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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1991

Experimental and analytical analysis of stress-strain behavior in a (90/0 deg)2s, SiC/Ti-15-3 laminate

The nonlinear stress strain behavior of 90 degree/0 degree sub 2s, SiC/Ti-15-3 composite laminate was numerically investigated with a finite element, unit cell approach. Tensile stress-strain curves from room temperature experiments depicted three distinct regions of deformation, and these regions were predicted by finite element analysis. The first region of behavior, which was linear elastic, occurred at low applied stresses. As applied stresses increased, fiber/matrix debonding in the 90 degree plies caused a break in the stress-strain curve and initiated a second linear region. In this second region, matrix plasticity in the 90 degree plies developed. The third region, which was typified by nonlinear, stress-strain behavior occr red at high stresses. In this region, the onset of matrix plasticity in the 0 degree plies stiffened the laminate in the direction transverse to the applied load. Metallographic sections confirmed the existence of matrix plasticity in specific areas of the structure. Finite element analysis also predicted these locations of matrix slip.

Lerch, Bradley A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Ablation of silicate particles in high-speed continuum and transition flow with application to the collection of interplanetary dust particles

The ablative deceleration of spheres in the continuum and slip regimes is studied using spherical 7.1-micron-diam soda-lime glass particles launched from vacuum at about 4500 m/sec speed through a 13-micron-thick plastic film into a capture chamber containing Xe at 0.1 or 0.2 atm pressure and 295 K temperature. The results of SEM examinations of the collected ablated particles showed that the ratio of the ablated-particle radius (Rf) to the initial radius (R0) increased with gas pressure (from Rf/R0 about 0.67 at 0.1 atm, to about 0.88 at 0.2 atm). A model was developed to describe the ablation and deceleration of spheres in high-speed continuum and slip flow. The pressure dependence predicted by the model agreed with experimental results.

Rulison, Aaron J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Oblique convergence and deformation along the Kuril and Japan trenches

The hypothesis that present-day deformation within the southern Kuril forearc is driven by oblique subduction of the Pacific plate is tested using 397 horizontal slip directions derived from shallow-thrust earthquakes from the Kuril and Japan trenches for the period 1963-1991. A simple two-plate model fits the 397 slip vectors significantly worse than a model that permits strike-slip motion of the southern Kuril forearc relative to the overlying plate. Weighted, mean slip directions along the southern Kuril trench are systematically rotated toward the direction orthogonal to the trench, which implies that the net convergence is partitioned into less oblique subduction and trench-parallel displacement of the southern Kuril forearc. The angular discrepancy between the observed slip direction and the direction predicted by the NUVEL-1 Pacific-North America Euler vector implies that the southern Kuril forearc translates 6-11 mm/yr to the southwest relative to the overlying North American plate. These results are consistent with geologically, geodetically, and seismologically observed convergence at the leading edge of the forearc sliver in southern Kokkaido and with previously inferred extension at the trailing edge of the sliver, which is located at the Bussol Strait at 46 deg N.

Demets, Charles↗
NASA NTRS1994

Neotectonics of Asia: Thin-shell finite-element models with faults

As India pushed into and beneath the south margin of Asia in Cenozoic time, it added a great volume of crust, which may have been (1) emplaced locally beneath Tibet, (2) distributed as regional crustal thickening of Asia, (3) converted to mantle eclogite by high-pressure metamorphism, or (4) extruded eastward to increase the area of Asia. The amount of eastward extrusion is especially controversial: plane-stress computer models of finite strain in a continuum lithosphere show minimal escape, while laboratory and theoretical plane-strain models of finite strain in a faulted lithosphere show escape as the dominant mode. We suggest computing the present (or neo)tectonics by use of the known fault network and available data on fault activity, geodesy, and stress to select the best model. We apply a new thin-shell method which can represent a faulted lithosphere of realistic rheology on a sphere, and provided predictions of present velocities, fault slip rates, and stresses for various trial rheologies and boundary conditions. To minimize artificial boundaries, the models include all of Asia east of 40 deg E and span 100 deg on the globe. The primary unknowns are the friction coefficient of faults within Asia and the amounts of shear traction applied to Asia in the Himalayan and oceanic subduction zones at its margins. Data on Quaternary fault activity prove to be most useful in rating the models. Best results are obtained with a very low fault friction of 0.085. This major heterogeneity shows that unfaulted continum models cannot be expected to give accurate simulations of the orogeny. But, even with such weak faults, only a fraction of the internal deformation is expressed as fault slip; this means that rigid microplate models cannot represent the kinematics either. A universal feature of the better models is that eastern China and southeast Asia flow rapidly eastward with respect to Siberia. The rate of escape is very sensitive to the level of shear traction in the Pacific subduction zones, which is below 6 MPa. Because this flow occurs across a wide range of latitudes, the net eastward escape is greater than the rate of crustal addition in the Himalaya. The crustal budget is balanced by extension and thinning, primarily within the Tibetan plateau and the Baikal rift. The low level of deviation stresses in the best models suggests that topographic stress plays a major role in the orogeny; thus, we have to expect that different topography in the past may have been linked with fundamentally different modes of continental collision.

