Study on the interfacial thermal resistance between CNTs and Al with a TTM-MD model
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Chemistry↗
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Results for “interfacial resistance”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Current Status and Future Directions of All-Solid-State Batteries with Lithium Metal Anodes, Sulfide Electrolytes, and Layered Ternary Oxide Cathodes
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) offer great promise as a next-generation energy storage technology with higher energy density, wider operating temperature range, and improved safety for electric vehicles. ASSBs employing lithium metal anodes (Li), sulfide-based solid-state electrolytes (SSE), and Ni-rich layered transition metal oxide cathodes (LiMO 2 , M = Ni, Mn, Co, Al) are particularly promising due to its superior electrochemical performance compared to other solid-electrolyte systems. However, the battery cycle life at high cathode mass loading and high current is still limited because the failure mechanism is not fully understood. Lithium dendrite growth at the anode or inside a solid electrolyte still represents as a serious risk of cell failure. Interfacial resistance increases attributed to electrolyte decomposition and interfacial void formation at both cathode–electrolyte and anode–electrolyte interfaces lead to gradual capacity fading. In this Review, we present the fundamental challenges and recent scientific understandings of each component in ASSBs. The novel diagnostic tools for these components, especially the interfaces buried under the surface that are often hard for characterization are mainly examined. Lastly, we offer a perspective for future research directions. We hope this Review will provide a timely snapshot of state-of-the-art research progress in ASSBs to accelerate the development of ASSBs.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Transport and mechanical behavior in PEO-LLZO composite electrolytes
Abstract Composite solid electrolytes (CEs), wherein ion-conducting polymer and ceramic/glass is mixed, are promising candidates for all-solid-state batteries due to their promise of acceptable ionic conductivity and mechanical properties compared to their individual constituents. While numerous studies have focused on improving the performance of CEs, it is still unclear what the material targets are that can result in improved macroscopic performance especially in light of the coupled needs for high transport and high mechanical strength in these materials. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model is developed to investigate electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of CEs. The model is compared to CEs consisting of poly-ethylene-oxide (PEO) polymer and lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) ceramic material with examination of the impact of varying LLZO volume fractions. The potential drop at the PEO-LLZO interface is evaluated using the junction potential theory. Using experimental data from the literature, the model estimates the ionic conductivity, effective transference number, and mechanical stiffness of the CEs. While the mechanical stiffness improves with increasing volume fraction of LLZO, the impact on conductivity and transference number depends on interfacial resistance at the interface. Finally, the study reports CE’s potential to enhance Li-ion transport and mechanical properties to inhibit lithium (Li) dendrite growth.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Mitigating Interfacial Mismatch between Lithium Metal and Garnet-Type Solid Electrolyte by Depositing Metal Nitride Lithiophilic Interlayer
Solid-state lithium batteries are generally considered as the next-generation battery technology that benefits from inherent nonflammable solid electrolytes and safe harnessing of high-capacity lithium metal. Among various solid-electrolyte candidates, cubic garnet-type Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ceramics hold superiority due to their high ionic conductivity (10 –3 to 10 –4 S cm -1 ) and good chemical stability against lithium metal. However, practical deployment of solid-state batteries based on such garnet-type materials has been constrained by poor interfacing between lithium and garnet that displays high impedance and uneven current distribution. Herein, we propose a facile and effective strategy to significantly reduce this interfacial mismatch by modifying the surface of such garnet-type solid electrolyte with a thin layer of silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ). This interfacial layer ensures an intimate contact with lithium due to its lithiophilic nature and formation of an intermediate lithium–metal alloy. The interfacial resistance experiences an exponential drop from 1197 to 84.5 Ω cm 2 . Lithium symmetrical cells with Si 3 N 4 -modified garnet exhibited low overpotential and long-term stable plating/stripping cycles at room temperature compared to bare garnet. Furthermore, a hybrid solid-state battery with Si 3 N 4 -modified garnet sandwiched between lithium metal anode and LiFePO 4 cathode was demonstrated to operate with high cycling efficiency, excellent rate capability, and good electrochemical stability. This work represents a significant advancement toward use of garnet solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries for the next-generation energy storage devices.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Reducing the Resistance of Conductive-Adhesive Bonds
Current pulses lower resistance of silver-filled epoxies. Capacitive discharge reduces interfacial resistance between aluminum surfaces joined with silver-filled epoxy. Technique offers noninvasive solution to problem of attaching grounding brackets to aluminum honeycomb structures.
