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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Report of secondary flows, boundary layers, turbulence and wave team

Correspondence concerning the comparison of horizontal wind fields, two dimensional spectra, heat flux, mesoscale divergence and deformation in the prestorm environment, and thunderstorm gust front winds is presented. Other subjects include the use of radar to determine heating rate and evaporation near the Earth's surface for an unstable boundary layer and statistical considerations in the estimation of wind fields from single Doppler radar and application to prestorm boundary layer observations.

Doviak, R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

On the secondary instability of the most dangerous Goertler vortex

Recent studies have demonstrated the most unstable Goertler vortex mode is found in flows, both two and three-dimensional, with regions of (moderately) large body curvature and these modes reside within a thin layer situated at the base of the conventional boundary layer. Further work concerning the nonlinear development of the most dangerous mode demonstrates that the flow results in a self induced flow reversal. However, prior to the point at which flow reversal is encountered, the total streamwise velocity profile is found to be highly inflectional in nature. Previous work then suggests that the nonlinear vortex state will become unstable to secondary, inviscid, Rayleigh wave instabilities prior to the point of flow reversal. Our concern is with the secondary instability of the nonlinear vortex states, which result from the streamwise evolution of the most unstable Goertler vortex mode, with the aim of determining whether such modes can induce a transition to a fully turbulent state before separation is encountered.

Otto, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Theory of Type 3 and Type 2 Solar Radio Emissions

The main features of some current theories of type III and type II bursts are outlined. Among the most common solar radio bursts, type III bursts are produced at frequencies of 10 kHz to a few GHz when electron beams are ejected from solar active regions, entering the corona and solar wind at typical speeds of 0.1c. These beams provide energy to generate Langmuir waves via a streaming instability. In the current stochastic-growth theory, Langmuir waves grow in clumps associated with random low-frequency density fluctuations, leading to the observed spiky waves. Nonlinear wave-wave interactions then lead to secondary emission of observable radio waves near the fundamental and harmonic of the plasma frequency. Subsequent scattering processes modify the dynamic radio spectra, while back-reaction of Langmuir waves on the beam causes it to fluctuate about a state of marginal stability. Theories based on these ideas can account for the observed properties of type III bursts, including the in situ waves and the dynamic spectra of the radiation. Type 11 bursts are associated with shock waves propagating through the corona and interplanetary space and radiating from roughly 30 kHz to 1 GHz. Their basic emission mechanisms are believed to be similar to those of type III events and radiation from Earth's foreshock. However, several sub-classes of type II bursts may exist with different source regions and detailed characteristics. Theoretical models for type II bursts are briefly reviewed, focusing on a model with emission from a foreshock region upstream of the shock for which observational evidence has just been reported.

Robinson, P. A.↗
NASA NTRS1990

An electron diffraction study of Bi2Sr2(Gd/x/Ca/1-x/)0.8Cu2O(8+delta)

The compound Bi2Sr2(Gd/x/Ca/1-x/)0.8Cu2O(8+delta) is examined by electron diffraction for several values of x. The incommensurate modulation which has been reported for x = 0 persists for all values of x with the wave vector increasing as x increases. A secondary modulation with a wave vector equal to one-half that of the primary is observed for x equal to or greater than 0.85. This modulation manifests itself through satellite reflections that are highly streaked normal to the (001) planes and that flank certain select positions in reciprocal space. The appearance of this secondary modulation is accompanied by a change in the average crystal structure from B-centered to F-centered orthorhombic.

Kulik, J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Secondary-electron-emission losses in multistage depressed collectors and traveling-wave-tube efficiency improvements with carbon collector electrode surfaces

Secondary-electron-emission losses in multistage depressed collectors (MDC's) and their effects on overall traveling-wave-tube (TWT) efficiency were investigated. Two representative TWT's and several computer-modeled MDC's were used. The experimental techniques provide the measurement of both the TWT overall and the collector efficiencies. The TWT-MDC performance was optimized and measured over a wide range of operating conditions, with geometrically identical collectors, which utilized different electrode surface materials. Comparisons of the performance of copper electrodes to that of various forms of carbon, including pyrolytic and iisotropic graphites, were stressed. The results indicate that: (1) a significant improvement in the TWT overall efficiency was obtained in all cases by the use of carbon, rather than copper electrodes, and (2) that the extent of this efficiency enhancement depended on the characteristics of the TWT, the TWT operating point, the MDC design, and collector voltages. Ion textured graphite was found to be particularly effective in minimizing the secondary-electron-emission losses. Experimental and analytical results, however, indicate that it is at least as important to provide a maximum amount of electrostatic suppression of secondary electrons by proper MDC design. Such suppression, which is obtained by ensuring that a substantial suppressing electric field exists over the regions of the electrodes where most of the current is incident, was found to be very effective. Experimental results indicate that, with proper MDC design and the use of electrode surfaces with low secondary-electron yield, degradation of the collector efficiency can be limited to a few percent.

