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NASA NTRS1992

Potential pressurized payloads: Fluid and thermal experiments

Space Station Freedom (SSF) presents the opportunity to perform long term fluid and thermal experiments in a microgravity environment. This presentation provides perspective on the need for fluids/thermal experimentation in a microgravity environment, addresses previous efforts, identifies possible experiments, and discusses the capabilities of a proposed fluid physics/dynamics test facility. Numerous spacecraft systems use fluids for their operation. Thermal control, propulsion, waste management, and various operational processes are examples of such systems. However, effective ground testing is very difficult. This is because the effect of gravity induced phenomena, such as hydrostatic pressure, buoyant convection, and stratification, overcome such forces as surface tension, diffusion, electric potential, etc., which normally dominate in a microgravity environment. Hence, space experimentation is necessary to develop and validate a new fluid based technology. Two broad types of experiments may be performed on SSF: basic research and applied research. Basic research might include experiments focusing on capillary phenomena (with or without thermal and/or solutal gradients), thermal/solutal convection, phase transitions, and multiphase flow. Representative examples of applied research might include two-phase pressure drop, two-phase flow instabilities, heat transfer coefficients, fluid tank fill/drain, tank slosh dynamics, condensate removal enhancement, and void formation within thermal energy storage materials. In order to better support such fluid/thermal experiments on board SSF, OSSA has developed a conceptual design for a proposed Fluid Physics/Dynamics Facility (FP/DF). The proposed facility consists of one facility rack permanently located on SSF and one experimenter rack which is changed out as needed to support specific experiments. This approach will minimize the on-board integration/deintegration required for specific experiments. The FP/DF will have acceleration/vibration compensation, power and thermal interfaces, computer command/data collection, a video imaging system, and a portable glove box for operations. This facility will allow real-time astronaut interaction with the testing.

Swanson, Theodore D.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Motion of Air Bubbles in Water Subjected to Microgravity Accelerations

The International Space Station (ISS) serves as a platform for microgravity research for the foreseeable future. A microgravity environment is one in which the effects of gravity are drastically reduced which then allows physical experiments to be conducted without the over powering effects of gravity. During his 6-month stay on the ISS, astronaut Donald R. Pettit performed many informal/impromptu science experiments with available equipment. One such experiment focused on the motion of air bubbles in a rectangular container nearly filled with de-ionized water. Bubbles were introduced by shaking and then the container was secured in place for several hours while motion of the bubbles was recorded using time-lapse photography. This paper shows correlation between bubble motion and quasi-steady acceleration levels during one such experiment operation. The quasi-steady acceleration vectors were measured by the Microgravity Acceleration Measurement System (MAMS). Essentially linear motion was observed in the condition considered here. Dr. Pettit also created other conditions which produced linear and circulating motion, which are the subjects of further study. Initial observations of this bubble motion agree with calculations from many microgravity physical science experiments conducted on shuttle microgravity science missions. Many crystal-growth furnaces involve heavy metals and high temperatures in which undesired acceleration-driven convection during solidification can adversely affect the crystal. Presented in this paper will be results showing correlation between bubble motion and the quasi-steady acceleration vector.

DeLombard, Richard↗

NASA NTRS1987

A simulation investigation of scout/attack helicopter directional control requirements for hover and low-speed tasks

A piloted simulator experiment was conducted to investigate directional axis handling qualities requirements for low speed and hover tasks performed by a Scout/Attack helicopter. Included were the directional characteristics of various candidate light helicopter family configurations. Also, the experiment focused on conventional single main/tail rotor configurations of the OH-58 series aircraft, where the first-order yaw-axis dynamic effects that contributed to the loss of tail rotor control were modeled. Five pilots flew 22 configurations under various wind conditions. Cooper-Harper handling quality ratings were used as the primary measure of merit of each configuration. The results of the experiment indicate that rotorcraft configurations with high directional gust sensitivity require greater minimum yaw damping to maintain satisfactory handling qualities during nap-of-the-Earth flying tasks. It was also determined that both yaw damping and control response are critical handling qualities parameters in performing the air-to-air target acquisition and tracking task. Finally, the lack of substantial yaw damping and larger values of gust sensitivity increased the possibility of loss of directional control at low airspeeds for the single main/tail rotor configurations.

