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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Quantum Search Approaches to Sampling-Based Motion Planning

In this paper, we present a novel formulation of traditional sampling-based motion planners as database-oracle structures that can be solved via quantum search algorithms. We consider two complementary scenarios: for simpler sparse environments, we formulate the Quantum Full Path Search Algorithm (q-FPS), which creates a superposition of full random path solutions, manipulates probability amplitudes with Quantum Amplitude Amplification (QAA), and quantum measures a single obstacle free full path solution. For dense unstructured environments, we formulate the Quantum Rapidly Exploring Random Tree algorithm, q-RRT, that creates quantum superpositions of possible parent-child connections, manipulates probability amplitudes with QAA, and quantum measures a single reachable state, which is added to a tree. As performance depends on the number of oracle calls and the probability of measuring good quantum states, we quantify how these errors factor into the probabilistic completeness properties of the algorithm. We then numerically estimate the expected number of database solutions to provide an approximation of the optimal number of oracle calls in the algorithm. We compare the q-RRT algorithm with a classical implementation and verify quadratic run-time speedup in the largest connected component of a 2D dense random lattice. We conclude by evaluating a proposed approach to limit the expected number of database solutions and thus limit the optimal number of oracle calls to a given number.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantum Distributed Unit Commitment: An Application in Microgrids

The dawn of quantum computing brings on a revolution in the way combinatorially complex power system problems such as Unit Commitment are solved. The Unit Commitment problem complexity is expected to increase in the future because of the trend toward the increase of penetration of intermittent renewables. Even though quantum computing has proven effective for solving a host of problems, its applications for power systems’ problems have been rather limited. Here, in this paper, a quantum unit commitment is innovatively formulated and the quantum version of the decomposition and coordination alternate direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is established. The above is achieved by devising quantum algorithms and by exploiting the superposition and entanglement of quantum bits (qubits) for solving subproblems, which are then coordinated through ADMM to obtain feasible solutions. The main contributions of this paper include: 1) the innovative development of a quantum model for Unit Commitment; 2) development of decomposition and coordination-supported framework which paves the way for the utilization of limited quantum resources to potentially solve the large-scale discrete optimization problems; 3) devising the novel quantum distributed unit commitment (QDUC) to solve the problem in a larger scale than currently available quantum computers are capable of solving. The QDUC results are compared with those from its classical counterpart, which validate the efficacy of quantum computing.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data Summarization and Inference at Scale

This is the final report for the DOE ASCR grant SC-0022260, Data Summarization and Inference at Scale, PI: Alex Pothen, Purdue University. The goal of the project was to solve data-intensive and compute-intensive problems in the physical sciences, engineering, information science, data science, etc. by designing and implementing new algorithms that could work with a subset of the data. The four subgoals were: (a) The solution of problems where the data is too large to be stored in the memory of a computer. In this streaming model of computation, the data arrives as a stream of elements to the computer, each element is processed as it arrives, and a decision is made to discard the data or to store it; only a small subset of the data proportional to the size of the output solution is stored, and when all the data has been streamed, a solution to the problem is computed from the stored subset. (b) The use of machine learning methods to compute solutions to data-intensive problems. The use of GPUs is critical to obtain high performance on machine learning tasks, but their memory sizes are smaller relative to that of CPUs. For large-scale problems, the data is sampled many times, and small samples are used with repetition, for robustness, to compute solutions to inference tasks. This sampling reduces the memory required to solve the problem, but attention is needed to avoid slow convergence to the solutions, and reduced accuracy of inference. We propose submodular optimization, Large Language Models, and physics-informed neural networks to enable GPU computations here. (c) Modeling and visualization of high-dimensional data using interpretable features. Clinical proteomic data sets from immunology for the detection of cancer and other diseases are temporal and high-dimensional, and algorithms for visualizing these data sets using clinically interpretable features are lacking. We propose methods that compute distances based on the optimal transportation problem and graph edit distances to address this problem. We also propose the use of optimal transport-based distances, spatial statistics, and network structure to classify image data sets, We apply these algorithms to electron micrographs of the peripheral nervous system in the digestive tract. (d) The design of data-intensive algorithms on emerging architectures, specifically, noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Quantum computers offer the possibility of exploring large solution spaces due to the principle of superposition, but current quantum computers are limited by few qubits, short coherence times due to noise, poor interconections among the qubits, etc. We propose the use of the divide and conquer paradigm to solve large-scale problems, wherein collections of small subproblems are solved on the quantum devices, and the solutions to the subproblems are integrated into a solution for the original problem on a classical computer.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantum Measurement and Characterization