Ramins, P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury

Grooved and hilly terrains occur at the antipode of major basins on the moon (Imbrium, Orientale) and Mercury (Caloris). Such terrains may represent extensive landslides and surface disruption produced by impact-generated P-waves and antipodal convergence of surface waves. Order-of-magnitude calculations for an Imbrium-size impact on the moon indicate P-wave-induced surface displacements of 10 m at the basin antipode that would arrive prior to secondary ejecta. Comparable surface waves would arrive subsequent to secondary ejecta impacts beyond 1000 km and would increase in magnitude as they converge at the antipode. Other seismically induced surface features include: subdued, furrowed crater walls produced by landslides and concomitant secondary impacts; emplacement and leveling of light plains units owing to seismically induced 'fluidization' of slide material; and perhaps the production and enhancement of deep-seated fractures that led to the concentration of farside lunar maria in the Apollo-Ingenii region.

Schultz, P. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Seismic effects from major basin formation on the Moon and Mercury

Grooved and hilly terrains are reported which occur at the antipode of major basins on the Moon (Imbrium, Orientale) and Mercury (Caloris). Order-of-magnitude calculations, for an Imbrium-size impact on the Moon, indicate P-wave-induced surface displacements of 10 m at the basin antipode that would arrive prior to secondary ejecta. Comparable surface waves are reported which would arrive subsequent to secondary ejecta impacts and would increase in magnitude as they converge at the antipode. Other seismically induced surface features include: subdued, furrowed crater walls produced by landslides and concomitant secondary impacts; emplacement and leveling of light plains units owing to seismically induced "fluidization" of slide material; knobby, pitted terrain around old basins from enhancement of seismic waves in ancient ejecta blankets; and the production and enhancement of deep-seated fractures that led to the concentration of farside lunar maria in the Apollo-Ingenii region.

Schultz, P. H.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Dynamical criterion for a marginally unstable, quasi-linear behavior in a two-layer model

A two-layer quasi-geostrophic flow forced by meridional variations in heating can be in regimes ranging from radiative equilibrium to forced geostrophic turbulence. Between these extremes is a regime where the time-mean (zonal) flow is marginally unstable. Using scaling arguments, it is concluded that such a marginally unstable state should occur when a certain parameter, measuring the strength of wave-wave interactions relative to the beta effect and advection by the thermal wind, is small. Numerical simulations support this proposal. A transition from the marginally unstable regime to a more nonlinear regime is then examined through numerical simulations with different radiative forcings. It is found that transition is not caused by secondary instability of waves in the marginally unstable regime. Instead, the time-mean flow can support a number of marginally unstable normal modes. These normal modes interact with each other, and if they are of sufficient amplitude, the flow enters a more nonlinear regime.

Ebisuzaki, W.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Gap-Opening, Disk Clearing, and the Survival of the Regular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn

It is only recently that the theory of disk-companion interactions yields migration rates due to the gas tidal torque that are in agreement with numerical simulations and up to an order of magnitude slower than previous estimates. Also, for a weakly turbulent disk, the gap size is controlled primarily by the damping length of acoustic waves launched by the secondary at Lindblad resonances, which in turn depends on whether the waves are 2D or 3D. At least for small azimuthal wavenumbers this damping length is of the order of the radial location of the Lindblad resonance. This may have important consequences for disk dispersal in satellite systems. In the case of Jupiter, it means that the inner Galilean satellites may have jointly opened a gap. On the other hand, in Saturn's system the satellites inside of Titan are probably too small to have opened gaps in the gas disk at the time of their formation; but the possibility exists that, by effectively clearing the gas disk inside its own orbit, Titan may have allowed smaller satellites to survive, depending on whether Titan can clear the disk in a timescale comparable to the migration rates due to gas drag and gas tidal torque for these objects.