Guertin, L. J.↗
Effect of differently oriented interlayer phases on the radiation damage of Inconel-$\mathrm{Ni}$ multimetallic layered composite
Multimetallic layered composites (MMLCs) have shown an excellent potential for application under extreme environments, e.g., accident-tolerant fuel cladding, because of their low oxidation tendency and high corrosion resistance. Interfacial phases or complexions in nanocrystalline materials accelerate the annihilation of defects and enhance the radiation resistance of materials, making MMLCs with engineered interlayer phases compelling to deploy in extreme conditions. However, implementation of MMLCs in full capacity remained a challenge due to a lack of fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing the characteristics of the interface between the metallic layers. The precise role of interlayer phases in MMLCs and their interaction with defects, specifically under extreme conditions, is still unexplored. Pursuing atomistic simulations for various Inconel-Ni MMLCs model materials, we revealed accelerated defect mobility in interlayers with larger crystalline misorientation and the inverse relationship between the interface sink strength to the misorientation angle. Furthermore, we found a linear relation between interlayer misorientation angle with the density of radiation-induced defects and radiation enhanced displacements. So, our results indicate that radiation-induced material degradation is accelerated by the higher defect formation tendency of MMLCs with a high-angle interlayer interface.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Formula Gives Better Contact-Resistance Values
Lateral currents in contact strips taken into account. Four-terminal test structures added to intergrated circuits to enable measurement of interfacial resistivities of contacts between thin conducting layers. Thin-film model simplified quasi-two-dimensional potential model that accounts adequately for complicated three-dimensional, nonuniform current densitites. Effects of nonuniformity caused by lateral current flow in strips summarized in equivalent resistance Rs and voltage Vs.
Lieneweg, Udo↗
Probing lithium mobility at a solid electrolyte surface
Abstract Solid-state electrolytes overcome many challenges of present-day lithium ion batteries, such as safety hazards and dendrite formation 1,2 . However, detailed understanding of the involved lithium dynamics is missing due to a lack of in operando measurements with chemical and interfacial specificity. Here we investigate a prototypical solid-state electrolyte using linear and nonlinear extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopies. Leveraging the surface sensitivity of extreme-ultraviolet-second-harmonic-generation spectroscopy, we obtained a direct spectral signature of surface lithium ions, showing a distinct blueshift relative to bulk absorption spectra. First-principles simulations attributed the shift to transitions from the lithium 1 s state to hybridized Li- s /Ti- d orbitals at the surface. Our calculations further suggest a reduction in lithium interfacial mobility due to suppressed low-frequency rattling modes, which is the fundamental origin of the large interfacial resistance in this material. Our findings pave the way for new optimization strategies to develop these electrochemical devices via interfacial engineering of lithium ions.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Improved liquid phase epitaxial GaAs for low series resistance Schottky barrier mixer diodes
Millimeter wave Schottky barrier mixer diodes are extremely important devices for radio astronomy. The performance of the Schottky diodes depends largely on the characteristics and quality of the GaAs epitaxial materials used. Systematic manipulation of the liquid phase epitaxial growth conditions and substrate surface treatments has yielded significantly improved surface morphology. Initial problems of high resistivity interfacial layers have been reduced without the use of an in situ etchback. Two-micron diameter Schottky diodes fabricated from epitaxial layers grown at 725 C exhibit a 9-ohm series resistance very near the theoretical minimum.
