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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

CFD modeling of high-flux plate-and-frame membrane modules for industrial carbon capture

In this work, we study the application of membrane-based separation systems for carbon capture, considering plate-and-frame membrane modules. The successful deployment of membrane CO2 capture system relies on high-performing membranes as well as effective membrane modules that can fully exploit the developed membranes. A plate-and-frame membrane module is especially attractive for CO2 capture from industrial flue gas due to its lower pressure drop compared to its counterparts such as spiral wound modules and hollow fiber modules. To design better plate-and-frame modules, we investigate their basic unit - a single membrane stack through a combination of computational modeling and experimental investigations. The modeling approach is based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to represent a multiphysics problem, including the fluid flow and diffusion processes within a membrane module. We use experimental data collected under different operating conditions to validate the CFD model. Numerical results suggest a good agreement between experiments and model outputs for the CO2 recovery, CO2 mole fraction in the retentate and permeate, and stage-cut. The CFD model is able to predict accurately the flow behavior, providing valuable insights on the effects of fluid dynamics on mass transfer of CO2. We also carry out a sensitivity analysis to identify the effect of key parameters on the CO2 recovery and the CO2 purity of the outlet streams.

Dosso, Cheick↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Rest-frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-redshift, Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey

We present the average rest-frame spectrum of the final catalog of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected from the South Pole Telescope's SPT-SZ survey and measured with Band 3 of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. This work builds on the previous average rest-frame spectrum, given in Spilker et al. (2014) for the first 22 sources, and is comprised of a total of 78 sources, normalized by their respective apparent dust masses. The spectrum spans 1.9 < z < 6.9 and covers rest-frame frequencies of 240–800 GHz. Combining this data with low-J CO observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array, we detect multiple bright line features from 12 CO, [Ci], and H 2 O, as well as fainter molecular transitions from 13 CO, HCN, HCO + , HNC, CN, H 2 O + , and CH. We use these detections, along with limits from other molecules, to characterize the typical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) for these high-redshift DSFGs. We are able to divide the large sample into subsets in order to explore how the average spectrum changes with various galaxy properties, such as effective dust temperature. We find that systems with hotter dust temperatures exhibit differences in the bright 12 CO emission lines, and contain either warmer and more excited dense gas tracers or larger dense gas reservoirs. These observations will serve as a reference point to studies of the ISM in distant luminous DSFGs (L IR > 10 12 L ⊙ ), and will inform studies of chemical evolution before the peak epoch of star formation at z = 2–3.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

New Design Yields Robust Large-Area Framing Camera

Framing cameras provide a discrete series of images over a short period of time in a manner that mimics a high-speed movie camera, but with individual shutter times that must be extremely short in order to capture freeze-frame images of rapidly evolving phenomena such as high-explosive shock-driven ejecta, dynamic compression of metals, and high-velocity fluid flow. The NNSS has designed and fielded a new, large-area, gated framing camera called Kraken. The camera design emphasized manufacturability and flexibility by improving imager yield and creating a camera architecture to shorten design cycles. Design strategies and field data are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Gravitational Contact Interactions -- Does the Jordan Frame Exist?

Scalar--tensor theories, with Einstein Hilbert and non-minimal interactions, $\sim M^2R/2 -\alpha\phi^2R/12 $, have graviton exchange induced contact interactions. These always pull the theory back into a formal Einstein frame in which $\alpha$ does not exist. In the Einstein frame, contact terms are induced, that are then absorbed back into other couplings to define the effective potential (or equivalently, the renormalization group). We show how these effects manifest themselves in a simple model by computing the effective potential in both frames displaying the discrepancy.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