Depicted above is the Bloch sphere of a quantum bit (qubit). Creating any arbitrary superposition of the two orthogonal quantum states requires coherent evolution along the surface of the Bloch sphere. Coherent evolution is enacted in our superconducting radio frequency quantum system through an external microwave drive.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Coherent Many-Body Oscillations Induced by a Superposition of Broken Symmetry States in the Wake of a Quantum Phase Transition

It is now widely accepted that quenches through the critical region of quantum phase transitions result in post-transition states populated with topological defects—analogs of the classical topological defects. However, consequences of the very nonclassical fact that the state after a quench is a superposition of distinct, broken-symmetry vacua with different numbers and locations of defects have remained largely unexplored. Here, we identify coherent quantum oscillations induced by such superpositions in observables complementary to the one involved in symmetry breaking. These oscillations satisfy Kibble-Zurek dynamical scaling laws with the quench rate, with an instantaneous oscillation frequency set primarily by the gap of the system. In addition to the obvious fundamental significance of a superposition of different broken symmetry states, quantum coherent oscillations can be used to verify unitarity and test for imperfections of the experimental implementations of quantum simulators.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

A multilayer multi-configurational approach to efficiently simulate large-scale circuit-based quantum computers on classical machines

Here, a multilayer multi-configurational theory framework is adapted to simulate circuit-based quantum computers. Quantum addition of superpositions of an exponential number of summands is performed in polynomial time with high accuracy. We demonstrate numerically accurate calculations including up to one million qubits for entangling benchmarks. Simulation cost can be assessed by entropy-based entanglement measures. For the considered systems, we show that the entanglement only grows weakly with the system size. The present simulations demonstrate how quantum algorithms in low-entropy regimes can be used efficiently on classically simulated quantum computers.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preparing Equal Superpositions of n Computational-Basis States

This document presents, tutorial-style, a sequence of quantum circuits for preparing 3-qubit quantum states that are superpositions of 2, 3, . . . , 8 computational-basis states. Each circuit is accompanied by a timeline illustration of the evolution of the state from |000> to the target state.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Attosecond coherent electron motion in Auger-Meitner decay

In quantum systems, coherent superpositions of electronic states evolve on ultrafast time scales (few femtoseconds to attoseconds; 1 attosecond = 0.001 femtoseconds = 10 -18 seconds), leading to a time-dependent charge density. Here we performed time-resolved measurements using attosecond soft x-ray pulses produced by a free-electron laser, to track the evolution of a coherent core-hole excitation in nitric oxide. Using an additional circularly polarized infrared laser pulse, we created a clock to time-resolve the electron dynamics and demonstrated control of the coherent electron motion by tuning the photon energy of the x-ray pulse. Core-excited states offer a fundamental test bed for studying coherent electron dynamics in highly excited and strongly correlated matter.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optically pumped gradient magnetometer

A method is provided for sensing a magnetic field in a magnetic gradiometer of the kind in which pump light and light constituting an optical carrier traverse first and second atomic vapor cells that contain host atoms and that are separated from each other by a known distance. According to such method, the host atoms are prepared in a coherent superposition of two quantum states that differ in energy by an amount that is sensitive to an ambient magnetic field. Modulation of the optical carrier in the respective cells gives rise to sidebands that interfere to generate a beat frequency indicative of the magnetic field gradient. The host atoms are prepared at least in a mode that allows measurement of ambient magnetic field components perpendicular to the axis of the pump light. In such mode, the host atoms are spin-polarized by pump light while subjected to a controlled magnetic field directed parallel to the pump beam, and then the controlled magnetic field is adiabatically extinguished.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Accelerated pattern matching method on a quantum computing system

A method of determining a pattern in a sequence of bits using a quantum computing system includes setting a first register of a quantum processor in a superposition of a plurality of string index states, encoding a bit string in a second register of the quantum processor, encoding a bit pattern in a third register of the quantum processor, circularly shifting qubits of the second register conditioned on the first register, amplifying an amplitude of a state combined with the first register in which the circularly shifted qubits of the second register matches qubits of the third register, measuring an amplitude of the first register and determining a string index state of the plurality of string index states associated with the amplified state, and outputting, by use of a classical computer, a string index associated with the first register in the measured state.