Binari, S. C.↗
A First Principles Approach to Spectral Phonon Transport in Heterostructures
Understanding thermal transport across interfaces which give rise to a thermal resistance (also known as Kapitza resistance) is a critical issue affecting the development of nanotechnologies. Much modern and emergent nanotechnology consist of adjacent materials, and phonon mediated heat transfer governs thermal behavior across internal interfaces in these devices. The physics of thermal transport in solids are governed both by phenomena occurring at the atomic scale and interactions with the material's microstructure. The forecasting of fundamental quantities such as temperature, heat flux and thermal conductivity typically employs the semi-classical Boltzmann transport equation to predict the macroscopic behavior of materials in terms of the microscopic dynamics of its heat carriers. Kapitza resistance was first discovered in liquid helium experiments and has led to a fundamental research thrust in micro and nano-scale heat transport, the behavior of thermal carriers across internal interfaces. Thermal interfacial resistance (TIR) is a widely studied phenomenon, first engaged by Swartz and Pohl through their development of the acoustic and diffuse mismatch methods, then continued through myriad efforts with varying methods and approaches in an attempt to resolve carrier behavior at thermal interfaces. Many of the fundamental approaches to TIR have been at the nanoscale, and research is conducted with molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The limitations of these methods is system size; atomistic methods tend to be limited to system sizes of 100,000 atoms or less. Larger length-scale methods have also been pursued, based on the principles of acoustic or diffuse mismatch, but not all include simulation of TIR using a full phonon band spectrum, or temperature dependent methods. Our approach to enabling phonon transport in layered materials draws upon our previous work of demonstrating spectrally coupled phonon transport in homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. We use a semi-analytical approach in which the Bose-Einstein (B-E) statistics set the strength of the phonon radiance in a frequency group, but the B-E statistics are informed with information from the transport system. The B-E statistics in a single frequency group feels the influence of all the groups through the spatial temperature. We also include a new field term which is an indicator of the amount of non-equilibrium behavior of the phonon spectrum---this is added to the phonon source term in all groups to ensure closure and conservation of energy, as the phonon groups in the transport system and the analytical systems are coupled. This work builds upon our previous approach by adding a phonon coupling term at an internal interface, using the principles of the DMM through transmission and reflection coefficients. In this work, the coefficients are determined through computing a common temperature at the interface, influenced by the phonon band structure of both materials, in effect, providing mixing between the two material systems and using the common temperature to set the strength of the phonon radiance at the boundaries on either side of the interface. Our approach uses material properties computed along various crystallographic orientations, and while some isotropy is built into the interface condition, the material properties weight the phonon distributions in the proper crystalline direction. Greater resolution of phonon behavior in proximity to an interface, and more accurate predictions of TIR are obtained. While it is true the assumption of diffuse mismatch can yield inconsistent results compared to experiment especially at low temperatures, this work focuses on room temperature and beyond effects, for future applications in nuclear fuel, or thermoelectric devices; a modified mismatch approach may be feasible if applied properly. Additionally, our methods focus on bridging mesoscale to engineering scale
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Review—Polymer/Ceramic Interface Barriers: The Fundamental Challenge for Advancing Composite Solid Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries
Composite-solid electrolytes, in which ion-conducting polymers are combined with superionic ceramics, could revolutionize electrochemical-energy-storage devices enabling higher energy density, providing greater stability during operation and enhanced safety. However, the interfacial resistance between the ceramic and polymer phases strongly suppresses the ionic conductivity and presents the main obstacle to the use of these materials. Here, we emphasize the need for a distinct focus on reducing energy barriers to interfacial ion transport and improving the cation transference number. To achieve this goal, it is essential to develop a fundamental understanding of the parameters that influence the interfacial barriers to ion transport in composite electrolytes, and to understand the effect of the type of ceramic ("active" and "inert") and its content on ion-transport phenomena. We suggest that adapting the polymer chemistry, mainly directed on polymerized ionic liquids, (PolyILs), and combined with functionalization of the surface of ceramic nanoparticles is a promising route for overcoming the high-energy-barrier challenge. Owing to high content of ion-conducting ceramics and high t+ of PolyILs, the fractional contribution of the migrating cationic species to the total ionic conductivity of polymer-in-ceramic electrolytes via an interfacial percolation path, will be close to unity, thus eliminating complications that might arise from emerging concentration gradients during the operation of solid-state batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Capacitors with low equivalent series resistance
An electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) in a coin or button cell configuration having low equivalent series resistance (ESR). The capacitor comprises mesh or other porous metal that is attached via conducting adhesive to one or both the current collectors. The mesh is embedded into the surface of the adjacent electrode, thereby reducing the interfacial resistance between the electrode and the current collector, thus reducing the ESR of the capacitor.
