A highly reversible, low-strain Mg-ion insertion anode material for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries
Abstract not provided
Wu, Na↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “insertion”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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MIL-101(Fe) as a lithium-ion battery electrode material: a relaxation and intercalation mechanism during lithium insertion
The electrochemical performance of a MIL-101(Fe) metal–organic framework (MOF) as a lithium ion battery electrode is reported for the first time. Iron metal centers can be electrochemically activated. The Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ redox couple is electrochemically active, but not reversible over many cycles. A comparison between ex situ and in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) on the Fe K-edge is presented. Our results indicate that the capacity fade is related to a time dependent, irreversible oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ . These results are key in proving the importance of in operando XAS measurements. The MOF side reaction with an electrolyte has been computationally modeled. These results provide further insights on the mechanism responsible for the MOF lack of reversibility. Future guidelines for improving the reversibility of MOFs used as electrodes in Li-ion batteries based on the fine-tuning of the electronic structure of the material are proposed.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Crystallographic characterization of the metal-organic framework Fe[subscript 2](bdp)[subscript 3] upon reductive cation insertion
Abstract not provided
Biggins, Naomi↗
Insertion of linear 8.4 μ m diameter 16 channel carbon fiber electrode arrays for single unit recordings
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Patel, Paras R.↗
Dual Effect of Structure and Hydration on Magnesium-Ion Insertion into Electrodeposited V 2 O 5 Thin Films
Not provided.
Electrochemistry↗
Electrochemical Cycling and Lithium Insertion in Nanostructured FeF3 Cathodes
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catalysis (heterogeneous)↗
Insertion Magnets
Chapter 3 in High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) : Preliminary Design Report. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up a new energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 7,000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design value and the integrated luminosity (total collisions created) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complex and exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require about ten years to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), will rely on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11-12 tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 300 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the project and is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of HL-LHC.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
3D printing of packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composites: Environmental sustainability analysis
In this study, a comprehensive Life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted on molded packaging inserts from expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, molded packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite, and 3D-printed packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite under the low mix / high volume (LMHV) scenario and molded and machined packaging inserts from EPS foam, molded and machined packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite, and 3D-printed packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite under the high mix / low volume (HMLV) scenario. Six environmental impact categories—climate change, acidification, eutrophication, fossil resource scarcity, land use, and water consumption—are analyzed to evaluate the environmental trade-offs associated with each type of packaging inserts. Under the LMHV scenario, molded packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite emerge as the best option due to their lower impact on climate change, acidification and water consumption compared to other types of packaging inserts. Conversely, molded packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite face challenges in land use and eutrophication, primarily due to raw material production. LCA also reveals that 3D-printed packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite are the most environmentally favorable option under the HMLV scenario, due to significantly lower contributions to climate change, eutrophication, and water consumption compared to other types of packaging inserts. Conversely, 3D-printed packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite face challenges in acidification and land use, primarily due to raw material production. As part of the LCA, sensitivity analyses show that sourcing energy from 100% renewable sources substantially lowers climate change impacts across all packaging types, while varying transportation distances results in only minor changes, indicating the dominant role of upstream material and manufacturing processes. Additional sensitivity analysis is conducted under the HMLV scenario to assess the impact of material removal during machining on the environment. The amount of material removal is varied from 10 to 70% for the sensitivity analysis and it highlights that the amount of material removed during machining has no significant impact on climate change for packaging inserts from EPS foam. However, molded and machined packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite show an increasing trend in climate change with higher amount of material removal, while 3D-printed packaging inserts from biomass-fungi composite exhibit a decreasing trend, driven by reduced raw material usage and energy consumption.