Bivens, Courtland C.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Evolution of the electrothermal instability from thick rod z pinches subject to dynamically and statically applied axial magnetic field

LDRD Project 229427 aimed to determine how electrothermal instability (ETI) driven heating on a z-pinch rod pulsed with intense current evolves under mixed magnetic field (azimuthal + axial) conditions, which is pertinent to pulsed-power-driven magnetically-insulated transmission lines and physics targets. Experiments focused on diagnosing ETI-driven heating from deliberately-machined and well-characterized micron-scale surface defects (referred to as engineered defects or ED). Prior to the start of this project, understanding of how unmagnetized (B z =0) ED evolve had been obtained—simulations largely reproduce the experimentally observed high temperature spots which develop at the poles of bare/uncoated ED. Project 229427 extended the Mykonos Facility ED experimental platform to include axial field. In the first class of experiments, axial field was provided “dynamically” via a helical return can (HRC). In this case, B z and B θ rise at the same rate. Generally, the HRC generated magnetic field at a fixed polarization angle Φ B =arctan(B z /B θ )=15° on the rod's surface. In the second class of experiments, axial field was provided “statically” via a slow-rising (millisecond) external Helmholtz coil pair. In this case, B z was effectively constant/static throughout the 100 ns rise of the Mykonos current. For either case, a primary goal was to determine whether ETI provides a helical seed perturbation for the subsequent growth of the helical magneto Rayleigh-Taylor modes observed in MagLIF (static B z ) and dynamic screw pinch (DSP, dynamic B z ) experiments. When dynamic field was applied using an HRC, emissions from individual ED aligned toward Φ B , while emissions from ED within pairs elongated and preferentially merged along Φ B . These data strongly support that for a randomized defect distribution, heating from nearby current-density perturbations will favorably merge about Φ B to generate an extended seed perturbation that aligns toward the surface-field polarization, and this may impact the orientation of subsequent MRT growth on imploding liners. The results from the static field experiments were largely inconclusive, as any ETI heating rotation, if present, was obscured/overwhelmed by local/random heating from ED rim imperfections.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1986

The Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment (COHMEX)

The Satellite Precipitation and Cloud Experiment, the Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm, and the FAA Lincoln Laboratories Operational Weather Studies of the COHMEX are described. The precipitation and cloud experiment focuses on the prestorm period in order to observe the physical processes leading to the formation of small convective systems. Aircraft, remote sensing and rewinsonde data are utilized to determine various storm/environment characteristics. Doppler velocity and reflectivity of microburst clouds are studied to evaluate the three-dimensional structure of microbursts from thunderstorms. The weather studies are designed to develop and test automatic algorithms for wind shear detection using Doppler weather radars. The application of satellite systems to data collection for these experiments is discussed.

Dodge, J.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Radiation Beamline Testbeds for the Simulation of Planetary and Spacecraft Environments for Human and Robotic Mission Risk Assessment