In Cell Thermal Creep Frames for Demonstration Project Preparations

The thrust of advanced nuclear reactor demonstrations demands the accelerated qualification of in-core materials to enable licensing processes and developing the performance data. Due to the high-operating temperatures of such reactors, long-term mechanical behavior under constant load is essential to determine the geometrical and mechanical integrity of in-core components during operation and off-normal conditions. Therefore, the thermal creep behavior of neutron-irradiated advanced reactor materials must be determined. The feasibility of using subsize specimens for the irradiation campaigns and the limited available infrastructure challenge the assessment of thermal creep behavior of advanced reactor materials. Therefore, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) National Reactor Innovation Center (NRIC) prioritizes the development of a thermal creep testing infrastructure for multiple subsize specimens to accelerate the demonstration and deployment of advanced reactor concepts. This report describes the activities for the construction of a thermal creep testing capability at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The overall project consists of conceptual design, out-of-cell demonstration, and in-cell demonstration phases. During fiscal year (FY)-2021, the team finished the conceptual design of a thermal creep test facility that can test multiple subsize specimens. This conceptual design consisted of the determination of technical and functional requirements, the determination of the design space, and the preparation of the technical drawings. Technical and functional requirements were categorized as required and desired capabilities and the conceptual design was performed to meet all the required capabilities with the flexibility to achieve the desired capabilities. The design space identified the operational capacity of the creep frame for different advanced reactor relevant materials with the consideration of the feasible operation in the hotcell at the Fuels and Applied Science Building (FASB) at INL. Based on the requirements and design space, the multiple specimen creep frame was designed. The official INL engineering drawing process was started and the procurement of materials for construction was initiated. For FY-2022, the out-of-cell demonstration and final installation of the multiple creep frame is planned.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Material Frame: Hard Recoils from Slow Force Carriers

We modify the Standard Model by making the longitudinal component of the photon physical, propagating with small speed $c_L \ll 1$. This modification breaks gauge invariance and Lorentz symmetry, defining a preferred reference frame. No new fields or scales are introduced, and the photon mass is protected by a Galilean higher-form symmetry. The theory has a smooth $c_L\to0$ limit: the new modes decouple from standard matter and ordinary gauge theory predictions are recovered. Experimental constraints are severe. Charged particles Cherenkov-emit these slow modes, experiencing hard recoils against the preferred frame. The recoil rate decreases with $c_L$, but the momentum transfer remains of the order of the particle's momentum. Dark matter detectors, sensitive to keV-scale nuclear recoils, imply an order-of-magnitude bound $c_L \lesssim 10^{-60}$, tens of orders of magnitude stronger than speed-difference bounds. At such values, $c_L$ is better understood as a recoil-rate factor rather than a physically relevant speed. The slow modes, practically fixed in space, make the reference frame a material medium capable of absorbing momentum from charged particles.

Serra, Francesco [Johns Hopkins U.]↗
DOE OSTI2022

Frame invariant neural network closures for Kraichnan turbulence

Numerical simulations of geophysical and atmospheric flows have to rely on parameterizations of subgrid scale processes due to their limited spatial resolution. Despite substantial progress in developing parameterization (or closure) models for subgrid scale (SGS) processes using physical insights and mathematical approximations, they remain imperfect and can lead to inaccurate predictions. In recent years, machine learning has been successful in extracting complex patterns from high-resolution spatio-temporal data, leading to improved parameterization models, and ultimately better coarse grid prediction. However, the inability to satisfy known physics and poor generalization hinders the application of these models for real-world problems. In this work, we put forth a frame invariant closure approach to improve the accuracy and generalizability of deep learning-based subgrid scale closure models by embedding physical symmetries directly into the structure of the neural network. Specifically, we utilized specialized layers within the convolutional neural network in such a way that desired constraints are theoretically guaranteed without the need for any regularization terms. We demonstrate our framework for a two-dimensional decaying turbulence test case mostly characterized by the forward enstrophy cascade. We show that our frame invariant SGS model (i) accurately predicts the subgrid scale source term, (ii) respects the physical symmetries such as translation, Galilean, and rotation invariance, and (iii) is numerically stable when implemented in coarse-grid simulation with generalization to different initial conditions and Reynolds number. This work opens up a possibility of connecting physics-based theories and data-driven modeling paradigms, and thus represents a promising step towards the development of physically consistent data-driven turbulence closure models.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Reproducing the 'Framing' by a Sequential Stress Test

The 'Framing' (local discoloration along cell edges) was induced by a simple sequential accelerated stress test (consisting of hygrothermal- and UV-stressors) applied to the PV modules with high OTR (oxygen transmission rate) backsheet, irrespective of the inclusion of UV-absorber in poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) encapsulant. UV-fluorescence imaging of the PV modules suggests that the spatially-inhomogeneous degradation of EVA material under UV-irradiating conditions is correlated to this 'Framing' indicating an underlying common mechanism. These findings would contribute to the development of test procedures to broadly mimic the actual failures observed in fielded PV.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Data reduction for low energy nuclear physics experiments using data frames