Kong, Xianghong↗
DOE OSTI2025

Insights into Slip-Rate Time Functions, Rupture Parameter Correlations, and Ground Motions from Validated Multicycle Earthquake Ruptures

Earthquake strong-motion predictions using kinematic source modeling require knowledge of the slip-rate functions (SRFs) along the rupture and their distinct characteristics in asperities, background (off-asperity) areas and near the surface. Here, in this study we analyzed SRFs from well-validated, self-consistent, and fully dynamic rupture models from earthquake cycles obeying a rate-and-state friction law, from our companion study (Galvez et al., 2021). The shapes of SRFs in asperities are well described by the regularized Yoffe function (RYF), which has only two parameters: rise time T r and smoothing time T s , which control the generation of long- and short-period ground motions, respectively. In background areas, we demonstrate that, in addition to the primary rupture, multiple secondary ruptures may also nucleate from rupture heterogeneities related to asperities, resulting in SRFs with multiple peaks. Because it is impossible to fit a multiple-peak SRF by the single-peak RYF, we describe SRFs in background areas in an effective way by fitting their amplitude spectra with the RYF spectra. Such spectrally effective RYFs capture salient aspects of seismic-wave generation and can be used in rupture generators for strong motion prediction. We found that small T s values correlate with small characteristic weakening distances, large peak slip rates (PSRs), and large rupture velocities. T r values are larger in background areas and smaller in asperities. Within the shallow aseismic zone, T s values approximately quadruple whereas T r values approximately double. Because of this dominant T s increase, PSR values decrease in the near-surface zone. These features indicate that the generation of strong motions by the near-surface portions of the rupture is negligible in the studied scenarios.

Geosciences↗
NASA NTRS1982

A simple finite difference procedure for the vortex controlled diffuser

A simple prediction procedure for sudden expansion incompressible flows is developed and applied to the vortex controlled diffuser. Transient Navier-Stokes equations of an incompressible fluid are solved by means of their associated finite difference equations in terms of the primitive pressure velocity variables. A computer code is developed using a laminar flow simulation with free slip or no slip wall boundary conditions. In addition, predicted results confirm that effectiveness increases with increases in duct length and bleed flow rate

Busnaina, A. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Stagnation flowfield analysis for an aeroassisted vehicle

Hypersonic reactive flowfield results are presented for the flow about an axisymmetric representation of a three-dimensional aeroassisted vehicle using the viscous shock-layer (VSL) and Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for low- and high-altitude entry conditions, respectively. Solutions are limited to the stagnation region. The NS results have been obtained by employing the surface recombination boundary condition for an 11-species air model, whereas the VSL calculations are carried out by using a 5-species model. Three widely used surface recombination rate models are implemented with these two flowfield calculation procedures. The low-density (or high altitude) NS solutions are obtained with surface slip equations and compare quite well with the direct simulation Monte Carlo predictions. For higher densities (or lower altitudes), the no-slip VSL solutions are considered adequate. Results from this study highlight the effect of surface catalyticity on surface heating and electron number density.

Gupta, Roop N.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Hypersonic low-density solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations with chemical nonequilibrium and multicomponent surface slip

Solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations with chemical nonequilibrium and multicomponent surface slip are presented along the stagnation streamline under low-density hypersonic flight conditions. The conditions analyzed are those encountered by the nose region of the Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry. A detailed comparison of the Navier-Stokes (NS) results is made with the viscous shock-layer (VSL) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) predictions. With the inclusion of surface-slip boundary conditions in NS calculations, the surface heat transfer and other flow field quantities adjacent to the surface are predicted favorably with the DSMC calculations from 75 km to 115 km in altitude. Therefore, the practical range for the applicability of Navier-Stokes solutions is much wider than previously thought. This is appealing because the continuum (NS and VSL) methods are commonly used to solve the fluid flow problems and are less demanding in terms of computer resource requirements than the noncontinuum (DSMC) methods. The NS solutions agree well with the VSL results for altitudes less than 92 km. An assessment is made of the frozen flow approximation employed in the VSL calculations.