The Center for Radiation Engineering and Science for Space Exploration (CRESSE) at Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas, USA, is establishing an integrated, multi-disciplinary research program on the scientific and engineering challenges faced by NASA and the international space community caused by space radiation. CRESSE focuses on space radiation research directly applicable to astronaut health and safety during future long term, deep space missions, including Martian, lunar, and other planetary body missions beyond low earth orbit. The research approach will consist of experimental and theoretical radiation modeling studies utilizing particle accelerator facilities including: 1. NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory; 2. Proton Synchrotron at Loma Linda University Medical Center; and 3. Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Specifically, CRESSE investigators are designing, developing, and building experimental test beds that simulate the lunar and Martian radiation environments for experiments focused on risk assessment for astronauts and instrumentation. The testbeds have been designated the Bioastronautics Experimental Research Testbeds for Environmental Radiation Nostrum Investigations and Education (BERT and ERNIE). The designs of BERT and ERNIE will allow for a high degree of flexibility and adaptability to modify experimental configurations to simulate planetary surface environments, planetary habitats, and spacecraft interiors. In the nominal configuration, BERT and ERIE will consist of a set of experimental zones that will simulate the planetary atmosphere (Solid CO2 in the case of the Martian surface.), the planetary surface, and sub-surface regions. These experimental zones can be used for dosimetry, shielding, biological, and electronic effects radiation studies in support of space exploration missions. BERT and ERNIE are designed to be compatible with the experimental areas associated with the above facilities. CRESSE has broad expertise in space radiation in the areas of space radiation environment modeling, Monte-Carlo radiation transport modeling, space radiation instrumentation and dosimetry, radiation effects on electronics, and multi-functional composite shielding materials. The BERT and ERNIE testbeds will be utilized in individual and collaborative research incorporating this expertise. The research goal is to maximize the technical readiness level (TRL) of radiation instrumentation for human and robotic missions, optimizing the return value of CRESSE for NASA exploration and international co-operative missions. Outcomes and knowledge from research utilizing BERT and ERNIE will be applied to a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines vital for safe and reliable execution of future space exploration missions, which can be negatively impacted by the space radiation environment. The testbeds will be central to a variety of university educational activities and educational goals of NASA. Specifically, BERT and ERNIE will enhance educational opportunities in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines for engineering and science students at PVAMU, a historically black college/university. Preliminary data on prototype testbed configurations, including simulated lunar regolith (JSC-1A stimulant based on Apollo 11 samples), regolith/polyethylene composites, and dry ice, will be presented to demonstrate the usefulness of BERT and ERNIE in radiation beam line experiments.

Wilkins, Richard↗

NASA NTRS2018

Initial Results of the Software-Driven Navigation for Station Experiment

To enable the next generation of robotic and human exploration of the solar system, improvements are needed to enable robust and accurate autonomous navigation. The purpose of this work is to take advantage of the growth in and use of software-defined platforms to incorporate additional navigation capability on existing assets, while also incorporating with new vehicle designs. The Software-driven Navigation for Station Experiment focuses on implementing two soft solutions to this: transmitting pseudolite signals to perform ranging and Doppler measurements as part of the signal coding (similar to underlying Global Navigation Satellite System approaches), and the Multi-spacecraft Autonomous Positioning System, which uses existing communication protocols to embed navigation and timing information to be shared among all assets in a peer-to-peer network. These technologies were implemented on the SCaN Testbed onboard the International Space Station and exercised over the course of mid-June and late-July 2018. This paper will discuss the operational architecture, experiment plan, and initial results from the data collected. One of the key conclusions of this work is the strong need for stable accurate clock synchronization across the dispersed space network.

Anzalone, Evan J.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Measuring the Wear and Abrasive Resistance of Air Plasma Sprayed Aluminum Oxide for Lunar Exploration

Lunar regolith, especially finer dust particles traveling at high velocities, can cause significant wear and abrasive damage to structural components that ensure a prolongated presence on the surface of the Moon. With the absence of an atmosphere and lower gravity than on Earth, regolith particles maintain high velocities at large distances from where they were generated, for example next to lunar landers. Wear-resistant ceramic and ceramic composite materials can improve the durability of spacecraft components during long missions on the Moon’s surface. Aluminum oxide coatings are lightweight, have multifunctional properties, and have high strength including high hardness and wear resistance. These properties can help improve the durability of structures used in space exploration. Air plasma sprayed (APS) aluminum oxide coatings have demonstrated the potential to protect critical structures. This study investigated the abrasive wear resistance of APS aluminum oxide coatings via Taber abrasion experiments. Taber abrasion offers the advantage of quantifying the abrasive wear behavior of particles with different shapes on a surface. In this work, an abrasive wheel made of silicon carbide was utilized to evaluate wear properties of specimens progressively over 5000 cycles. This experiment focused on testing two series of specimens to determine whether a bond coat composed of nickel, chromium, aluminum, and yttrium (NiCrAlY) improved the protective behavior of the APS aluminum oxide coating. The specimens varied in topcoat thickness and were made with and without an approximately 100 µm bond coat layer. The mass of the specimens was measured at 400 cycles, 800 cycles, 3800 cycles, and 5000 cycles. Increasing thickness was found to result in higher wear for samples with and without a bond coat. Increased mass loss in samples with a bond coat was observed indicating a need for further studies on the overall impact of the use of a bond coat on the protective behavior of the coatings. To continue designing wear resistant coatings for structural protection in space missions, the multifunctional properties of the APS aluminum oxide coating will be studied. Future experiments will determine whether the APS aluminum oxide coating can protect the structures from other aspects of the harsh space environment, such as extreme temperature variations and ionizing radiation.