Low energy nuclear physics experiments are transitioning towards fully digital data acquisition systems. Realizing the gains in flexibility afforded by these systems relies on equally flexible data reduction techniques. In this paper, methods utilizing data frames and in-memory techniques to work with data, including data from self-triggering, digital data acquisition systems, are discussed within the context of a Python package, sauce. It is shown that data frame operations can encompass common analysis needs and allow interactive data analysis. Two event building techniques, dubbed referenced and referenceless event building, are shown to provide a means to transform raw list mode data into correlated multi-detector events. These techniques are demonstrated in the analysis of two example data sets.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

5G Energy FRAME: The Design and Implementation of Data, Model, and Use Case (Year 2 Report)

This report summarizes the Year 2 work of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL’s) 5G Fabricated Resource and Asset Management Encompassment for energy infrastructure (Energy FRAME) project funded by the Department of Energy Office of Science’s Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) Program. In this report, newest 5G equipment testing results are presented, along with two 5G-enabled AI/ML examples for grid applications; in addition, the work flow of grid edge, cloud, and High Performance Computing (HPC) platform is introduced, to support and interface the cross-domain simulation for power system transmission, distribution, and communication networks. Last but not least, the outlook for Year 3 work and the overarching impact of 5G Energy FRAME work to a multitude of stakeholders are provided. Additional 5G performance data now is shared through the publicly available weblink, https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/5g-energy-frame/publications

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

ECAR-6584 MARVEL Reactor Support Frame Analysis

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is developing a small microreactor to produce electrical power utilizing a small nuclear core and Stirling engines for power output under the Microreactor Application Research Validation and Evaluation (MARVEL) program. The MARVEL Reactor will be installed in the Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) Facility. Walsh Engineering Services, PC (WES) has contracted with the INL to support the completion of the final design. There are six main systems in the MARVEL, one of which is the MARVEL Reactor System (MRS). The MRS contains a subsystem – the Reactor Support Frame (RSF) – that supports and orients nearly all the MRS and the RSF will be bolted to the TREAT Facility. The subject of this Engineering Calculations and Analysis Report (ECAR) is the frame weldment (see Figure 1), which is the only item that is contained in the RSF subsystem and will be called herein “RSF”.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2021

New Design Yields Robust Large-Area Framing Camera

Manuscript to be submitted to Review of Scientific Instruments to determine interest in possible publication. Website: https://aip.scitation.org/rsi/authors/manuscript High-speed imaging is a core diagnostic capability for the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). Data from experiments that measure the behavior of materials under extreme conditions are essential for the stockpile mission. For example, during subcritical experiments, materials that are shocked and compressed under high-explosive drive change behavior rapidly over timescales measured in millionths or even billionths of a second. Characterizing and understanding this behavior requires radiographic and/or optical imaging to track motion on these timescales. Framing cameras provide a discrete series of images over a short period of time in a manner that mimics a high-speed movie camera, but with individual shutter times that must be extremely short in order to capture freeze-frame images of rapidly evolving phenomena such as high-explosive shock-driven ejecta, dynamic compression of metals, and high-velocity fluid flow.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Wide Dynamic Range, 10 kHz Framing Detector for 4D-STEM

Hybrid pixel array detectors (PADs) have expanded the fidelity, frame rate and dynamic range for diffractive imaging in electron microscopes. With their high detective quantum efficiencies (DQE), the noise performance limited is by counting statistics. Consequently, improving the precision and quality of high-speed images requires increasing the linear dynamic range and the maximum usable beam current. Here we describe a new prototype hybrid PAD, our next-generation electron microscope pixel array detector (NG-EMPAD) that expands both the framing speed and dynamic range of our earlier EMPAD design. Like the EMPAD, electrons are detected directly in a 500 μm thick silicon sensor bonded pixel-by-pixel to a custom signal processing integrated circuit (IC). Each pixel in the IC integrates charge carriers produced by the high-energy incident electrons. Here, in-pixel circuitry uses a combination of techniques to extend the dynamic range, including adaptive gain switching and the quantitative excess charge dumping similar to the EMPAD. In-pixel buffering of signals during readout allows acquiring a new image while reading out the previously collected image, yielding an image collection duty cycle of nearly 100%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multi-frame x-ray radiography and image tracking for quantification of expansion in laser-driven tin ejecta microjets

One regime of experimental particle-laden flow study involves ejecta microjets—often defined as a stream of micrometer-scale particles generated through shock interaction with a non-uniform surface and generally travel above 1 km/s. In order to capture the change in characteristics as a function of propagation time, we apply a multi-frame x-ray radiography platform to observe and track the jet transport dynamics. A synchrotron x-ray source allows us to perform quantitative analyses and comparisons between the eight images captured by the imaging system. Observation of a single jet through time allows the use of a cross correlation algorithm to independently track various regions within the jet and quantify the jet expansion over time using normalized area and normalized areal density values. Through a comparison with the calculated values of ballistic transport, these findings show less expansion than expected for ballistically transporting particles. In conclusion, this work combines multi-frame synchrotron radiography with image tracking to establish a foundation for future studies on jet transport and particle interaction dynamics.