NIROULA, Pradeep↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unification of finite symmetries in the simulation of many-body systems on quantum computers

Symmetry is fundamental in the description and simulation of quantum systems. Leveraging symmetries in classical simulations of many-body quantum systems can result in significant overhead due to the exponentially growing size of some symmetry groups as the number of particles increases. Quantum computers hold the promise of achieving exponential speedup in simulating quantum many-body systems; however, a general method for utilizing symmetries in quantum simulations has not yet been established. In this work, we present a unified framework for incorporating symmetry group transforms on quantum computers to simulate many-body systems. The core of our approach lies in the development of efficient quantum circuits for symmetry-adapted projection onto irreducible representations of a group or pairs of commuting groups. We provide resource estimations for common groups, including the cyclic and permutation groups. Our algorithms demonstrate the capability to prepare coherent superpositions of symmetry-adapted states and to perform quantum evolution across a wide range of models in condensed-matter physics and ab initio electronic structure in quantum chemistry. Specifically, we execute a symmetry-adapted quantum subroutine for small molecules in first-quantization on noisy hardware and demonstrate the emulation of symmetry-adapted quantum phase estimation for preparing coherent superpositions of quantum states in various irreducible representations of a symmetry group. In addition, we present a discussion of open problems regarding treating symmetries in digital quantum simulations of many-body systems, paving the way for future systematic investigations into leveraging symmetries quantumly for practical quantum advantage. The broad applicability and rigorous resource estimation for symmetry transformations make our framework appealing for achieving provable quantum advantage on fault-tolerant quantum computers, especially for symmetry-related properties.

quantum algorithms↗
DOE OSTI2021

Coreset Clustering on Small Quantum Computers

Many quantum algorithms for machine learning require access to classical data in superposition. However, for many natural data sets and algorithms, the overhead required to load the data set in superposition can erase any potential quantum speedup over classical algorithms. Recent work by Harrow introduces a new paradigm in hybrid quantum-classical computing to address this issue, relying on coresets to minimize the data loading overhead of quantum algorithms. We investigated using this paradigm to perform k-means clustering on near-term quantum computers, by casting it as a QAOA optimization instance over a small coreset. We used numerical simulations to compare the performance of this approach to classical k-means clustering. We were able to find data sets with which coresets work well relative to random sampling and where QAOA could potentially outperform standard k-means on a coreset. However, finding data sets where both coresets and QAOA work well—which is necessary for a quantum advantage over k-means on the entire data set—appears to be challenging.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Gravity of two photon decay and its quantum coherence

A linear analytical solution is derived for the gravitational shock wave produced by a particle of mass M that decays into a pair of null particles. The resulting space-time is shown to be unperturbed and isotropic, except for a discontinuous perturbation on a spherical null shell. Formulae are derived for the perturbation as a function of polar angle, as measured by an observer at the origin observing clocks on a sphere at distance R. The effect of the shock is interpreted physically as an instantaneous displacement in time and velocity when the shock passes the clocks. The time displacement is shown to be anisotropic, dominated by a quadrupole harmonic aligned with the particle-decay axis, with a magnitude δτ ~ GM/c 3 , independent of R. The velocity displacement is isotropic. The solution is used to derive the gravitational effect of a quantum state with a superposition of a large number of randomly oriented, statistically isotropic particle decays. This approach is shown to provide a well-controlled approximation to estimate the magnitude of gravitational fluctuations in systems composed of null point particles up to the Planck energy in a causal diamond of duration τ = 2R/c, as well as quantum-gravitational fluctuations of black holes and cosmological horizons. Coherent large-angle quantum distortions of macroscopic geometry from fluctuations up to the Planck scale are shown to grow linearly with the duration, with a variance $\langle$δτ 2 $\rangle$ ~ τtP much larger than that produced in models without causal quantum coherence.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantum Theory of the Classical: Einselection, Envariance, Quantum Darwinism and Extantons