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Design and testing of microfabricated surgical tools for large animal probe insertion
Neural probes provide therapeutic stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders or record neural activity to investigate the workings of the brain. Researchers utilize 6 mm long temporary silicon stiffeners attached with biodissolvable adhesive to insert flexible neural probes into rat brains, but increasing the probe length fivefold makes inserting large animal probes a significant challenge because of an increased potential for buckling. This study compared the insertion success rates of 6 mm and 30 mm long silicon stiffeners that were 80 μm wide and 30 μm thick, and ascertained the material thickness and modulus of elasticity that would provide successful insertion for a 30 mm probe. Using a microdrive, stiffeners were inserted into an agarose brain phantom at controlled insertion speeds while being video-recorded. Twenty-five percent of the 30 mm silicon stiffeners fully inserted at speeds approximately four times higher than the target rate of 0.13 mm/s, while 100 percent of the 6 mm silicon stiffeners inserted successfully at target speed. Critical buckling loads (P cr ) were calculated for the 6 mm and 30 mm silicon stiffeners, and for 30 mm diamond and tungsten stiffeners, with thicknesses varying from 30-80 μm. Increasing the thickness of the material by 10 μm, 20 μm and 30 μm improved the P cr by 2.4, 4.7 and 8.2 times, respectively, independent of the material, and substituting diamond for silicon multiplied the buckling capacity by 5.0 times. Stiffeners made of silicon for large animal probe insertion are not strong enough to withstand buckling upon insertion without a significant increase in thickness. Replacing silicon with diamond and increasing the thickness of the stiffener to 50 μm would afford a stiffener with the same P cr capacity as the 6 mm silicon stiffener that had a 100 percent insertion success rate. Experiments should continue with diamond to determine a minimum thickness that will ensure successful insertions and provide an adequate margin of safety.
42 ENGINEERING↗
SU-E-T-64: A Programmable Moving Insert for the ArcCHECK Phantom for Dose Verification of Respiratory-Gated VMAT
Purpose: To present a customized programmable moving insert for the ArcCHECK™ phantom that can, in a single delivery, check both entrance dosimetry, while simultaneously verifying the delivery of respiratory-gated VMAT. Methods: The cylindrical motion phantom uses a computer-controlled stepping motor to move an insert inside a stationery sleeve. Insert motion is programmable and can include rotational motion in addition to linear motion along the axis of the cylinder. The sleeve fits securely in the bore of the ArcCHECK™. Interchangeable inserts, including an A1SL chamber, optically-stimulated luminescence dosimeters, radiochromic film, or 3D gels, allow this combination to be used for commissioning, routine quality assurance, and patient-specific dosimetric verification of respiratory-gated VMAT. Before clinical implementation, the effect of a moving insert on the ArcCHECK™ measurements was considered. First, the measured dose to the ArcCHECK™ containing multiple inserts in the static position was compared to the calculated dose during multiple VMAT treatment deliveries. Then, dose was measured under both sinusoidal and real-patient motion conditions to determine any effect of the moving inserts on the ArcCHECK™ measurements. Finally, dose was measured during gated VMAT delivery to the same inserts under the same motion conditions to examine any effect of various beam “on-and-off” and dose rate ramp “up-and-down”. Multiple comparisons between measured and calculated dose to different inserts were also considered. Results: The pass rate for the static delivery exceeded 98% for all measurements (3%/3mm), suggesting a valid setup for entrance dosimetry. The pass rate was not altered for any measurement delivered under motion conditions. A similar Result was observed under gated VMAT conditions, including agreement of measured and calculated dose to the various inserts. Conclusion: Incorporating a programmable moving insert within the ArcCHECK™ phantom provides an efficient verification of respiratory-gated VMAT delivery that is useful during commissioning, routine quality assurance, and patient-specific dose verification. Prototype phantom development and testing was performed in collaboration with Modus Medical Devices Inc. (London, ON). No financial support was granted.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Influence of Carbides and Alloying Elements on Intercrystallite Corrosion in Cutting-Ceramic Inserts