Estrada, P. R.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Simulated KWAJEX Convective Systems Using a 2D and 3D Cloud Resolving Model and Their Comparisons with Radar Observations

The 1999 Kwajalein Atoll field experiment (KWAJEX), one of several major TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) field experiments, has successfully obtained a wealth of information and observation data on tropical convective systems over the western Central Pacific region. In this paper, clouds and convective systems that developed during three active periods (Aug 7-12, Aug 17-21, and Aug 29-Sep 13) around Kwajalein Atoll site are simulated using both 2D and 3D Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) models. Based on numerical results, the clouds and cloud systems are generally unorganized and short lived. These features are validated by radar observations that support the model results. Both the 2D and 3D simulated rainfall amounts and their stratiform contribution as well as the heat, water vapor, and moist static energy budgets are examined for the three convective episodes. Rainfall amounts are quantitatively similar between the two simulations, but the stratiform contribution is considerably larger in the 2D simulation. Regardless of dimension, fo all three cases, the large-scale forcing and net condensation are the two major physical processes that account for the evolution of the budgets with surface latent heat flux and net radiation solar and long-wave radiation)being secondary processes. Quantitative budget differences between 2D and 3D as well as between various episodes will be detailed.Morover, simulated radar signatures and Q1/Q2 fields from the three simulations are compared to each other and with radar and sounding observations.

Shie, Chung-Lin↗
NASA NTRS2004

Particle Acceleration in SN1006 Shock Waves

The FUSE data have been reduced, and a paper on the results is in progress. The main results have been presented in a poster at the January 2004 AAS meeting and an ApJ paper in press. The primary result is that the widths of the 0 VI lines in the NW filament are a bit less than the width expected if the oxygen kinetic temperature is 16 times the proton temperature (mass proportional heating). This is at variance with measurements of shocks in the heliosphere, where preferential heating of oxygen and other heavy species is observed. The paper discusses the theoretical implications for collisionless shock wave physics. A secondary result is that no O VI emission was observed from the NE filament. While the very different particle distribution in that region can partially account for the weakness of the O VI lines, the simplest interpretation is that the pre-shock density in the NE is less than 0.22 times the density in the NW.

Sonneborn, George↗
NASA NTRS2011

Telescope Spacer Design Investigations

Space-based interferometric gravitational wave observatories will measure changes in the distance between free falling proof masses inside widely separated spacecraft with pm sensitivity. These observatories will use fast telescopes to exchange laser beams. These telescopes are part of the probed optical distances and any length change in the gravitational wave band between secondary and primary can limit the sensitivity of the observatories. Furthermore, the large distance between and space constrains on the spacecraft require to use very fast telescopes with f-numbers approaching unity. These telescopes are very sensitive against any absolute length change which would reduce interferometer visibility and, ultimately, sensitivity. Our group has assembled a Silicon Carbide test structure and investigated its dimensional in the 1 OA-4 to 1 Hz frequency band at different operating temperatures. We also measured the overall length change and started investigating asymmetric length changes during cool down which would lead to misalignments in the telescope.

Livas, Jeffrey↗
NASA NTRS1989

Low power consumption current transducer

A low power consumption current transducer utilizes a saturable core reactor which includes a pair of opposed gate windings and a control winding. The control winding of the saturable reactor is arranged to receive the current to be measured. A square wave generator is connected to the gate winding of the transformer connected across the square wave generator and the secondary connected in series with the gate windings of the reactor. A full wave rectifier is connected to the gate windings and a resistor is connected across the rectifier to provide a DC voltage to cross it representative of the current flow through the control winding. A DC power supply is provided to supply power to the square wave voltage source. A diode is connected between each end of the primary winding of the transformer and one polarity of the DC power supply to commutate the reactive current resulting from the counter emf generated in the reactor back to the DC supply to eliminate potentially damaging reactive voltage spikes which would otherwise appear at the output of the square wave generator and conserve energy.