Core quantum postulates including the superposition principle and the unitarity of evolutions are natural and strikingly simple. I show that—when supplemented with a limited version of predictability (captured in the textbook accounts by the repeatability postulate)—these core postulates can account for all the symptoms of classicality. In particular, both objective classical reality and elusive information about reality arise, via quantum Darwinism, from the quantum substrate. This approach shares with the Relative State Interpretation of Everett the view that collapse of the wavepacket reflects perception of the state of the rest of the Universe relative to the state of observer’s records. However, our “let quantum be quantum” approach poses questions absent in Bohr’s Copenhagen Interpretation that relied on the preexisting classical domain. Thus, one is now forced to seek preferred, predictable, hence effectively classical but ultimately quantum states that allow observers keep reliable records. Without such (i) preferred basis relative states are simply “too relative”, and the ensuing basis ambiguity makes it difficult to identify events (e.g., measurement outcomes). Moreover, universal validity of quantum theory raises the issue of (ii) the origin of Born’s rule, p k =|ψ k | 2 , relating probabilities and amplitudes (that is simply postulated in textbooks). Last not least, even preferred pointer states (defined by einselection—environment—induced superselection)—are still quantum. Therefore, unlike classical states that exist objectively, quantum states of an individual system cannot be found out by an initially ignorant observer through direct measurement without being disrupted. So, to complete the ‘quantum theory of the classical’ one must identify (iii) quantum origin of objective existence and explain how the information about objectively existing states can appear to be essentially inconsequential for them (as it does for states in Newtonian physics) and yet matter in other settings (e.g., thermodynamics). I show how the mathematical structure of quantum theory supplemented by the only uncontroversial measurement postulate (that demands immediate repeatability—hence, predictability) leads to preferred states. These (i) pointer states correspond to measurement outcomes. Their stability is a prerequisite for objective existence of effectively classical states and for events such as quantum jumps. Events at hand, one can now enquire about their probability—the probability of a pointer state (or of a measurement record). I show that the symmetry of entangled states—(ii) entanglement—assisted invariance or envariance—implies Born’s rule. Envariance also accounts for the loss of phase coherence between pointer states. Thus, decoherence can be traced to symmetries of entanglement and understood without its usual tool—reduced density matrices. A simple and manifestly noncircular derivation of p k =|ψ k | 2 follows. Monitoring of the system by its environment in course of decoherence typically leaves behind multiple copies of its pointer states in the environment. Only pointer states can survive decoherence and can spawn such plentiful information-theoretic progeny. This (iii) quantum Darwinism allows observers to use environment as a witness—to find out pointer states indirectly, leaving systems of interest untouched. Quantum Darwinism shows how epistemic and ontic (coexisting in epiontic quantum state) separate into robust objective existence of pointer states and detached information about them, giving rise to extantons—composite objects with system of interest in the core and multiple records of its pointer states in the halo comprising of environment subsystems (e.g., photons) which disseminates that information throughout the Universe.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

On the use of stereodynamical effects to control cold chemical reactions: The H + D 2 ↔ D + HD case study

Here, quantum calculations are reported for the stereodynamic control of the H + D 2 ↔ D + HD chemical reaction in the energy range of 1–50 K. Stereodynamic control is achieved by a formalism similar to that reported by Perreault et al. [Nat. Chem. 10, 561 (2018)] in recent experimental works in which the alignment of the molecular bond axis relative to the incident relative velocity is controlled by selective preparations of the molecule in a specific or superposition of magnetic projection quantum numbers of the initial molecular rotational level. The approach presented here generalizes the experimental scheme of Perreault et al. and offers additional degree of control through various experimental preparations of the molecular alignment angle. Illustrative results presented for the H + D 2 and D + HD reactions show significant control with the possibility of turning the reaction completely on or off with the appropriate stereodynamic preparation of the molecular state. Various scenarios for maximizing and minimizing the reaction outcomes are identified with the selective preparation of molecular rotational states.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Harnessing Quantum Computing for Energy Materials: Opportunities and Challenges

Developing high-performance materials is critical for diverse energy applications to increase efficiency, improve sustainability and reduce costs. Classical computational methods have enabled important breakthroughs in energy materials development, but they face scaling and time-complexity limitations, particularly for high-dimensional or strongly correlated material systems. Quantum computing (QC) promises to offer a paradigm shift by exploiting quantum bits with their superposition and entanglement to address challenging problems intractable for classical approaches. This Perspective discusses the opportunities in leveraging QC to advance energy materials research and the challenges QC faces in solving complex and high-dimensional problems. We present cases on how QC, when combined with classical computing methods, can be used for the design and simulation of practical energy materials. We also outline the outlook for error-corrected, fault-tolerant QC capable of achieving predictive accuracy and quantum advantage for complex material systems.