Sun, Yuchen [Lawrence Livermore National Laborator↗
DOE OSTI2025

The polarized-signal density matrix: A practical way to recover molecular frame information from isotropic samples

We present a novel approach to model ultrafast time-dependent nonlinear optical polarization sensitive signals emitted from randomly oriented molecules. By projecting the laboratory-frame analyzer polarization axis into the molecular-frame and linking that axis with the density matrix through a tensor product, we demonstrate an approach to find a specific molecular orientation that yields a good approximation to simulated four-wave mixing signals produced by the same model but with averaging over molecular orientation.

Thurston, Richard L↗
DOE OSTI2024

Two rest-frame wavelength measurements of galaxy sizes at z < 1: the evolutionary effects of emerging bulges and quenched newcomers

We analyse the size evolution of 16 000 star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and 5000 quiescent galaxies (QGs) with mass M * > 10 9.5 M ⊙ at 0.1 < z < 0.9 from the COSMOS field using deep CLAUDS + HSC imaging in two rest-frame wavelengths, 3000 Å (UV light) and 5000 Å (visible light). With half-light radius (R e ) as proxy for size, SFGs at characteristic mass M 0 = 5 × 10 10 M ⊙ grow by 20 per cent (30 per cent) in UV (visible) light since z ~ 1 and the strength of their size evolution increases with stellar mass. After accounting for mass growth due to star formation, we estimate that SFGs grow by 75 per cent in all stellar mass bins and in both rest-frame wavelengths. Redder SFGs are more massive, smaller and more concentrated than bluer SFGs and the fraction of red SFGs increases with time. These results point to the emergence of bulges as the dominant mechanism for the average size growth of SFGs. We find two threshold values for the stellar mass density within central 1 kpc (Σ 1 ): all SFGs with log Σ 1 ≳ 9 are red and only QGs have log Σ 1 ≳ 9.7. The size of M * = M 0 QGs grows by 50 per cent (110 per cent) in the UV (visible) light. Up to $\sim 20~{{\rm per\,cent}}$ of this increase in size of massive QGs is due to newcomers (recently quenched galaxies). However, newcomers cannot explain the observed pace in the size growth of QGs; that trend has to be dominated by processes affecting individual galaxies, such as minor mergers and accretion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Comment on “Nonlocal nucleon matrix elements in the rest frame”

In a recent paper, “Nonlocal nucleon matrix elements in the rest frame” [1], it was observed that the next-to-leading order calculations of the renormalization factor can describe, to a few percent accuracy, the logarithm of the lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) rest frame matrix elements with separations up to distances of 0.6 fm on multiple lattice spacings. We argue that perturbative QCD breaks down at such a distance scale after resumming the associated large logarithms, while the Ansatz used in the analysis there is not justified in perturbation theory. Besides, we explain the observation in Ref. [1] and demonstrate that the Ansatz fails to describe the data for 𝑧 > 0.3 fm, showing an opposite trend. Finally, although Ref. [1] proposes multiplying the Ansatz by a Gaussian correction model, which is shown to reduce the discrepancy with the data, this does not legitimize the use of perturbative QCD at such distance scales.

Lattice QCD↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unified and optimal frame choice for generalized parton distributions

Reconstructing the internal three-dimensional quark and gluon structures of hadrons through generalized parton distributions (GPDs) from hard exclusive scattering processes is one of the most challenging tasks in nuclear and particle physics. In this paper, we introduce a new optimized reference frame that, for the first time, enables a unified view of all the reactions sensitive to GPDs and facilitates the interpretation of a variety of phase-space patterns that were previously hardly accessible and interpretable. Similarly to how the heliocentric description advanced our understanding of the solar system and gravitation, our new frame centers around a quasireal state, allows for a consistent separation of physical scales, and reveals a novel quantum interference mechanism. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