aluminum oxide↗

DOE OSTI2025

Correlating hot-electron preheat from the two-plasmon decay instability to $ρR$ degradation for direct-drive implosions on OMEGA

Focused experiments were performed with the goal of isolating the impact of hot-electron preheat on compression in deuterium–tritium (DT) layered, direct-drive implosions on OMEGA. Preheat from the hot-electrons generated by two-plasmon–decay (TPD) activity was varied through the incident laser intensity, with the total preheat energy deposited into unablated DT fuel being inferred using hard x-ray measurements. Results show a clear correlation between the inferred preheat levels and $ρR$ degradation that is consistent with a derived, 1D preheat model. A fit to the results also provides an estimated range of $ρR$ degradation from non-preheat sources for the adiabat ≈5 implosions used in this study. A follow-up study using targets containing Si-doped (5.5%) CH ablators (CHSi) demonstrated results consistent with mid-Z dopants mitigating TPD activity by showing these targets had almost no $ρR$ degradation as the laser intensity was increased up to levels previously considered damaging.

Doping↗

DOE OSTI2026

Findings from Large Bench-Scale Testing of Denitration Electrolyzers for the EDCGe Project

This report highlights the key findings and outcomes relevant to the processability of waste supernatant at Hanford using a denitration electrolyzer. The Electrosynthesis Company issued a Phase 1 report to the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), summarizing the evaluation of large bench-scale denitration electrolyzers to support the electrochemical denitration and caustic generation (EDCGe) project. The Electrosynthesis Company’s report (attached as Appendix A) provides insights into the initial steps required to implement an electrolyzer system at Hanford. Phase 1 experiments focused on validating the denitration electrolyzer’s performance, operating parameters, and reaction products. The robustness of the electrochemical denitration process was demonstrated by two electrolyzer flow cell systems (a 100 cm 2 ElectroCell MP and a 150 cm 2 NESI NS01 cell), both of which achieved significant nitrate and nitrite removal (>50%) with a current efficiency of ~95% for both systems. Higher current densities (500 mA cm –2 ) improved nitrate and nitrite removal rates compared to lower current densities (333 mA cm –2 ), while maintaining a current efficiency of ~94%. The NS01 cell achieved a nitrate species removal rate of ~0.41 mol h –1 at 5 kA m –2 (equiv. to 500 mA cm –2 ). The primary reaction product was ammonia (NH 3 ), constituting 78.3–91.6% of the products (excluding OH – formation). NH 3 was predominantly retained in the catholyte liquid phase rather than being off-gassed. Additionally, the NS01 cell reported an NH 3 generation rate of ~0.36 mol h –1 at 5 kA m –2 . Other gas formation included ~7% N 2 , ~7% H 2 , and trace amounts of N 2 O. The estimated power requirement (extrapolated from the 0.015 m 2 cell data) for a full-scale denitration electrolyzer is approximated to be ~1.6 MW (DC-only) to treat 50% of nitrate and nitrite in a waste stream and generates ~2.1 kmol h –1 of NH 3 with an initial concentration of 4 M NO 3 – /NO 2 – at 300 gal h –1 . Simulated waste containing aluminate, carbonate, oxalate, and halogens exhibited no adverse effects on denitration performance. A preliminary experiment comparing alkaline anolyte (5 M NaOH) with a nickel based anode to acidic media (2 M H 2 SO 4 ) with a DSA-O 2 anode showed a lower operating voltage and generated less H 2 than the acid media. Maintaining a stable 5 M OH – concentration in the anolyte through periodic additions of caustic did not significantly impact denitration performance. This operational mode will be required for long-term experiments. All the experiments demonstrated that electrochemical denitration is a promising approach for treating nitrate and nitrite in simulated waste streams, achieving significant conversion and robustness across varying experimental conditions and electrochemical cell configurations. Lastly, the ability to generate a nearly pure NH 3 stream may prove advantageous for processing at other locations within the Hanford site.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2025

