic vacuum with zero particles. Based on the assumption that the effective field theory must be valid for the vacuum on the asymptotic boundary, as motivated by holography and string theory, we argue that (multi-field) scalar potentials with such solutions are disallowed, thus strengthening the case for TCC. In particular, assuming the regularity of the future vacuum state in the string landscape, we derive results that imply a new set of highly-nonlinear constraints across the string landscape which in the absence of certain meta-stable vacua make realizing inflation impossible.

Cosmological models↗

Cosmological perturbations from a new approach to inflation

In a previous paper, we proposed a new approach to the beginning of inflation—a lingering universe [Melcher et al. Phys. Rev. D 110, 063517 (2024).]—that is a quasistatic phase prior to inflation. The Universe begins in a lingering state with a nearly vanishing Hubble parameter. This calls into question the absolute age of the Universe, as the Hubble time can be nearly infinite. It also provides promise for addressing the initial singularity of inflation and issues with quantum field theory in de Sitter spacetime. Such models arise in classical cosmologies with nonvanishing spatial curvature (inspired by PLANCK 2018 data) and independently by models that arise in string cosmology. Here, in this paper, we consider the importance of cosmological perturbations for the stability of the lingering phase and how this influences cosmological observations. Our goal is to establish observables in this new paradigm for the origin of inflation, which is in contrast to eternal inflation and cyclic cosmologies. We also address questions of stability and the transition to inflation.

cosmology↗

Moduli Dark Matter and the Search for Its Decay Line using Suzaku X-Ray Telescope

Light scalar fields called moduli arise from a variety of different models involving supersymmetry and/or string theory; thus their existence is a generic prediction of leading theories for physics beyond the standard model. They also present a formidable, long-standing problem for cosmology. We argue that an anthropic solution to the moduli problem exists in the case of small moduli masses and that it automatically leads to dark matter in the form of moduli. The recent discovery of the 125 GeV Higgs boson implies a lower bound on the moduli mass of about a keV. This form of dark matter is consistent with the observed properties of structure formation, and it is amenable to detection with the help of x-ray telescopes. We present the results of a search for such dark matter particles using spectra extracted from the first deep x-ray observations of the Draco and Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxies, which are darkmatter- dominated systems with extreme mass-to-light ratios and low intrinsic backgrounds. No emission line is positively detected, and we set new constraints on the relevant new physics.

Kusenko, Alexander↗

Radiative natural supersymmetry emergent from the string landscape

In string theory with flux compactifications, anthropic selection for structure formation from a discretuum of vacuum energy values provides at present our only understanding of the tiny yet positive value of the cosmological constant. We apply similar reasoning to a toy model of the multiverse restricted to vacua with the MSSM as the low energy effective theory. Here, one expects a statistical selection favoring large soft SUSY breaking terms leading to a derived value of the weak scale in each pocket universe (with appropriate electroweak symmetry breaking) which differs from the weak scale as measured in our universe. In contrast, the SUSY preserving μ parameter is selected uniformly on a log scale as is consistent with the distribution of SM fermion masses: this favors smaller values of μ. An anthropic selection of the weak scale to within a factor of a few of our measured value — in order to produce complex nuclei as we know them (atomic principle) — provides statistical predictions for Higgs and sparticle masses in accord with LHC measurements. The statistical selection then more often leads to (radiatively-driven) natural SUSY models over the Standard Model or finely-tuned SUSY models such as mSUGRA/CMSSM, split, mini-split, spread, high scale or PeV SUSY. The predicted Higgs and superparticle spectra might be testable at HL-LHC or ILC via higgsino pair production but is certainly testable at higher energy hadron colliders with $ \sqrt{s}$ ~ 30–100 TeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Implications of a class of grand-unified theories for large-scale structure in the universe

A class of grand-unified theories in which cosmologically significant axion and neutrino energy densities arise naturally is considered. To obtain large-scale structure, attention is given to (1) an inflationary scenario, (2) inflation followed by string production, and (3) a noninflationary scenario with density fluctuations caused solely by strings. It is shown that inflation may be compatible with the recent observational indications that Omega less than 1 on the scale of superclusters, particularly if strings are present.