It is established that intercrystallite corrosion of cutting-ceramic inserts arises when the chromium content in the peripheral zone of the grains is depleted by the deposition of chromium carbides at the grain boundaries, in the presence of stress due to the fast cooling of the inserts from high temperatures. This is especially apparent when 12Kh18N10Т, 40Kh13, 14Kh17N2, and other steels that are hard to machine are worked by a tool equipped with inserts of VOK-60M modified cutting ceramic. Research shows that the intercrystallite corrosion of cutting-ceramic inserts may be attributed to the stress arising in the surface layers of the grains as a result of carbide or nitride deposition. Heating cutting-ceramic inserts at 650–800°С lowers this stress and restores their resistance to intercrystallite corrosion. Research also shows that chromomanganese cutting-ceramic inserts are less susceptible to intercrystallite corrosion than are chromium–manganese–nickel inserts, while chromium–manganese–nickel cutting-ceramic inserts are less susceptible than are chromonickel inserts. The benefits of chromium–manganese–nickel cutting-ceramic inserts are especially pronounced with relatively brief machining of 12Kh18N10Т, 40Kh13, 14Kh17N2, and other such steels, in rigorous conditions, with a temperature of 600–650°С in the workpiece–tool contact zone. A new theory of the intercrystallite corrosion of VOK-60M modified cutting ceramic is based on the role of the kinetic factor at the relatively low tempering temperatures associated with the deposition of metastable carbide, although this does not lead to maximum change in free energy of the system but only to a relative change. In the cutting ceramic, this carbide may be chromium carbide (Cr, Тi){sub 23}C{sub 6}, which is greatly enriched with titanium. With increase in tempering temperature, the deposited carbide tends toward the stable composition Cr{sub 23}С{sub 6}. Prolonged holding at the tempering temperature also tends to favor thermodynamic equilibrium. In other word, the chromium carbide is gradually enriched to reach the stable composition Cr{sub 23}С{sub 6}. This process is more rapid at higher temperatures. Obviously, the variation in composition of the carbide deposited at the grain boundaries in VOK-60M cutting ceramic with change in temperature and holding time will affect the kinetics of electrochemical solution of the system consisting of the carbide in contact with a solid solution. Research shows that vacuum sintering and annealing markedly improve the thermal stability. For the cutting ceramic, this is explained not only by the removal of fusible impurities but also by the larger quantity of aluminum and other alloying elements that remain in the strengthening phase, rather than being bound in oxides. Sintering in vacuum ensures greater plasticity of cutting ceramic based on nickel and cobalt in cutting 12Kh18N10Т and 14Kh17N2 steel at high speeds, with high temperatures in the machining zone. In addition, on sintering in vacuum furnaces, the content of small nonmetallic inclusions in the basic structure is 5–7 times less than in regular cutting ceramic. That significantly improves the deformability of the ceramic inserts.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Insert system for an airfoil and method of installing same
An insert system for an airfoil is provided. The airfoil includes a plenum that extends into an aft portion of the airfoil. The plenum includes a plenum inlet and an entirety of the plenum inlet is defined axially forward of the aft portion. The insert system includes a first and second insert. The first insert and the second insert include a plurality of impingement openings defined therein. The first insert includes a first neck portion. The first insert is sized for insertion into the plenum radially through the plenum inlet and the first insert is movable aftward within the plenum into an installed position such that the first neck portion is positioned aftward in the plenum inlet. The second insert is sized for insertion into the plenum radially through the plenum inlet forward of the first neck portion in the installed position.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Insert system for an airfoil and method of installing same
An insert system for an airfoil plenum includes a first insert and a second insert that include a plurality of impingement openings defined therein. The first insert includes a forward-facing inlet opening. The second insert includes a neck portion having a radial-facing inlet opening, an aft opening, and a cavity in flow communication between the radial-facing inlet opening and the aft opening. The second insert is sized for insertion into the plenum radially through a plenum inlet such that the neck portion is positioned in the plenum inlet. The first insert is sized for insertion into the second insert radially through the radial-facing inlet opening. When the neck portion is positioned in the plenum inlet, the first insert is moveable aftward through the aft opening into an installed position such that the forward-facing inlet opening opens into the cavity.