Alpha-decay width of a near proton-threshold resonance in the 7 Li( α, α ) channel

We investigate the alpha-decay width of a near proton-threshold resonance in 11 B by the excitation functions of 7 Li(α, α) and 7 Li(α, α’) reactions. This resonance is an example of loosely bound atomic nuclei, understood as small open quantum systems, that exhibit properties significantly influenced by their coupling to the continuum. The present experiment focuses on the formation of a specific state in 11 B at excitation energy in the region near 11.4 MeV by bombarding a 7 Li target with a 4 He beam at energies ranging from 3.92 to 4.56 MeV in the laboratory frame. The study provides data complementary to previous observations of the proton emission in the β-decay of the neutron-rich halo nucleus 11 Be. An R-matrix fit to the data provides resonance energy and partial widths consistent with J π =1/2 + for a narrow near-threshold state in 11 B at 11.400(20) MeV, that is 171(20) keV above the proton emission threshold, with partial α-decay width Γ α =2.5$^{+3.5}_{–1.5}$ keV in elastic scattering and Γ α' =15.8$^{+1.9}_{–0.4}$ keV in inelastic scattering. These findings contribute to the understanding of the structure of this open quantum system resonance.

11B↗

DOE OSTI2024

First observations from the Kr multi-monochromatic x-ray imager for time and spatially resolved diagnosis of hot implosion cores

This paper presents initial findings from the recently deployed Kr multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (Kr MMI) at the Omega laser facility. The experiment focuses on exploring implosion dynamics in exploding pusher capsules at three distinct initial gas fill densities. Utilizing time-gated and spatially integrated measurements, core size, electron temperature (Te), and electron densities (ne) are extracted through the analysis of the spectral region encompassing the Kr He α and its satellite lines. A comprehensive spectral database, incorporating atomic kinetics, spectroscopic-quality radiation transport, and Stark broadened line shapes, has been developed for rigorous data analysis. These measurements underscore the utility of the new Kr MMI instrument, which, combined with sophisticated analysis techniques, enables the diagnosis of plasma conditions at Te>2000 eV, thereby extending the capabilities beyond the prior Ar MMI design. This is an important stepping stone for achieving time-gated and space-resolved diagnostics of electron temperature, electron density, and heat transport in high temperature implosion cores.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Mixed quantum-classical methods for polaron spectral functions

In this work, using two distinct semiclassical approaches—namely, the mean-field Ehrenfest method and the mapping approach to surface hopping—we investigate the spectral function of a single charge interacting with phonons on a lattice. This quantity is relevant for the description of angle-resolved photoemission experiments. Focusing on the one-dimensional Holstein model, we compare the performance of these approaches across a range of coupling strengths and lattice sizes, exposing the relative strengths and weaknesses of each. We demonstrate that these approaches can be efficiently applied with reasonable accuracy to ab initio polaron models. Furthermore, our work provides a route to the calculation of spectral properties in realistic electron–phonon-coupled systems in a computationally inexpensive manner with encouraging accuracy.

Atomic and molecular spectra↗

DOE OSTI2024

Diagnosing inertial confinement fusion ignition

Abstract Fusion ignition by inertial confinement requires compression and heating of the fusion fuel to temperatures in excess of 5 keV and densities exceeding hundreds of g/cc. In August 2021, this scientific milestone was surpassed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), when the Lawson criterion for ignition was exceeded generating 1.37MJ of fusion energy (Abu-Shawareb et al 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 075001), and then in December 2022 target gain >1 was realized with the production of 3.1MJ of fusion energy from a target driven by 2.0MJ of laser energy (Abu-Shawareb et al 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 065102). At the NIF, inertial confinement fusion research primarily uses a laser indirect drive in which the fusion capsule is surrounded by a high-Z enclosure (‘hohlraum’) used to convert the directed laser energy into a symmetric x-ray drive on the capsule. Precise measurements of the plasma conditions, x-rays, γ -rays and neutrons produced are key to understanding the pathway to higher performance. This paper discusses the diagnostics and measurement techniques developed to understand these experiments, focusing on three main topics: (1) key diagnostic developments for achieving igniting plasmas, (2) novel signatures related to thermonuclear burn and (3) advances to diagnostic capabilities in the igniting regime with a perspective toward developments for intertial fusion energy.