Shafi, Q.↗

Axion wormholes with massive dilaton

Abstract If Euclidean wormholes contribute meaningfully to the path integral of quantum gravity they can have important implications for particle physics and cosmology. The dominant effects arise from wormholes whose sizes are comparable to the cut-off scale of effective field theory, for which ultraviolet corrections become relevant. We study corrections to classical axion wormhole solutions in string motivated scenarios in which the dilaton partner of the axion becomes massive. We find corrections near the neck region which are consistent with a recent version of the weak gravity conjecture for axions.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

Weak gravity conjecture

The weak gravity conjecture holds that in a theory of quantum gravity any gauge force must mediate interactions stronger than gravity for some particles. This statement has surprisingly deep and extensive connections to many different areas of physics and mathematics. Several variations on the basic conjecture have been proposed, including statements that are much stronger but are nonetheless satisfied by all known consistent quantum gravity theories. These related conjectures and the evidence for their validity in the string theory landscape are reviewed. Also reviewed here are a variety of arguments for these conjectures, which tend to fall into two categories: qualitative arguments that claim the conjecture is plausible based on general principles and quantitative arguments for various special cases or analogs of the conjecture. The implications of these conjectures for particle physics, cosmology, general relativity, and mathematics are also outlined. Finally, important directions for future research are highlighted.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Stringy Bubbles Solve de Sitter Troubles

Finding four-dimensional de Sitter spacetime solutions in string theory has been a vexing quest ever since the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe. Building on a recent analysis of bubble-nucleation in the decay of (false-vacuum) AdS backgrounds where the interfacing bubbles themselves exhibit a de Sitter geometry we show that this resonates strongly with a stringy cosmic brane construction that naturally provides for an exponential mass-hierarchy and the localization of both gravity and matter, in addition to an exponentially suppressed positive cosmological constant. Finally, we argue that these scenarios can be realized in terms of a generalization of a small resolution of a conifold singularity in the context of a (Lorentzian) Calabi–Yau 5-fold, where the isolated (Lorentzian) two complex dimensional Fano variety is a four-dimensional de Sitter spacetime.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Particles and Fields via String Compactification

The project involved an integrated program of research which focused on the use of the extra-dimensional geometry of string theory as a tool in understanding a variety of phenomena in quantum field theory. This was used to construct and study new examples of quantum field theories with the eventual aim of also using these results to develop new particle physics and cosmology scenarios. The research involved the development of new methods for constructing such extra-dimensional geometries, and also the study of the resulting quantum field theories generated by this process.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Spinning no-scale $${\mathcal {F}}$$-SU(5) in the right direction

Abstract The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) recently announced confirmation of the Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) measurements of the $$g-2$$ g - 2 of the muon that uncovered a discrepancy with the theoretically calculated Standard Model value. We suggest an explanation for the combined BNL+FNAL 4.2 $$\sigma $$ σ deviation within the supersymmetric grand unification theory (GUT) model No-Scale $${\mathcal {F}}$$ F - $$SU(5)$$ S U ( 5 ) supplemented with a string derived TeV-scale extra $$10+\overline{10}$$ 10 + 10 ¯ vector-like multiplet and charged vector-like singlet $$(XE,XE^c)$$ ( X E , X E c ) , dubbed flippons. We introduced these vector-like particles into No-Scale Flipped SU (5) many years ago, and as a result, the renormalization group equation (RGE) running was immediately shaped to produce a distinctive and rather beneficial two-stage gauge coupling unification process to avoid the Landau pole and lift unification to the string scale, in addition to contributing through 1-loop to the light Higgs boson mass. The flippons have long stood ready to tackle another challenge, and now do so yet again, where the charged vector-like “lepton”/singlet couples with the muon, the supersymmetric down-type Higgs $$H_d$$ H d , and a singlet S , using a chirality flip to easily accommodate the muonic $$g-2$$ g - 2 discrepancy in No-Scale $${\mathcal {F}}$$ F - $$SU(5)$$ S U ( 5 ) . Considering the phenomenological success of this string derived model over the prior 11 years that remains accommodative of all presently available LHC limits plus all other experimental constraints, including no fine-tuning, and the fact that for the first time a Starobinsky-like inflationary model consistent with all cosmological data was derived from superstring theory in No-Scale Flipped SU (5), we believe it is imperative to reconcile the BNL+FNAL developments within the model space.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Kibble mechanism for electroweak magnetic monopoles and magnetic fields