Gupta, R. N.↗
DOE OSTI2026

The Role of Normal Stress and Shear Stress Heterogeneity in the Inferred Depth‐Independence of Stress Drop

Earthquake stress drops are inferred to be independent of source depth, contradicting linear scaling predictions for earthquakes as frictional stick‐slip instabilities that assume increasing fault normal stress due to overburden. Here, we examine the scaling between averaged stress drops and increasing normal stress for simulated earthquake sequences in continuum rate‐and‐state fault models. The models produce a weaker dependence of stress drop on normal stress than the linearity of simple friction, which can be well‐fit by a sublinear power‐law. This result is more prominent when the fault dimension is much larger than nucleation scales. In such cases, the averaged behavior of ruptures is dominated by rupture propagation conditions, reflecting more heterogeneous shear stress conditions. As natural faults can be considerably larger than the smallest earthquakes they host, such a weaker scaling between averaged rupture conditions and normal stress may partially explain the lack of an inferred depth‐dependence of earthquake stress drops.

earthquake source↗
NASA NTRS1972

Momentum flux in two phase two component low quality flow

In two phase flow systems line losses comprise frictional and momentum pressure drops. For design purposes, it would be desirable to estimate the line losses employing a one-dimensional calculation. Two methods for computing one-dimensional momentum flux at a test section discharge station are compared to the experimental value for a range of two-phase flow conditions. The one-dimensional homogeneous model appears to be more accurate generally in predicting the momentum than the variable slip model.

Baumeister, K. J.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Molecular-dynamics Simulation-based Cohesive Zone Representation of Intergranular Fracture Processes in Aluminum

A traction-displacement relationship that may be embedded into a cohesive zone model for microscale problems of intergranular fracture is extracted from atomistic molecular-dynamics simulations. A molecular-dynamics model for crack propagation under steady-state conditions is developed to analyze intergranular fracture along a flat 99 [1 1 0] symmetric tilt grain boundary in aluminum. Under hydrostatic tensile load, the simulation reveals asymmetric crack propagation in the two opposite directions along the grain boundary. In one direction, the crack propagates in a brittle manner by cleavage with very little or no dislocation emission, and in the other direction, the propagation is ductile through the mechanism of deformation twinning. This behavior is consistent with the Rice criterion for cleavage vs. dislocation blunting transition at the crack tip. The preference for twinning to dislocation slip is in agreement with the predictions of the Tadmor and Hai criterion. A comparison with finite element calculations shows that while the stress field around the brittle crack tip follows the expected elastic solution for the given boundary conditions of the model, the stress field around the twinning crack tip has a strong plastic contribution. Through the definition of a Cohesive-Zone-Volume-Element an atomistic analog to a continuum cohesive zone model element - the results from the molecular-dynamics simulation are recast to obtain an average continuum traction-displacement relationship to represent cohesive zone interaction along a characteristic length of the grain boundary interface for the cases of ductile and brittle decohesion. Keywords: Crack-tip plasticity; Cohesive zone model; Grain boundary decohesion; Intergranular fracture; Molecular-dynamics simulation

Yamakov, Vesselin I.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A continuum analysis of chemical nonequilibrium under hypersonic low-density flight conditions

Results of employing the continuum model of Navier-Stokes equations under the low-density flight conditions are presented. These results are obtained with chemical nonequilibrium and multicomponent surface slip boundary conditions. The conditions analyzed are those encountered by the nose region of the Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry. A detailed comparison of the Navier-Stokes (NS) results is made with the viscous shock-layer (VSL) and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) predictions. With the inclusion of new surface-slip boundary conditions in NS calculations, the surface heat transfer and other flowfield quantities adjacent to the surface are predicted favorably with the DSMC calculations from 75 km to 115 km in altitude. This suggests a much wider practical range for the applicability of Navier-Stokes solutions than previously thought. This is appealing because the continuum (NS and VSL) methods are commonly used to solve the fluid flow problems and are less demanding in terms of computer resource requirements than the noncontinuum (DSMC) methods.