Moore, A. S. (ORCID:0000000221258882)↗

DOE OSTI2025

General signals for charged lepton flavor violating decays

We explore the most general phenomenology of charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) decays of muon and tau leptons to the three body final states ($\bar{e}ee, \bar{μ}μμ, \bar{e}μμ, \bar{μ}μe, \bar{μ}ee, \bar{e}eμ$). By constructing a complete basis of operators at each dimension, we derive the most general amplitudes for these decay processes. By considering constraints from unitarity and Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP), we show that operators of mass dimension 6 and 7 are the most likely to be observed in next generation experiments. Focusing on these dimensions, we compute the results of unpolarized (spin-averaged) decays parametrized in terms of the invariant masses of the daughter particles. We also compute the differential decay rates for polarized decays, in anticipation of the experimental search Mu3e, which expects to have a muon beam with ∼ 90% polarization, and the chiral Belle proposal, which aims to have a 70% polarized electron beam. To determine the extent to which the operators may be distinguished experimentally, we plot the differential distributions for each operator, showing that they leave only a few possible degenerate explanations. Through a statistical analysis, we estimate the number of events needed to break the degeneracies using the angular information. These results are adapted to treat ℓ → ℓ′⁢$v\bar{v}$, where the angular distribution of the outgoing charged lepton has enhanced distinguishing power. With many Standard Model extensions predicting these CLFV decays, these results will better enable upcoming searches to identify and/or constrain physics beyond the Standard Model.

phenomenology↗

DOE OSTI2025

Surrogate-Based Autotuning for Randomized Sketching Algorithms in Regression Problems

Algorithms from Randomized Numerical Linear Algebra (RandNLA) are known to be effective in handling high-dimensional computational problems, providing high-quality empirical performance as well as strong probabilistic guarantees. However, their practical application is complicated by the fact that the user needs to set various algorithm-specific tuning parameters which are different from those used in traditional NLA. This paper demonstrates how a surrogate-based autotuning approach can be used to address fundamental problems of parameter selection in RandNLA algorithms. In particular, we provide a detailed investigation of surrogate-based autotuning for sketch-and-precondition (SAP)-based randomized least squares methods, which have been one of the great success stories in modern RandNLA. Empirical results show that our surrogate-based autotuning approach can achieve near-optimal performance with much less tuning cost than a random search (up to about 7.6x fewer trials of different parameter configurations). Moreover, while our experiments focus on least squares, our results demonstrate a general-purpose autotuning pipeline applicable to any kind of RandNLA algorithm.

Cho, Younghyun↗

DOE OSTI2025

Harnessing land-atmosphere interactions to enhance subseasonal-to-seasonal predictability

2025 Advancing Understanding of Land-Atmosphere Interactions and Processes on S2S Predictability Workshop What: 227 registered workshop participants gathered in person (43%) and online (57%) to discuss state-of-the-art scientific understanding and modeling of land-atmosphere interactions and related processes in the context of subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictability. Topics covered sources of S2S predictability, land model initialization methods, model diagnosis and evaluation metrics, AI/ML analysis and applications, and coordination of future community multi-model S2S forecast focused experiments. To advance the science, this community workshop, organized by NSF NCAR, NOAA, NASA, and DOE, aimed to 1) identify process- and application-oriented metrics for assessing S2S prediction skill and 2) develop experimental protocols for coordinated experiments to isolate, quantify, and understand the role of land-atmosphere interactions in S2S predictability. When: June 16-18, 2025 Where: Boulder, CO, USA, and online.

Land-Atmosphere Interaction↗

DOE OSTI2024

LANSCE Science Overview [Slides]

LANSCE is primarily focused on three science questions for NNSA and contributes to several other programs. We will primarily consider the NNSA questions: (1) How can we advance our understanding of dynamic material behavior using focused experiments? (2) What tools are needed to address Advanced Manufacturing and Aging? (3) How do we constrain the nuclear reaction networks involved in weapons?

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