W T McLyman↗
NASA NTRS1987

A comparison of adiabatic and diabatic forcing in an intense extratropical cyclone system

The roles of adiabatic and diabatic forcings in the development of a cyclone are examined. The two types of height tendency equations (classical quasi-geostrophic and extended forms) employed to solve for height tendency are described. The extended equation, in which geostrophic wind is replaced with observed wind, the effects of diabatic heating are added, and three-dimensional varying static stability is permitted, is utilized to analyze the evolution of the January 9-11, 1975 cyclone event. The analysis reveals that vorticity advection has a primary effect on the movement and propagation of the wave system; the differential thermal advection has a secondary, but significant role in wave development; latent heating effects are minimal; and the vertical advection of static stability slows the propagation and development of the wave.

Tsou, Chih-Hua↗
NASA NTRS1987

Electric field and plasma density measurements in the strongly driven daytime equatorial electrojet. I - The unstable layer and gradient drift waves. II - Two-stream waves

The results of electric field and plasma density measurements in the strongly driven daytime equatorial electrojet over Peru, made during the March 1983 Condor electrojet experiment from Punta Lobos, Peru, are discussed together with the rocket instrumentation used for the measurements and the pertinent payload dynamics. The overall characteristics of the irregularity layer observed in situ in the electrojet are described. Special consideration is given to the waves generated by the gradient drift instability (observed between 90 and 106.5 km) and to primary and secondary two-stream waves detected by the two probes on the topside between 103 and 111 km, where the electron current was considered to be strongest.

Pfaff, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Vibration-Induced Droplet Atomization

Thermal management is critical to a number of technologies used in a microgravity environment and in Earth-based systems. Examples include electronic cooling, power generation systems, metal forming and extrusion, and HVAC (heating, venting, and air conditioning) systems. One technique that can deliver the large heat fluxes required for many of these technologies is two-phase heat transfer. This type of heat transfer is seen in the boiling or evaporation of a liquid and in the condensation of a vapor. Such processes provide very large heat fluxes with small temperature differences. Our research program is directed toward the development of a new, two-phase heat transfer cell for use in a microgravity environment. In this paper, we consider the main technology used in this cell, a novel technique for the atomization of a liquid called vibration-induced droplet atomization. In this process, a small liquid droplet is placed on a thin metal diaphragm that is made to vibrate by an attached piezoelectric transducer. The vibration induces capillary waves on the free surface of the droplet that grow in amplitude and then begin to eject small secondary droplets from the wave crests. In some situations, this ejection process develops so rapidly that the entire droplet seems to burst into a small cloud of atomized droplets that move away from the diaphragm at speeds of up to 50 cm/s. By incorporating this process into a heat transfer cell, the active atomization and transport of the small liquid droplets could provide a large heat flux capability for the device. Experimental results are presented that document the behavior of the diaphragm and the droplet during the course of a typical bursting event. In addition, a simple mathematical model is presented that qualitatively reproduces all of the essential features we have seen in a burst event. From these two investigations, we have shown that delayed droplet bursting results when the system passes through a resonance condition. This occurs when the initial acceleration of the diaphragm is higher than the critical acceleration and the driving frequency is larger than the initial resonance frequency of the diaphragm-droplet system. We have incorporated this droplet atomization device into a design for a new heat transfer cell for use in a microgravity environment. The cell is essentially a cylindrical container with a hot surface on one end and a cold surface on the other. The vibrating diaphragm is mounted in the center of the cold surface. Heat transfer occurs through droplet evaporation and condensation on the hot and cold ends of the cell. A prototype of this heat transfer cell has been built and tested. It can operate continuously and provides a modest level of heat transfer, about 20 W/sq cm. Our work during the next few years will be to optimize the design of this cell to see if we can produce a device that has significantly better performance than conventional heat exchangers and heat pipes.

Smith, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Rocket observations in the equatorial electrojet - Current status and critical problems

The current status of in situ investigations in the equatorial electrojet is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on: (1) the relation of the vertical polarization field to the electrojet current and the electron number density; (2) the puzzling square shapes of the large amplitude kilometer-scale horizontal electric field structures; (3) the intense vertical, meter-scale waves observed on the topside of the electrojet associated with horizontal laminar-like primary two-stream waves; (4) measurements of upgoing and downgoing secondary two-stream and gradient drift wave packets driven by delta E x B drifts; (5) the nonlinear meter-scale 'turbulence' with small mean phase velocities observed by radars at altitudes outside the regions of high Cowling conductivity, and wave-particle heating by the plasma instabilities.

Pfaff, R. F., Jr.↗