Fleig, Patrick Franz↗
Flange Correction For Metal-To-Metal Contacts
Improved mathematical model provides correction for flange effect in estimating resistance of square contact between two metal layers from standard four-terminal measurements. Extended version of one developed previously for contact between metal layer and semiconductor layer, wherein flange effect important in semiconductor layer only. Here flange effect in both metal layers significant. Interfacial resistances extracted more accurately.
Lieneweg, Udo↗
Investigation of γ - ( U , Z r ) structural properties and its interfacial properties with liquid sodium using ab initio molecular dynamics
In this study, the elastic properties, structural parameters, sound velocity, and Debye temperature of γ–(U,Zr) were computed using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) at temperatures between 1000 K and 1400 K and for Zr content between 0 at. % and 100 at. %. UZr is used as a metallic fuel for Sodium Fast Reactors (SFRs). The study of the mechanical and thermal behavior of these alloys leads to a better data-informed fuel design. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio were calculated from the elastic constants and their dependence on Zr content and temperature was investigated, comparing the results with previous computational work and the available experimental data in the literature. Interfacial properties between UZr (up to 32 at. % which typically exists in nuclear fuel) and liquid sodium are also of interest due to the presence of a sodium bond between the fuel and the cladding in metallic nuclear fuel. The interfacial energy between γ–(U,Zr) and liquid sodium, the surface tension of liquid sodium, and the work of adhesion were computed at different temperatures and Zr concentrations. It was demonstrated that γ–(U,Zr) is completely wetted by liquid sodium at all the investigated temperatures and Zr concentrations. Finally, this work provides the basis for the determination of interfacial resistances in SFRs and their implementation into heat transfer fuel performance simulations, which will be the subject of future work.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Performance improvement of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis by surface modification of porous transport layers
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a promising option for hydrogen production from a variety of energy sources. Cost-effective production of hydrogen with PEMWE requires reduction of costly precious metals as well as optimization of the components and interfaces in the cell. The interface between the platinum-coated titanium porous transport layer (PTL) and catalyst layer (CL) significantly impacts the performance of the electrolyzer cell. Here, we report on two PTL modification methods, mechanical abrasion and chemical etching, which we find improve PEMWE performance by lowering the resistance of the PTL/CL interface. The PTL surface modifications enabled performance improvements up to 77 mV at 4 A cm −2 and reduction of the high frequency resistance, demonstrating that the resistance of the PTL/CL interface is a significant factor in the cell performance. The PTL surface roughness was varied using abrasive materials ranging from 0.1 to 140 μm in grain sizes and chemical etching was found to also increase the surface roughness. The surface roughness was quantified using confocal laser microscopy and the surface oxidation was measured using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. These results demonstrate that both increasing surface roughness and oxide removal contribute to lowering the PTL/CL interfacial resistance and increasing cell performance.