The vacuum manifold of the standard electroweak model is a three-sphere when one considers homogeneous Higgs field configurations. For inhomogeneous configurations we argue that the vacuum manifold is the Hopf fibered three sphere and that this viewpoint leads to general criteria to detect electroweak monopoles and Z-strings. We extend the Kibble mechanism to study the formation of electroweak monopoles and strings during electroweak symmetry breaking. The distribution of magnetic monopoles produces magnetic fields that have a spectrum B λ ∝ λ –2 , where λ is a smearing length scale. Even as the magnetic monopoles annihilate due to the confining Z-strings, the magnetic field evolves with the turbulent plasma and may be relevant for cosmological observations.

nonperturbative effects↗

Experimental targets for dark photon dark matter

Ultralight dark photon dark matter features distinctive cosmological and astrophysical signatures and is also supported by a burgeoning direct-detection program searching for its kinetic mixing with the ordinary photon over a wide mass range. Dark photons, however, cannot necessarily constitute the dark matter in all of this parameter space. In minimal models where the dark photon mass arises from a dark Higgs mechanism, early-Universe dynamics can easily breach the regime of validity of the low-energy effective theory for a massive vector field. In the process, the dark sector can collapse into a cosmic string network, precluding dark photons as viable dark matter. We establish the general conditions under which dark photon production avoids significant backreaction on the dark Higgs and identify regions of parameter space that naturally circumvent these constraints. After surveying implications for known dark photon production mechanisms, we propose novel models that set well-motivated experimental targets across much of the accessible parameter space. We also discuss complementary cosmological and astrophysical signatures that can probe the dark sector physics responsible for dark photon production.

Dark matter↗

Particle Theory and Cosmology

This project covered theoretical studies in particle physics, particle astrophysics and cosmology, aiming to bridge theoretical models with observable phenomena. The central focus was on exploring innovative mechanisms that could simultaneously address several outstanding puzzles in these areas, including the nature of dark matter, the muon g-2 anomaly, the existence of topologically stable monopoles, the generation of observable gravitational waves from early universe phenomena and high energy cosmic rays. One of the major achievements of this project was the development of models that predict new physics accessible through current and forthcoming experimental setups, both in particle colliders and astrophysical observations. These models have been instrumental in proposing verifiable predictions concerning supersymmetric extensions, the dynamics of cosmic strings and monopoles, and the intricate processes underpinning baryogenesis and reheating post-inflation. In tackling the dark matter conundrum, the project proposed several candidates within extended frameworks, such as light Z' models, pseudo-Goldstone dark matter, and scenarios integrating dark matter with inflationary cosmology. Each model outlined pathways for detection through direct, indirect, and collider search strategies, marking significant strides in the hunt for dark matter. Another cornerstone of the project was the in-depth analysis of inflationary models compliant with the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture, highlighting the compatibility of axion dark matter within such frameworks. This not only provided a coherent picture of early universe cosmology but also delineated clear experimental signatures. The exploration of grand unified theories yielded insights into the potential discovery of monopoles and novel particle configurations at energy scales accessible to current and future colliders. This endeavor expanded the predictive power of these theories, particularly in the context of proton decay and the properties of Higgs-portal dark matter. Throughout the project, significant emphasis was placed on ensuring the theoretical developments were grounded in experimental testability. This led to a series of publications across prestigious journals, each contributing to the vibrant discourse at the intersection of particle physics and cosmology. In summary, this project has elucidated pathways beyond the Standard Model that are ripe for exploration through both ongoing and upcoming experimental efforts. The comprehensive approach adopted herein not only enhances our understanding of the fundamental forces and constituents of the universe but also propels the field towards new frontiers in high-energy physics and cosmology.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Holography vs. Scale Separation