Algorithms↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exciton Superposition across Moiré States in a Semiconducting Moiré Superlattice

Moiré superlattices of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides enable unprecedented spatial control of electron wavefunctions, leading to emerging quantum states. The breaking of translational symmetry further introduces a new degree of freedom: high symmetry moiré sites of energy minima behaving as spatially separated quantum dots. We demonstrate the superposition between two moiré sites by constructing a trilayer WSe 2 /monolayer WS 2 moiré heterojunction. The two moiré sites in the first layer WSe 2 interfacing WS 2 allow the formation of two different interlayer excitons, with the hole residing in either moiré site of the first layer WSe 2 and the electron in the third layer WSe 2 . An electric field can drive the hybridization of either of the interlayer excitons with the intralayer excitons in the third WSe 2 layer, realizing the continuous tuning of interlayer exciton hopping between two moiré sites and a superposition of the two interlayer excitons, distinctively different from the natural trilayer WSe 2 .

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Role of Quantum Science Concepts in Enhancing Sensing and Imaging Technologies: Applications for Biology: Proceedings of a Workshop

Quantum concepts hold the potential to enable significant advances in sensing and imaging technologies that could be vital to the study of biological systems. The workshop Quantum Science Concepts in Enhancing Sensing and Imaging Technologies: Applications for Biology, held online March 8–10, 2021, was organized to examine the research and development needs to advance biological applications of quantum technology. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the event brought together experts working on state-of-the-art, quantum-enabled technologies and scientists who are interested in applying these technologies to biological systems. Through talks, panels, and discussions, the workshop facilitated a better understanding of the current and future biological applications of quantum-enabled technologies in fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology, plant science, mycology, and many others. The workshop was organized around three main themes. The first, quantum in biology, examined quantum concepts that are hypothesized to be important for life processes and that researchers are working to observe through biological imaging and sensing. The second, quantum for biology, addressed ways to use quantum concepts to enhance technologies for biological imaging and sensing. The third, biology for quantum, offered a wider discussion of how the frontiers of biological imaging and sensing could enable future study using quantum concepts, tools, or technologies. Throughout the workshop, participants identified a wide range of emerging approaches and opportunities at the intersection of quantum physics and biological sensing and imaging. During the workshop, there were some differences in how each speaker defined the term quantum. During one of the panels, Prem Kumar offered thoughts on what phenomena are classical versus quantum, explaining that techniques get progressively more quantum as you move from just having superposition to having superposition with measurement and entanglement. Another explanation from Clarice Aiello delineates the definition into several levels. This includes a base level of “quantum-ness,” which reflects that all matter is made of atoms, and when these particles are isolated they behave based on quantum mechanical principles. A second level is related to quantum coherence, where a single quantum object might be found in a coherent superposition state. A final level, which she described as the quantum-entangled level, involves multiple quantum systems which are entangled among themselves. Overall, the workshop touched on concepts such as superposition, entanglement, and squeezing and their potential implications for communication, computing, and simulation, in addition to the workshop’s main focal area, biological sensing and imaging. At the opening of the workshop, Thorsten Ritz of the University of California, Irvine, identified two questions at the heart of quantum biology: Is the machinery of life quantum mechanical, and can quantum mechanics be used to study the machinery of life in new ways? Participants highlighted systems in which researchers have explored these questions, from the vast array of molecular interactions involved in biological processes such as photosynthesis, to the mechanics involved in cellular functions such as differentiation and aggregation, to the role of oscillating magnetic fields in flight orientation among birds. Sensing and imaging technologies are crucial to biological research; these technologies could both enhance the study of quantum effects and be enhanced by quantum concepts. A critical challenge in biological research is to develop imaging and sensing tools that do not damage or interfere with the often fragile and fleeting systems being studied. Attendees discussed a variety of established and emerging technologies that could enhance noninvasive biological imaging, including single- and two-photon spectroscopy, single-molecule spectroscopy, quantum illumination, ghost imaging, and cryo-electron microscopy. One example came from Marlan Scully who gave a keynote address on the first day of the workshop. Scully emphasized the use of different laser technologies, which exhibit coherence and other quantum properties, in moving toward real-world biological applications, such as the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Both tools and theory will play