08 HYDROGEN↗
In situ formation of polymer-inorganic solid-electrolyte interphase for stable polymeric solid-state lithium-metal batteries
Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for solid-state Li-metal batteries (SSLBs) still suffer from gradually increased interface resistance and unconstrained Li-dendrite growth. Herein, we addressed the challenges by designing a LiF-rich inorganic solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) through introducing a fluoride-salt-concentrated interlayer on CPE film. The rigid but flexible CPE helps accommodate the volume change of electrodes, while the polymeric highly concentrated electrolyte (PHCE) surface-layer regulates Li-ion flux due to the formation of a stable LiF-rich SEI via anion reduction. The designed CPE-PHCE presents enhanced ionic conductivity and high oxidation stability of >5.0 V (versus Li/Li + ). Furthermore, it dramatically reduces the interfacial resistance and achieves a high critical current density of 4.5 mA cm –2 . The SSLBs, fabricated with thin CPE-PHCE membranes (<100 μm) and Co-free LiNiO 2 cathodes, exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance and long cycling stability. Lastly, this approach of SEI design can also be applied to other types of batteries.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Multidimensional visualization of the dynamic evolution of Li metal via in situ/operando methods
The growing demands for high-energy density electrical energy storage devices stimulate the coupling of conversion-type cathodes and lithium (Li) metal anodes. While promising, the use of these “Li-free” cathodes brings new challenges to the Li anode interface, as Li needs to be dissolved first during cell operation. In this study, we have achieved a direct visualization and comprehensive analysis of the dynamic evolution of the Li interface. The critical metrics of the interfacial resistance, Li growth, and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) distribution during the initial dissolution/deposition processes were systematically investigated by employing multidimensional analysis methods. They include three-electrode impedance tests, in situ atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy. The high-resolution imaging and real-time observations show that a loose, diffuse, and unevenly distributed SEI is formed during the initial dissolution process. This leads to the dramatically fast growth of Li during the subsequent deposition, deviating from Fick’s law, which exacerbates the interfacial impedance. The compactness of the interfacial structure and enrichment of electrolyte species at the surface during the initial deposition play critical roles in the long-term stability of Li anodes, as revealed by operando confocal Raman spectroscopic mapping. In conclusion, our observations relate to ion transfer, morphological and structural evolution, and Li (de)solvation at Li interfaces, revealing the underlying pathways influenced by the initial dissolution process, which promotes a reconsideration of anode investigations and effective protection strategies.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Covalent adaptable networks for electrolyte–binder integration in recyclable lithium metal batteries
Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are considered a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to their exceptionally high energy density. However, the development of solid polymer electrolytes and cathode binders for LMBs faces critical challenges, including interfacial instability, poor recyclability, and growing environmental concerns. In particular, current systems often rely on non-recyclable components featuring permanently crosslinked networks and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), which cause battery waste and environmental harm. Herein, we introduce a multifunctional covalent adaptable network (CAN) platform based on thermally reversible Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry, designed for dual functionality as a CAN-based electrolyte (CAE) and a CAN-based cathode binder. The CAE achieves high ionic conductivity and strong storage modulus (1.4 mS cm −1 and ∼ 10 5 Pa at room temperature, respectively) and enables stable long-term cycling in symmetric Li||Li cells for over 2000 h with low overpotential. When it is applied as a cathode binder in LiFePO 4 (LFP) composite electrodes (C-LFP), the CAN matrix significantly reduces interfacial resistance and enhances discharge capacity compared to conventional PVDF-based systems. Thermal treatment induces self-healing at the cathode–electrolyte interface, further improving contact and yielding a discharge capacity of 150 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C. Moreover, the dynamic CAN architecture allows efficient recovery and reuse of lithium salts from spent electrolytes through retro-DA reactions under mild conditions (∼80 °C), establishing a low-energy, cost-effective recycling pathway. In conclusion, this work presents a scalable and sustainable strategy for high-performance LMBs by integrating recyclability, interfacial healing, and PFAS-free design, offering a holistic solution aligned with circular economy principles and next-generation battery demands.
Diels–Alder↗