Berry, Jonathan Dwight↗
Using Domain Insertion to Create Sulfite Reductases That Present Chemical-Dependent Activities
Domain insertion can be used to create oxidoreductases whose activities are dependent upon analyte binding. To date, most domain insertion studies have targeted relatively small oxidoreductases of known structure, so it remains unclear how to apply this protein engineering approach to large hetero-oligomeric proteins that require dynamic conformational changes for catalysis. To address this question, we studied the effects of peptide and domain insertions on the activity of NADPH-dependent sulfite reductase (SiR) from Escherichia coli, a dodecameric oxidoreductase containing four hemoprotein and eight flavoprotein subunits. SiR mutational tolerance was first evaluated using systematic octapeptide insertion and a cellular selection, which identified regions across the hemoprotein structure that retain parent-like activity following insertion. When a ligand-binding domain was inserted at backbone locations tolerant to peptide insertion, including sites proximal and distal from the intersubunit interfaces, ∼90% retained catalytic activity, and >50% presented activity that is regulated by an endocrine disruptor. With one domain insertion variant, the conditional production of sulfide could be monitored electrochemically from cells using a bioelectrochemical reactor. These results show how systematic peptide insertion can be used to inform domain insertion in a large heterooligomeric protein complex, and they illustrate how SiR can be engineered to convert chemical information in the environment into a redox-active metabolite that diffuses across the cell membrane.
bacteria↗
Development of a novel ArcCHECK{sup Trade-Mark-Sign} insert for routine quality assurance of VMAT delivery including dose calculation with inhomogeneities
Purpose: To design a versatile, nonhomogeneous insert for the dose verification phantom ArcCHECK{sup Trade-Mark-Sign} (Sun Nuclear Corp., FL) and to demonstrate its usefulness for the verification of dose distributions in inhomogeneous media. As an example, we demonstrate it can be used clinically for routine quality assurance of two volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) systems for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT): SmartArc{sup Registered-Sign} (Pinnacle{sup 3}, Philips Radiation Oncology Systems, Fitchburg, WI) and RapidArc{sup Registered-Sign} (Eclipse{sup Trade-Mark-Sign }, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Methods: The cylindrical detector array ArcCHECK{sup Trade-Mark-Sign} has a retractable homogeneous acrylic insert. In this work, we designed and manufactured a customized heterogeneous insert with densities that simulate soft tissue, lung, bone, and air. The insert offers several possible heterogeneity configurations and multiple locations for point dose measurements. SmartArc{sup Registered-Sign} and RapidArc{sup Registered-Sign} plans for lung SBRT were generated and copied to ArcCHECK{sup Trade-Mark-Sign} for each inhomogeneity configuration. Dose delivery was done on a Varian 2100 ix linac. The evaluation of dose distributions was based on gamma analysis of the diode measurements and point doses measurements at different positions near the inhomogeneities. Results: The insert was successfully manufactured and tested with different measurements of VMAT plans. Dose distributions measured with the homogeneous insert showed gamma passing rates similar to our clinical results ({approx}99%) for both treatment-planning systems. Using nonhomogeneous inserts decreased the passing rates by up to 3.6% in the examples studied. Overall, SmartArc{sup Registered-Sign} plans showed better gamma passing rates for nonhomogeneous measurements. The discrepancy between calculated and measured point doses was increased up to 6.5% for the nonhomogeneous insert depending on the inhomogeneity configuration and measurement location. SmartArc{sup Registered-Sign} and RapidArc{sup Registered-Sign} plans had similar plan quality but RapidArc{sup Registered-Sign} plans had significantly higher monitor units (up to 70%). Conclusions: A versatile, nonhomogeneous insert was developed for ArcCHECK{sup Trade-Mark-Sign} for an easy and quick evaluation of dose calculations with nonhomogeneous media and for comparison of different treatment planning systems. The device was tested for SmartArc{sup Registered-Sign} and RapidArc{sup Registered-Sign} plans for lung SBRT, showing the uncertainties of dose calculations with inhomogeneities. The new insert combines the convenience of the ArcCHECK{sup Trade-Mark-Sign} and the possibility of assessing dose distributions in inhomogeneous media.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Electrochemical Proton Insertion Modulates the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Tungsten Oxides