In this work, we point out a contradiction between holography and scale-separated AdS (i.e. parametrically large mass gap) in string theory, making the standard assumption that the holographic CFT describes the IR degrees of freedom on a brane that decouple from gravity. We show that the CFT can only decouple from gravity if the scalar potential in the dual AdS satisfies a certain criterion. Namely, there must exist a scalar field trajectory that follows the gradient of the scalar potential to the asymptotic region of the scalar field space in which limit $\partial_ϕ\ln(V)\partial_ϕ\ln(Λ_s)\leq2/(d-2)$, where $Λ_s$ is the quantum gravity cut-off. This condition, which generically implies lack of scale-separation, is satisfied in the standard examples of AdS/CFT. However, proposed attempts at achieving scale separation, such as DGKT, employ scalar potentials that violate this condition. We therefore conclude that the CFT duals of DGKT vacua cannot exist in string theory. Barring fine-tuning, our conclusions apply to other Ricci-flat flux compactifications including the KKLT scenario which relies on scale separation to obtain a metastable de Sitter uplift.

FOS: Physical sciences↗

Sneutrino tribrid inflation, metastable cosmic strings and gravitational waves

Here, we present a successful realization of sneutrino tribrid inflation model based on a gauged U(1)_B-L extension of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). A single interaction term involving the B-L Higgs field and the right-handed neutrinos serves multiple purposes. These include the generation of heavy Majorana masses for the right-handed neutrinos to provide an explanation for the tiny neutrino masses via the seesaw mechanism, a realistic scenario for reheating and non-thermal leptogenesis with a reheat temperature as low as 10 6 GeV, and a successful realization of inflation with right-handed sneutrino as the inflaton. The matter parity which helps avoid rapid proton decay survives as a Z 2 subgroup of a U(1) R-symmetry. Depending on the choice of model parameters yields the following predicted range of the tensor to scalar ratio, 3 x 10 -11 ≲ r≲ 7x 10 -4 (6 x 10 -7 ≲ r ≲ 0.01), and the running of the scalar spectral index, -0.00022 ≲ dn_s/dln k ≲ -0.0026 (-0.00014 ≲ dn_s/dln k ≲ 0.005), along with the B-L breaking scale, 3 x 10 14 ≲ M/ GeV≲ 5 x 10 15 (6 x 10 15 ≲ M/ GeV≲ 2 x 10 16 ), calculated at the central value of the scalar spectral index, n_s =0.966, reported by Planck 2018. The possibility of realizing metastable cosmic strings in a grand unified theory setup is briefly discussed. The metastable cosmic string network admits string tension values in the range 10 -8 ≲ Gμ s ≲ 10 -6 , and predicts a stochastic gravitational wave background lying within the 2-σ bounds of the recent NANOGrav 12.5-yr data.

supersymmetry and cosmology↗

A cosmic book

A system of assigning odds to the basic elements of cosmological theories is proposed in order to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theories. A figure of merit for the theories is obtained by counting and weighing the plausibility of each of the basic elements that is not substantially supported by observation or mature fundamental theory. The magnetized strong model is found to be the most probable. In order of decreasing probability, the ranking for the rest of the models is: (1) the magnetized string model with no exotic matter and the baryon adiabatic model; (2) the hot dark matter model and the model of cosmic string loops; (3) the canonical cold dark matter model, the cosmic string loops model with hot dark matter, and the baryonic isocurvature model; and (4) the cosmic string loops model with no exotic matter.

Peebles, P. J. E.↗