an important role in advancing quantum biology research and applications. Several participants suggested theorists and experimentalists should work in tandem to understand and model biological processes. While physics often reduces systems to their simplest forms for fundamental insights, participants also noted the value of observing and understanding biological systems in all their “messiness,” capturing both the inner workings of biological systems and the complex interactions that occur within and between organisms. In discussions among participants, several attendees stressed the need to match emerging tools with the right scientific questions. Rather than developing quantum technologies as “a hammer looking for a nail,” participants emphasized a focus on exploring the problems these technologies are best suited to address. For example, it is important to consider the size of the phenomenon being studied, the timescales that are important in answering the scientific question, and other relevant considerations. Every tool along the spectrum from classical to quantum involves its own set of trade-offs. For example, Ted Laurence of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory said that quantum measurements, such as single photon counting, fluorescence transitions, and lasers, can take longer to produce the same results as classical measurements. These quantum measurements, however, do not require calibration and can enable new research questions to be answered. Prem Kumar, Northwestern University, noted that, despite their promise, quantum approaches should not be used simply for the sake of using quantum, especially in situations where classical approaches better meet the needs of the researcher. Understanding and applying quantum concepts could enable advances in a wide range of application areas including energy, synthetic biology, medicine, and sustainability. For example, Michelle O’Malley, University of California, Santa Barbara, described how improved noninvasive imaging approaches could help capture the complex interactions and functions involved in the breakdown of organic matter by microbial communities and lead to new technologies for capturing valuable products from plant waste. Several other participants discussed needs in tracking the movement of metabolites and molecules in microbial communities for insights into nutrient cycling in environments such as soil. Margaret Ahmad, Sorbonne University, discussed potential opportunities to leverage the magnetic properties of cryptochromes to advance new treatment approaches for diseases such as COVID-19 and cancer. Looking toward the future development of the field, participants discussed challenges to advancing quantum biology that arise from disciplinary disconnects between physicists and biologists. The siloing of academic research disciplines represents a significant barrier to progress. Disconnects in terminology, motivations and priorities, and structural barriers to collaborative work underscore the need for concerted efforts to bridge these divides. Attendees and speakers offered suggestions for resolving these divergences, establishing a shared language, moving the field forward, and fostering meaningful feedback between disciplines. Overall, participants stressed a need for balance, open communication, collaboration, unity, and clear dialogue on trade-offs between quantum and classical approaches. Keiko Torii, The University of Texas at Austin, said that the best collaborations happen when the project provides mutual advantages that can show off everyone’s talents, each team finds the work interesting, and partners develop a camaraderie to pursue new knowledge. To enable near- and long-term opportunities in this space, participants suggested that exploratory, high-risk funding could improve existing instrumentation to explore quantum enhancement collaboratively. They also emphasized the need for collaboration between quantum physicists and sensing/imaging scientists, which could be advanced through a dedicated quantum biology investigator program. People, even more than technology, will be crucial to the future of quantum biology. Participants explored training, education, and workforce needs to further develop this burgeoning field and cultivate the next generation of scientists. While many programs are still in their nascent stages, participants highlighted examples of approaches and programs being developed at various types of institutions to engage students and professional scientists in quantum biology research. Several participants stressed the need for an inclusive approach, spanning disciplines as well as communities to foster a diverse field fueled by the intellectual contributions of a wide range of people, including historically under-resourced schools and students. To increase awareness and excitement about quantum physics and related areas of biology, attendees suggested capitalizing on the “buzz” around quantum. Several participants emphasized the need to start early, introducing students to quantum concepts and their appealing “weirdness” in K–12 education. Engaging students early—before they become entrenched in traditional disciplinary siloes as typically happens in graduate school—could help to galvanize interest in the area and foster a generation of scientists with the interdisciplinary mindset and skills needed to advance this interdisciplinary field. While these efforts could be advanced at many levels and across multiple sectors, several participants suggested a national quantum biology center could be a valuable hub to coordinate and support quantum biology education and workforce development across academia, industry, and government.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