Development of new electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) could reduce dependence on Pt and other rare metals and enable large-scale production of hydrogen with near-zero carbon emissions. Mechanistic insight into the electrocatalytic activity of a material helps to accelerate the development of new electrocatalysts. Alternative electrocatalyst materials such as transition metal oxides and sulfides can undergo insertion reactions that change their properties. Recent reports indicate that the presence of inserted ions can influence electrocatalytic activity. In this work, we utilized a materials chemistry approach to understand the role of proton insertion on the HER activity of layered tungsten oxide hydrates (WO 3 ∙xH 2 O, x = 1, 2). We synthesized a series of tungsten oxide hydrates along with an octylamine-pillared tungsten oxide (OA-WO 3 ). We used cyclic voltammetry to study the electrochemical reactivity of each material and performed ex situ X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to understand bulk and surface structural changes during electrochemical cycling. We show an inverse relationship between the degree of proton insertion and HER overpotential in tungsten oxides: the lack of proton insertion leads to a high overpotential for the HER. We discuss three hypotheses for how proton insertion leads to HER activity in WO 3 ∙xH 2 O: 1) proton insertion changes the electronic band structure of WO 3 ∙xH 2 O, 2) the presence of bulk protons can influence ΔG H,ads at the surface sites, and 3) inserted protons may participate in the HER mechanism on WO 3 ∙xH 2 O. Overall, this work shows the critical role of proton insertion in enabling high HER activity in tungsten oxides.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Robotically Assisted CBCT-Guided Needle Insertions: Preliminary Results in a Phantom Model
Aim: To compare robotic-assisted needle insertions performed under CBCT guidance to standard manual needle insertions. Materials and Methods: A homemade robotic prototype was used by two operators to perform robotic and manual needle insertions on a custom-made phantom. Both the operators had no experience with the prototype before starting the trial. The primary endpoint was accuracy (i.e., the minimal distance between the needle tip and the center of the target) between robotic and manual insertions. Secondary endpoints included total procedure time and operators’ radiation exposure. The Wilcoxon test was used. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty-three (17 manual, 16 robotic) needle insertions were performed. Mean accuracy for robotic insertion was 2.3 ± 0.9 mm (median 2.1; range 0.8–4.2) versus 2.3 ± 1 mm (median 2.1; range 0.7–4.4) for manual insertion (p = 0.84). Mean procedure time was 683 ± 57 s (median 670; range 611–849) for the robotic group versus 552 ± 40 s (median 548; range 486–621) for the manual group (p = 0.0002). Mean radiation exposure was 3.25 times less for the robotic insertion on comparison to manual insertion for the operator 1 (0.4 vs 1.3 µGy); and 4.15 times less for the operator 2 (1.9 vs 7.9 µGy). Conclusion: The tested robotic prototype showed accuracy comparable to that achieved with manual punctures coupled to a significant reduction of operators’ radiation exposure. Further, in vivo studies are necessary to confirm the efficiency of the system.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Formation of nanofilms on cell surfaces to improve the insertion efficiency of a nanoneedle into cells
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We examined the insertion efficiency of nanoneedles into fibroblast and neural cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nanofilms formed on cell surfaces improved the insertion efficiency of nanoneedles. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nanofilms improved the insertion efficiency even in Y27632-treated cells. -- Abstract: A nanoneedle, an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip etched to 200 nm in diameter and 10 {mu}m in length, can be inserted into cells with the aid of an AFM and has been used to introduce functional molecules into cells and to analyze intracellular information with minimal cell damage. However, some cell lines have shown low insertion efficiency of the nanoneedle. Improvement in the insertion efficiency of a nanoneedle into such cells is a significant issue for nanoneedle-based cell manipulation and analysis. Here, we have formed nanofilms composed of extracellular matrix molecules on cell surfaces and found that the formation of the nanofilms improved insertion efficiency of a nanoneedle into fibroblast and neural cells. The nanofilms were shown to improve insertion efficiency even in cells in which the formation of actin stress fibers was inhibited by the ROCK inhibitor Y27632, suggesting that the nanofilms with the mesh structure directly contributed to the improved insertion efficiency of a nanoneedle.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