Gupta, R. N.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Review of critical flow rate, propagation of pressure pulse, and sonic velocity in two-phase media

For single-phase media, the critical discharge velocity, the sonic velocity, and the pressure pulse propagation velocity can be expressed in the same form by assuming isentropic, equilibria processes. In two-phase mixtures, the same concept is not valid due to the existence of interfacial transports of momentum, heat, and mass. Thus, the three velocities should be treated differently and separately for each particular condition, taking into account the various transport processes involved under that condition. Various attempts are reviewed to predict the critical discharge rate or the propagation velocities by considering slip ratio (momentum change), evaporation (mass and heat transport), flow pattern, etc. Experimental data were compared with predictions based on various theorems. The importance is stressed of the time required to achieve equilibrium as compared with the time available during the process, for example, of passing a pressure pulse.

Hsu, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Particle-laden weakly swirling free jets: Measurements and predictions

A theoretical and experimental investigation of particle-laden, weakly swirling, turbulent free jets was conducted. Glass particles, having a Sauter mean diameter of 39 microns with a standard deviation of 15 microns, were used. A single loading ratio of 0.2 was used in the experiments. Measurements are reported for three swirl numbers, ranging from 0.0 to 0.3. The measurements included mean and fluctuating velocities of both phases, and particle mass flux distributions. Measurements were compared with predictions from three types of multiphase flow analysis: locally homogeneous flow (LHF); deterministic separated flow (DSF); and stochastic separated flow (SSF). For the particle-laden jets, the LHF and DSF models did not provide very satisfactory predictions. The LHF model generally overestimated the rate of decay of particle mean axial and angular velocities with streamwise distance, due to the neglect of particle inertia. The LHF model predictions of particle mass flux also showed poor agreement with measurements due to the assumption of no-slip between phases. The DSF model also performed quite poorly for predictions of particle mass flux, because turbulent dispersion of the particles was neglected. The SSF model, which accounts for both particle inertia and turbulent dispersion of the particles, yielded reasonably good predictions throughout the flow field for the particle-laden jets.

Bulzan, Daniel L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Particle-laden weakly swirling free jets - Measurements and predictions

A theoretical and experimental investigation of particle-laden, weakly swirling, turbulent free jets was conducted. Glass particles, having a Sauter mean diameter of 39 microns with a standard deviation of 15 microns, were used. A single loading ratio of 0.2 was used in the experiments. Measurements are reported for three swirl numbers, ranging from 0.0 to 0.3. The measurements included mean and fluctuating velocities of both phases, and particle mass flux distributions. Measurements were compared with predictions from three types of multiphase flow analysis: locally homogeneous flow (LHF); deterministic separated flow (DSF); and stochastic separated flow (SSF). For the particle-laden jets, the LHF and DSF models did not provide very satisfactory predictions. The LHF model generally overestimated the rate of decay of particle mean axial and angular velocities with streamwise distance, due to the neglect of particle inertia. The LHF model predictions of particle mass flux also showed poor agreement with measurements due to the assumption of no-slip between phases. The DSF model also performed quite poorly for predictions of particle mass flux, because turbulent dispersion of the particles was neglected. The SSF model, which accounts for both particle inertia and turbulent disperison of the particles, yielded reasonably good predictions throughout the flow field for the particle-laden jets.

Bulzan, Daniel L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Geodetic measurement of deformation in the Loma Prieta, California earthquake with very long baseline interferometry

VLBI measurements were conducted immediately after the Loma Prieta earthquake and compared with VLBI gathered at Monterey, San Francisco, and Point Reyes since 1983 to obtain preearthquake deformation rates with respect to a North American reference frame. The estimated displacements at Monterey and San Francisco are consistent with the static displacements predicted on the basis of a coseismic slip model in which slip on the southern segment is shallower than slip on the northern segment of the fault rupture. Cartesian positions are presented at epoch 1990.0 of a set of VLBI fiducial stations and the three mobile sites in the earthquake's vicinity.

Clark, T. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Earthquake slip vectors and estimates of present-day plate motions

Two alternative models for present-day global plate motions are derived from subsets of the NUVEL-1 data in order to investigate the degree to which earthquake slip vectors affect the NUVEL-1 model and to provide estimates of present-day plate velocities that are independent of earthquake slip vectors. The data set used to derive the first model excludes subduction zone slip vectors. The primary purpose of this model is to demonstrate that the 240 subduction zone slip vectors in the NUVEL-1 data set do not greatly affect the plate velocities predicted by NUVEL-1. A data set that excludes all of the 724 earthquake slip vectors used to derive NUVEL-1 is used to derive the second model. This model is suitable as a reference model for kinematic studies that require plate velocity estimates unaffected by earthquake slip vectors. The slip-dependent slip vector bias along transform faults is investigated using the second model, and evidence is sought for biases in slip directions along spreading centers.

Demets, Charles↗